2025~2026学年浙江省杭州市拱墅区源清中学高二上期中考英语试卷

2025~2026学年浙江省杭州市拱墅区源清中学高二上期中考英语试卷一、阅读理解Herearetheintroductionsandachievementsoffourscientists.JönsJacobBerzeliusJönsJacobBerzeliuswasaSwedishchemist,oftenreferredtoasoneofthefoundersofmodernchemistry.Hedevelopedasystemofchemicalsymbols,whichlaidthefoundationfortheestablishmentofthemodernperiodictable.Berzeliusalsomadeimportantdiscoveriesinthefieldofelectrochemistry.NielsHenrikDavidBohrNielsHenrikDavidBohrwasaDanishphysicist.Heproposedtheatomic(原子的)modelknownastheBohrmodel,whichexplainedthebehaviorofelectronsmovinginfixedenergylevelsororbitsaroundtheatomicnucleus.Hismodelhelpedexplainthespectraofelementsandlaidthegroundworkforfurtherdevelopmentsinatomicphysics.RobertBoyleRobertBoyle,borninIreland,wasregardedasoneofthefoundersofmodernchemistry,knownforBoyle’slaw.Boyle’slawdescribestherelationshipbetweenthepressureandvolume(体积)ofagasatconstanttemperature.Boyle’sworklaidthefoundationforthemodernunderstandingofgasbehaviorandpromotedthedevelopmentofscientificexperimentalmethods.WilliamLawrenceBraggWilliamLawrenceBraggwasaBritishphysicistborninAustraliawhomadesignificantcontributionstoX-raycrystallography(晶体学).TogetherwithhisfatherWilliamHenryBragg,hedevelopedthefamousBragg’slaw.Thisdiscoveryrevolutionizedthefieldofcrystallographyandpavedthewayfordeterminingtheatomicandmolecularstructuresofvarioussubstances,includingDNAandproteins.1.WhatdowesayaboutJönsJacobBerzelius?

A．Heinventedanewchemicalsubstance.B．Heestablishedthemodernperiodictable.C．Hewasreferredtoasafounderofmodernphysics.D．Hemadeimportantachievementsinthefieldofelectrochemistry.2.WhowasborninIreland?

A．JonsJacobBerzelius.B．NielsHenrikDavidBohr.C．RobertBoyle.D．WilliamLawrenceBragg.3.WhatdoNielsHenrikDavidBohrandWilliamLawrenceBragghaveincommon?

A．TheywereborninDenmark.B．Theymadeacontributiontophysics.C．Theydiscoverednewmodelsforchemistry.D．Theydidresearchtogetherwiththeirfamily.BorninSudanin1990,HamzaYassinisawildlifecameramanandTVpresenter.HewaseightwhentheylandedintheUK.Besidesthechangesinclimate,healsohadtoadjusttothechangeinpets:“Where’severyone’spetlionsandmonkeys?Itwasallcatsanddogs.Ihadn’trealisedwhataspecialupbringingIhadhad.ButitwastheUKthatcementedmyloveofwildlife.Atfirstglance,itdoesn’tlooklikethereisalotofwildlife,especiallyinthewinter.Butifyoupeelbackthelayers,thereissomuch.”Thoughhisdoctorparentsdidn’thavetimetocloselyteachhim,theydidturnonthetelevision;inparticular,theDiscoveryChannel.DavidAttenborough’sTheLifeofBirdswasaneye-openingexperience,andSteveIrwinwasahugeinspiration,too.Whilehethoughttheyhadcooljobs,heneverthoughthecouldbeapresenter.Heneversawanyonelikehiminfrontofthecamera.Hewasateenagerwhowasn’twhite.Itwasstillalongroadtoestablishinghiscareer,though.ItwasnotuntilafterhebecameanassistantfortheincrediblewildlifecameramanJesseWilkinsonthatherealizedheneededtocreatehisownjourney.Whenhewas21,hetraveledwithfriendstotheHighlands.Twoweekslater,hewasbackthereforgood.Hetoldhisparentshewaslivinginabeautifulcottage.Thetruthwasthathewaslivinginhiscar,justtryingtomakeendsmeet.Heparkedatthelocalferryterminalbutlivedtherehappilyforninemonths,doingoddjobs—cuttinggrass,andmovingfurnituretoearnenoughmoneytosurvive.Duringthattime,hewascuttinghisteethasawildlifecameraman—hewasdeterminedthathewouldn’tgobacktoNorthamptonwithhistailbetweenhislegsandsaytohisparents:“I’vebeendefeated.”Luckily,everythingpaidoff.Thatexperiencetaughthimeverythingheneededtoknowabouttheprofession.Eventually,Hamzabecamearenownedwildlifecameraman,inspiringotherstopursuetheirdreamsregardlessoftheirbackground.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“cemented”inparagraph2referto?

A．Strengthened.B．Assessed.C．Challenged.D．Reduced.5.Whydidn’tHamzathinkhecouldbeaTVpresenteratthebeginning?

A．Hetooknopassionforbeingapresenter.B．Hefearedtostandinfrontofthecamera.C．Helackedconfidencebecauseofhiscolor.D．Heobtainedlittlesupportfromhisparents.6.WhydoestheauthormentionHamza’striptotheHighlands?

A．Itledtoalife-longfriendship.B．Itenrichedhislifeexperience.C．Itrefinedhisphotographyskills.D．Itstartedhisowncareerjourney.7.WhatcanwelearnfromHamza’sexperience?

A．Greatmindsthinkalike.B．Strikewhiletheironishot.C．Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.D．Wherethere’sawill,there’saway.Seeingterrorfilmsistypicallyaharmlessactivity.Butthefearitgeneratescancausethebody’sfight-or-flightsystem-releasingchemicalsintothebodyandcausinganumberofphysiologicalresponses.Ourbody’sfearresponseisactuallyafantastictoolforsurvivalindangeroussituationsbecauseitkicksinfast,makesusfullofenergy,heightensourfocus,strengthensourmuscles,andgetsusreadytohandlewhateveriscomingatus.It’sabuilt-insurvivalmechanism,whichhasbeenwithussinceourancientancestors.Butevenasithelpedourancientancestorsescapefromtigersandkeepsusoutofharmtoday,activatingthebody’sfearresponseisn’talwaysagoodthing.Ifit’sinitiatedtoooftenwithconstantstressorfrequentjumpscares,itcanwearourbodiesdown.Thebody’sfearresponse,orfight-or-flightresponse,alwaysbeginsintheamygdala—apartofthebrain’ssystemthat’scriticalforrecognizingthreatsandprocessingemotions.Afteritdetectsathreat,theamygdalasendsadistresssignaltoacommandcenterinthebrain,whichtellsthenervoussystemtoreleasehormonesandneurotransmitters(荷尔蒙和神经递质).Researchshowsthatthesehormonesandneurotransmittersworktogethertoquickenyourbreathingandtomakeyourheartsendoxygen-richbloodfastertoyourmusclesandvitalorgans.Thispreparesthemusclesandbraintorapidlysetupathreatresponse.Indeed,whenstresshormonesarereleasedtoooftenorforlongperiodsoftime,itcanwearyourbodydown.Insomepeople,itcanleadtohealthissueslikehighbloodpressure,heartproblemsanddigestiveissues,becauseyourbodyisconstantlyin“highalarmmode”.Anotherconsiderationisthatourimmediatebiologicalresponsetofearisthesamewhetherwe’refacingtruedanger—orsomethingthatonlyappearsthatway.Overexposuretojumpscarescanmakeyoulesssensitivetofear.Sopeoplewhoenjoyterrorfilmsregularlymightnotreactasstronglytorealdangerbecausetheirbraingetsusedtothesesituations.8.Whyareancientancestorsmentioned?

A．Toadmiretheirquickresponsetofear.B．Toshowbody’sfearresponseisinborn.C．Tointroducetoughlivingconditionsinancientdays.D．Todemonstratehowtheysurvivedthescarysituations.9.Howisparagraph3developed?

A．Bylistingdata.B．Bygivingexamples.C．Bydefiningandcomparing.D．Byexplainingandanalyzing.10.Whichmaybetheresultofwatchingterrorfilmsfrequently?

A．Gettingtiredofthem.B．Doinggoodtohealth.C．Losinginterestinotherfilms.D．Beinglesssensitivetorealdanger.11.Whichmightbethebesttitleforthetext?

A．EffectsofFearonBrainandBody.B．FightorFlight?C．AnExtremeEntertainment.D．AreTerrorFilmsHarmless?TheVeilofIgnorance(无知之幕),mentionedinJohnRawls’sbookATheoryofJustice,isanimaginarydevicedesignedtopromotefairness.Itaskspeopletoimaginethemselvesinapositionwheretheyareunawareoftheirownfeatures,suchasrace,gender,socialidentity,ortalents.Ifwedon’tknowwhetherwewillberichorpoor,healthyordisabled,wewillbeinspiredtocreateasocietythatprotectstheleastadvanced.Thisleadstoamorefairdistribution(分配)ofresourcesandopportunities.RawlsarguedthatbehindtheVeilofIgnorance,peoplewouldwiselychoosetwobasicprinciplesoffairness.Thefirstistheprincipleoffairbasicfreedom,ensuringessentialrightstoallcitizens.Thesecondisthedifferenceprinciple,whichacceptsunfairnessonlyiftheybenefittheleastadvantagedmembersofsociety.TheVeilofIgnoranceisactuallyamentalexercise.It’satoolthatencouragesustostepoutsideourownprejudicesandconsidertheinfluenceofourdecisionsonothers.It’sawaytotestthefairnessandmoralmeaningsofdifferentsocialarrangements.OnecriticismoftheVeilofIgnoranceisthatitassumespeoplearenaturallywiseandselfless.Somearguethatevenbehindtheveil,peoplemightstillmakeself-interestedchoicesorbeinfluencedbyriskavoiding.Thisraisesquestionsaboutthepracticalityandeffectivenessofthethoughtexperiment.Despitethesecriticisms,theVeilofIgnoranceenablesustoevaluatethefairnessofsocialinstitutionsandpolicies.Itcontinuestobeusedindebatesaboutissuessuchashealthcare,education,andeconomicunfairness.Itcanalsobeemployedineverydaydecision-makingtopromotefairness.Byconsideringhowourchoicesmightaffectothers,especiallythosewhoarelessfortunate,wecantrytocreateapeacefulworldwiththefeatureoffairness.12.Whatisthefunctionofparagraph1?

A．Toevaluateastudy.B．Todefineaconcept.C．Tointroduceafigure.D．Torecommendabook.13.WhatmayRawlsagreewithaccordingtoparagraph2?

A．Freedomruinsfairness.B．Citizensarebornunfair.C．Unfairnessisexistent.D．Absolutefairnessiscommon.14.WhatcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphabouttheVeilofIgnorance?

A．Itisfacedwithlotsofrisks.B．Itcanbeappliedinvariousfields.C．Itisdifficulttobeusedineducation.D．Itcan’tbeusedinmakingdecisions.15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheVeilofIgnorance?

A．Objective.B．Subjective.C．Disapproving.D．Unclear.Youmayhavegrownuplivingwithlotsofsiblings,orthismaybeyourfirsttimesharingyourlivingspacewithsomeoneelse.Whilehavingaroommateinevitablyhasitschallenges,itcanalsobeagreatpartofyourcollegeexperience.16Respectyourroommate’sstuffThismayseemsimple,butit’sprobablyoneofthebiggestreasonswhyroommatesexperienceconflict.Don’ttakeitforgrantedthathe’llnotmindifyoutakehiscleats(钉鞋)foraquicksoccergame?17Don’tborrow,use,ortakeanythingwithoutgettingpermissionfirst.18Don’tgointoyourroommaterelationshipthinkingthatyouaregoingtobebestfriendsforthetimeyou’reatschool.Itmayhappen,butexpectingitsetsbothofyouupfortrouble.Youshouldbefriendlywithyourroommatebutalsomakesureyouhaveyourownsocialcircles.StayopentochangeYoushouldexpecttolearnandgrowandchangeduringyourtimeatschool.19Asthesemesterprogresses,realizethingswillchangeforbothofyou.Becomfortableaddressingthingsthatunexpectedlycomeup,settingnewrules,andbeingflexibletoyourchangingenvironment.20Nomatterwhatyourrelationshipisattheendoftheyear,youcantakecomfortknowingyouactedlikeanadultandtreatedyourroommatewithrespect.

A．However,youjustcrosstheline.B．Makefriendstopromoteyourrelationship.C．Befriendly,withoutexpectingtobebestfriends.D．Andthesameshouldhappentoyourroommate.E．Treatyourroommatelikeyou’dliketobetreated.F．Don’tthinkyouarenotbotheringothersbecauseyouareroommates.G．Followthetipsbelowandyourroommaterelationshipscanbequiteharmonious.二、完形填空Asagrowingfamily,wegatheredlotsofstuff,especiallytoys.Afterourfirstboywasborn,friendsandfamilygavehimlotsofgifts,_______ouroncebigroomswithmanycolorfulplaythings._______myson’scountlesspossessionsrobbedmeofthemoodtoenjoylife.Mysparetimemeltingaway,my_______begantomountup.Thenoneday,theweightofthemessbecametoomuchtobear.I_______!Itwastimetomakea_______.Igrabbedtrashbagsandrushedintomyson’sbedroom,_______thescattered(散落的)toysonthefloorquickly.ThenItookthosebagsoftoysimmediatelytothebasement(地下室).Ofcourse,therewastheinitialcryingoverlosinghistoys,butgraduallyhemanagedto_______it.Dayswentby.Thenweeks._______,theabsenceofdisorderseemedtopromoteadeepersenseofappreciationforthetoysthat_______.Withfewertoys,mysonhadtorelyonhisimagination,like________apaperboxintoaspaceshipandgoingonafantasyadventureinit.It’sbeenmonths,andthose________toysarestillinthebasement.Witheachpassingday,the________ofourminimalistlifestylebecamemoreapparent.Freedfromtheburdenofcleaningupthehouse,we________aworldwherelessreallybecamemore.Minimalismallowsmetoseemore________inlife,andmyboyisbecomingmore________whenplayingwithareducednumberoftoys.21.A．floodingB．connectingC．comparingD．presenting22.A．SellingB．SortingC．CountingD．Delivering23.A．lazinessB．anxietyC．regretD．shame24.A．retiredB．escapedC．cheeredD．exploded25.A．donationB．recordC．promiseD．change26.A．playingwithB．puttingasideC．pickingupD．throwingaway27.A．acceptB．believeC．shareD．remember28.A．OriginallyB．HopefullyC．UnexpectedlyD．Unfortunately29.A．waitedB．appearedC．increasedD．remained30.A．placingB．turningC．dividingD．mixing31.A．wornB．collectedC．packedD．displaced32.A．benefitsB．symbolsC．impressionsD．patterns33.A．missedB．disconnectedC．imaginedD．unlocked34.A．problemsB．possibilitiesC．preparationsD．predictions35.A．generousB．courageousC．creativeD．supportive三、语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Despiteoccupyingarelativelysmallarea,rainforestshaveanimportantroletoplayinmaintainingtheworldandtheyarehometoarich36(various)ofmedicinalplants,birdsandanimals.Asthelungsoftheplanet,rainforestshavetheirownperfectsystem,37ensurestheirownsurvival.Thetalltreesmakeacanopy(顶篷)ofbranchesandleavesthatprotectthemselves,smallerplantsandtheforestanimalsfromheavyrain,dryheat38(come)fromthesunandstrongwinds.39(amazing),thetreesgrowinsuchaway40theirleavesandbranches,althoughclosetogether,neveractuallytouchthoseofanothertree.Scientiststhinkthisisaway41(prevent)thespreadofanytreediseases.Thegroundflooroftheforestisnotallfallenleaves,42aclearland.Itiswhereleavesturn43foodforthetreesandotherforestlife.Worryingly,rainforestsaroundtheworldaredisappearingat44alarmingrate.Afewthousandyearsago,rainforests45(cover)asmuchas12percentofthelandsurfaceonEarth,buttodaythishasfallentolessthan7percent.四、书信写作46.假定你是李华，你校将举办英语节“戏剧之夜”（DramaNight）活动，并且进行网络直播（live-stream），请你给英国好友David写一封电子邮件，邀请他观看，内容如下：1.活动介绍；2.观看时间和方式。注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。DearDavid,______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,LiHua五、书面表达47.阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。Ethanenjoyedridingtheschoolbushome.Theridehomegavehimsometimetorelaxafterabusydayoffifthgrade.Heusuallysataloneandenjoyedthattoo.Withfoursiblings,hedidn’tgetmuchtimealone.Sometimeshesatwithhisyoungerbrother,Lucas,butLucaswassickathometoday.Thebusstoppedandthetallestboyinhisclass,Troy,steppedofffollowedbyhisyoungerbrother,Jamie.Asthebuspulledaway,Ethanlookedbackoverhisshouldertowatchtheboys.Troywasyellingandwavinghishandsathislittlebrother.JamiesaidsomethingEthancouldnothear.Troyyelled,gavehisyoungerbrotherahardshoveandknockedhimtotheground.Jamiewasonthegroundwipingathiseyes,butTroywalkedaway.Ethanturnedinhisseat,feelingdisgusted.Hehatedseeinglittlekidsgetpickedon.ThesightofJamieonthegroundcryingwasburnedintohismemory.Hetriedtothinkofsomethingelse.Hethoughtofthemodelcarhewasworkingonathome,a1