英语一翻译真题及答案（94年-25年）

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)“Inshort,”aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(73)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthestpersontsrevolvearoundthesunwasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeye-glasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.(75)WhethertheGovernment’sshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.通的东西。72.新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，在很大程度上是力量。Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthessandeveninCongressThetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorncompetentusersTheteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,inglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuserAllinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.72)ilitythepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandnformationWhethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanystheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialupundermorefavorable对测试不了解或使用不当。义时，测试最无效。会有多大成就。Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime,questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting“good”asopposedto“bad”science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74)However,theunabletodealwithsomeoftheworldsmorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75)Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.71.其中的一些原因是社会需求导致的完全合理的结果;另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上72.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间。当时一些政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的73.通过支持某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的研究，这一问题似乎可以得以有效74.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系本质上是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。75.同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，进而产生完美的新标准。Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itisn’t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillsisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstance,toinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays“Idon’tlikethiscontract”?lsisfruitless.73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoallThisisafalsechoiceBettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestionisthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?Manydenyit.74)ArguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoiceAnyesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistakeasentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,mayhemostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighhersinterestsagainstonesownThisinturnrequiressympathyandimaginationwithoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.类权利有共识,而这种共识是并不存在的。72.一些哲学家认为,权利只存在在于社会契约中,作为责任与权益相交换的一部分。73.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它会让你认为要么应该用人与人之间的关心,要么应该对其漠不关心。74.这类极端主义者认为人与动物在各个相关方面都不相同,因此他们相信动物不在道德选75.这种情况的产生并不算错：这是人类道德推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励,Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwereemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationsCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite-Cobe--haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardiningtothetheoryofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhavelongtowait.73)Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,auniversetheoryInflationsaysthatveryearlyontheuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.位所必需的。74.假如那些小热点看上去同期待的一样，那就意味着又一科学理论的胜利，即更完美的大体物理学家近十年年来一直认为这一理论是正确的。1)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.oryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,hnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.71.尽管有多少历史学家就有多少对历史的定义，但现代实践最为认同其中的一种。这一定及解释过去重大事件的尝试。72.之所以产生对历史方法的兴趣，与其说是因为对历史作为一门学科有效性的外部挑战，为历史学家的内部争论。73.在这一转变中，传统的历史研究方法为用来解释历史研究中新史料的新方法论所完善。75.这同样适宜于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家；前者仅仅把为历史看作内部和外部对各种史料来源的评论，后者则把他们的历史研究等同于具体方法。2000年Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.72)Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsingrouptostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereingrouptoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertorojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.sscommunicationspeopleeverywherearefeelingwwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideaswhilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed-wasspreadovergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovementsthemselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.becomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.创新。74.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构75.之所以会对社会产生新的压力是由于人口大爆炸或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量起的各种问题。2001年stimetheStarTrekholodeckwillbearealityDirectlinksbetweenthebrainsnervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.lbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobotsandcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworld,toproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,hesays.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:IttionthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectroniccenturyThroughhisresearchPearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossibleButhedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumaniendsandtheAndhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder-kitchenrage.停驶。72.儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有内置个性的电脑将被视为工作伙伴而75.家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——2002年emsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyaloneWhatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtotallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanaoftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestronglyentrenchedFreedomanddignityillustratetheandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.AscientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironmentItalsoraisesquestionsconcerningvaluesWhowilluseatechnologyandtoandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。63.自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为究。64.自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。一方式可能也会继续受到排斥。2003年itHumansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.opologyderivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyofByitssciences.62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andtoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-emphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationectualachievementsofthcenturyscienceinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding62.社会科学是知识探寻的一个分支。这一分支试图用自然科学家用来研究自然现象的同样理性、有序、系统和冷静的方法来研究人类和他们的行为。63.重视收集一手资料的以及在对过去和现在文化分析中引入跨文化视角使得这一研究成念使得大量的具体研究和理解成为可能。2004年onoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturiesTheGreeksrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanyfirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturyWethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierizarredatafromexoticlanguagewerenotalwayssograteful.(63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfabricatingtheirdataNativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferentsomuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.SapirspupilBenjaminLeeWhorfcontinuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages4)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecausethestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainckandnotalonganother.(65)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinabothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.61.希腊人认为语言的结构与思维的过程有某种联系。这一观点早在人们意识到语言的多蒂固。62.我们之所以感激博阿斯和萨丕尔是因为其中的一些语言从那以后就消失了。这要么是而失去了自己的本族语。63.这些新近描述的语言与欧洲及东南亚得到深入研究的语言如此不同，以至于一些学者斯和萨丕尔编造了他们的数据。维的结构。响。2005年ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone’simpressionstendtobeamixturemismTelevisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandeventsinEuropeTheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherindwecanbegintoanalyzethesuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteemonstratesthatthetelevisionEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.morecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.(49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotoconnectingfabricoftheOldcontinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice--thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theexchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeanncoststhatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.家中起到如此重大的作用。48.仅仅这就表明电视行业并不是一个容易生存的世界——一个为统计数据所证明的事实。络中，不低于百分之五十的在1989年亏损。/这足以表洲身份2006年srejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissocietyIamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerican.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerican,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.tisanintellectualIshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginnklyfirstbyaskingfactualquestionsthenbyaskingmoralquestionsfinallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.agescientistfactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenineverydayperformanceofhisroutinedutiesheisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureisreportsButhisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityoffactors,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving(50)Theymayteachverywell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityeminentscholars.“Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeinonething,livinginpublicandindustriousthoughts”,asEmersionwouldsay,“issomethingelse.”46.我会将他定义为一个个体。这一个体选择对道德问题进行苏格拉底式的思考作为其人48.我之所以将他排除在外是因为尽管他的成就可能有助于解决道德问题，但除了那些问被赋予任何解决问题的责任。49.但是他的首要任务不是去思考支配他行为的道德准则，就像商人不必致力于探索商业2007年ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsastheftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinaanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlawIfthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfreedom.(47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentforhisorhercareer.restsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsor,morebroadly,thef