《英语国家概况》期末复习题(含答案)

《英语国家概况》期末复习题(含答案)一、选择题1.ThecapitalcityoftheUnitedKingdomisA.LondonB.EdinburghC.CardiffD.BelfastAnswer:A2.ThelargestriverintheUKisA.theThamesB.theSevernC.theClydeD.theMerseyAnswer:B3.ThehighestmountainintheUKisA.BenNevisB.SnowdonC.ScafellPikeD.HelvellynAnswer:A4.ThefirstpermanentsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatA.JamestownB.PlymouthC.BostonD.PhiladelphiaAnswer:A5.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasadoptedonA.July4,1775B.July4,1776C.August2,1775D.August2,1776Answer:B6.TheCivilWarintheUnitedStateslastedfromA.18601864B.18611865C.18621866D.18631867Answer:B7.TheEmancipationProclamationwasissuedbyA.GeorgeWashingtonB.ThomasJeffersonC.AbrahamLincolnD.FranklinD.RooseveltAnswer:C8.TheIndustrialRevolutionintheUnitedStatesbeganintheA.1760sB.1770sC.1780sD.1790sAnswer:D9.ThefirsttranscontinentalrailroadintheUnitedStateswascompletedinA.1869B.1870C.1871D.1872Answer:A10.TheStatueofLibertywasagiftfromA.FranceB.BritainC.GermanyD.ItalyAnswer:A11.Australiaistheworld'sA.smallestcontinentB.largestislandC.bothAandBD.neitherAnorBAnswer:C12.ThecapitalcityofAustraliaisA.SydneyB.MelbourneC.BrisbaneD.CanberraAnswer:D13.TheGreatBarrierReefislocatedoffthecoastofA.QueenslandB.NewSouthWalesC.VictoriaD.WesternAustraliaAnswer:A14.ThefirstEuropeantovisitNewZealandwasA.AbelTasmanB.JamesCookC.WillemJanszoonD.GeorgeVancouverAnswer:A15.ThecapitalcityofNewZealandisA.AucklandB.WellingtonC.ChristchurchD.DunedinAnswer:B16.Canadaistheworld'sA.secondlargestcountryinareaB.thirdlargestcountryinareaC.fourthlargestcountryinareaD.fifthlargestcountryinareaAnswer:B17.ThecapitalcityofCanadaisA.TorontoB.MontrealC.VancouverD.OttawaAnswer:D18.TheRockyMountainsrunthroughA.CanadaandtheUnitedStatesB.CanadaandMexicoC.theUnitedStatesandMexicoD.theUnitedStatesandGuatemalaAnswer:A19.TheofficiallanguagesofCanadaareA.EnglishandFrenchB.EnglishandSpanishC.FrenchandGermanD.EnglishandItalianAnswer:A20.TheMaoriaretheindigenouspeopleofA.AustraliaB.NewZealandC.CanadaD.theUnitedStatesAnswer:B二、填空题1.TheUKconsistsoffourcountries:England,Scotland,Walesand__________.Answer:NorthernIreland2.TheUKisseparatedfromtheEuropeancontinentbythe__________Sea.Answer:English3.TheBritishflagiscalledthe__________.Answer:UnionJack4.ThefirstEnglishcolonyinNorthAmericawasfoundedat__________in1607.Answer:Jamestown5.The__________wasthemainreasonfortheAmericanWarofIndependence.Answer:unjusttaxationandtraderestrictions6.ThefirsttenamendmentstotheUSConstitutionareknownasthe__________.Answer:BillofRights7.The__________isthehighestlegislativebodyintheUnitedStates.Answer:Congress8.TheAmericanCivilWarwasfoughtbetweenthe__________andthe__________.Answer:North(Union);South(Confederacy)9.The__________wastheturningpointoftheAmericanCivilWar.Answer:BattleofGettysburg10.The__________wasthefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinAustralia.Answer:Sydney11.The__________isthelargestcityinAustralia.Answer:Sydney12.The__________isthelargestriverinNewZealand.Answer:WaikatoRiver13.The__________isthelargestlakeinNewZealand.Answer:LakeTaupo14.The__________isthelargestcityinCanada.Answer:Toronto15.The__________isthelongestriverinCanada.Answer:MackenzieRiver三、简答题1.BrieflyintroducethegeographicalfeaturesoftheUnitedKingdom.TheUKisanislandcountrylocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofcontinentalEurope.ItconsistsofGreatBritain(England,Scotland,andWales)andNorthernIreland.Ithasadiverselandscape.Englandhaslowlandsinthesouthandeast,includingthefertileplainsoftheMidlandsandthefens.ScotlandhastheHighlandsinthenorth,withruggedmountainssuchasBenNevis,thehighestpeakintheUK.Walesalsohasmountainousregions,likeSnowdonia.Therearenumerousrivers,withtheSevernbeingthelongest.Thecoastlineisextensiveandirregular,withmanybays,inlets,andbeaches.Theclimateistemperate,influencedbytheNorthAtlanticDrift,withrelativelymildwintersandcoolsummers.2.WhatarethemaincausesoftheAmericanWarofIndependence?Themaincausesincludedunjusttaxation.TheBritishgovernmentimposedaseriesoftaxesontheAmericancolonies,suchastheStampActandtheTownshendActs,withoutgivingthecolonistsrepresentationintheBritishParliament.Thisledtowidespreadprotests.Therewerealsotraderestrictions.TheNavigationActslimitedcolonialtradetobenefitBritishmerchants.Thecolonistsfeltthatthesepoliciesviolatedtheirrightsandeconomicinterests.Additionally,thegrowingsenseofAmericanidentityandthedesireforselfgovernancecontributedtothepushforindependence.3.DescribethesignificanceoftheEmancipationProclamation.TheEmancipationProclamation,issuedbyAbrahamLincolnin1863,declaredthatallslavesintheConfederatestates"shallbethen,thenceforward,andforeverfree."ItwasacrucialturningpointintheAmericanCivilWar.IttransformedthenatureofthewarfromaconflictprimarilyaboutpreservingtheUniontoonealsoaboutendingslavery.Italsohadasignificantimpactoninternationalperception,asitmadetheUnion'scausemoremorallyjustifiable.ItinspiredAfricanAmericanstoactivelysupporttheUnionwareffort,leadingtotheenlistmentofmanyblacksoldiers.4.ExplaintheprocessoftheIndustrialRevolutionintheUnitedStates.TheIndustrialRevolutionintheUSbeganinthelate18thcentury.InventionslikeEliWhitney'scottonginin1793revolutionizedthecottonindustry.ThedevelopmentofinterchangeablepartsmanufacturingbyWhitneyalsohadamajorimpact.Intheearly19thcentury,thetextileindustryexpandedrapidlyinNewEngland.Theconstructionofcanals,suchastheErieCanalcompletedin1825,improvedtransportationandfacilitatedtrade.Thegrowthofsteampower,withtheuseofsteamenginesinfactoriesandonlocomotives,wasakeyfactor.Theexpansionoftherailroadnetworkfromthe1830sonwardsfurtherconnectedthecountryandpromotedeconomicgrowth.Bythemid19thcentury,industrieslikesteel,oil,andmachinerywerealsoemergingandgrowing.5.IntroducetheindigenouspeopleofAustraliaandNewZealand.InAustralia,theindigenouspeoplearetheAborigines.Theyhavearichandancientculturethatdatesbacktensofthousandsofyears.TheirspiritualbeliefsarecenteredaroundtheDreamtime,whichexplainsthecreationoftheworldandtheirconnectiontotheland.Theyhaveuniqueartforms,suchasrockpaintingsanddotpaintings.InNewZealand,theindigenouspeoplearetheMaori.Theyhaveadistinctculturewithastrongwarriortraditioninthepast.Theirartincludescarving,weaving,andtattooing(tamoko).Theyhaveacomplexsocialstructureandadeepconnectiontotheland,whichisexpressedthroughtheirtraditionalpracticesandlegends.6.DescribethepoliticalsystemofCanada.Canadaisaparliamentarydemocracyandaconstitutionalmonarchy.TheheadofstateisthemonarchoftheUnitedKingdom,representedinCanadabythegovernorgeneral.TheprimeministeristheheadofgovernmentandiselectedbythemembersoftheHouseofCommons.ThelegislativebranchconsistsoftheParliament,whichincludestheHouseofCommonsandtheSenate.TheHouseofCommonsiselectedbythepeople,whiletheSenateisappointed.Thejudicialsystemisindependent,andCanadahasafederalsystemofgovernment,withpowersdividedbetweenthefederalgovernmentandtheprovincialgovernments.7.WhatarethemainindustriesintheUnitedKingdom?TheUKhasadiverserangeofindustries.Thefinancialsector,centeredinLondon,isoneofthemostimportantglobally,withtheCityofLondonbeingamajorhubforbanking,insurance,andfinancialservices.Themanufacturingindustrystillexists,althoughithasdeclinedinrecentdecades.Itincludessectorssuchasautomotive,aerospace,andelectronics.Theserviceindustryisalsolarge,coveringareasliketourism,withpopulardestinationssuchasLondon,Edinburgh,andBathattractingmillionsofvisitorseachyear.Thecreativeindustries,includingmusic,film,andfashion,havebeengrowinginimportance.Agricultureisanothersector,withproductslikecereals,livestock,anddairybeingproduced,althoughitaccountsforarelativelysmallproportionoftheeconomycomparedtoothersectors.8.ExplaintheeducationalsystemintheUnitedStates.TheUShasadecentralizededucationalsystem.Primaryeducationistypicallycompulsoryforchildrenaged518inmoststates.Itusuallystartswithkindergartenandgoesthroughelementaryschool(grades15or6)andmiddleschool(grades68).Highschoolfollows,usuallyfromgrades912.Therearepublicschools,whicharefundedbythegovernmentandarefreeforstudents,andprivateschools,whichchargetuition.HighereducationintheUSisverydiverse.Therearecommunitycolleges,whichoffertwoyearassociatedegreesandvocationaltraining.Fouryearuniversitiesandcollegesofferbachelor's,master's,anddoctoraldegrees.IvyLeagueuniversities,suchasHarvard,Yale,andPrinceton,areamongthemostprestigiousinstitutionsintheworld,knownfortheiracademicexcellenceandresearchcapabilities.四、论述题1.DiscussthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesfromitsfoundingtothemodernera.TheUnitedStateswasfoundedin1776withtheDeclarationofIndependence.Intheearlyyears,itwasacollectionofcolonieswithamainlyagrarianeconomy.Thenewnationfacedchallengessuchasbuildingastablegovernmentandestablishingtraderelations.TheConstitutionwasadoptedin1787,creatingafederalsystemofgovernment.Inthe19thcentury,thecountryexpandedwestwardthroughaseriesofterritorialacquisitionsandtreaties.TheIndustrialRevolutiontookhold,transformingtheeconomyfromagriculturebasedtoindustrialandmanufacturingbased.Thegrowthofindustriesliketextiles,steel,andoilledtourbanizationandtheriseofbigbusiness.TheCivilWar(18611865)wasamajorturningpoint.ItnotonlypreservedtheUnionbutalsoendedslavery,whichhadaprofoundimpactonthenation'ssocialandeconomicstructure.Afterthewar,therewasaperiodofReconstructiontorebuildtheSouthandintegratefreedslavesintosociety.Inthe20thcentury,theUSbecameaglobalsuperpower.ItplayedaleadingroleinbothWorldWars,emergingasadominanteconomicandmilitaryforce.Thepostwarerasawcontinuedeconomicgrowth,technologicaladvancements,andsocialchanges.Thecivilrightsmovementinthe1950sand1960sledtogreaterequalityforAfricanAmericans.Inrecentdecades,theUShasfacednewchallengessuchasglobalization,whichhasaffecteditsmanufacturingjobs.Therehavealsobeenongoingdebatesabouthealthcare,immigration,andenvironmentalpolicies.Thecountryremainsamajorplayerintheglobaleconomy,withastronginfluenceinareasliketechnology,entertainment,andinternationalrelations.2.AnalyzetherelationshipbetweenAustralia,NewZealandandtheUnitedKingdomhistoricallyandcurrently.Historically,AustraliaandNewZealandwerebothcolonizedbytheUnitedKingdom.InAustralia,thefirstBritishsettlementwasestablishedinSydneyin1788.TheBritishusedAustraliaasapenalcolonyinitiallybutlaterasaplaceforsettlementandresourceexploitation.NewZealandwasalsocolonizedbytheBritish,withthefirstsignificantEuropeancontactbeingAbelTasman'svisitin1642andmoreextensivesettlementfollowingJamesCook'svoyages.TheUKhadasignificantinfluenceonthepolitical,economic,andculturaldevelopmentofbothcountries.TheyadoptedtheBritishparliamentarysystem,andEnglishbecamethedominantlanguage.Britishlawsandinstitutionsweretransplanted.Currently,therelationshipisstillstronginmanyaspects.AustraliaandNewZealandarepartoftheCommonwealthofNations,whichisanassociationofcountriesthatweremostlyformerBritishcolonies.Thereareculturalties,withsharedtraditions,literature,andsportslikecricketandrugby.Economically,thereistradeandinvestmentbetweenthem.However,bothAustraliaandNewZealandhavealsodevelopedtheirowndistinctnationalidentitiesovertimeandhavebecomemoreindependentintheirdecisionmakinginareassuchasforeignpolicyanddomesticgovernance,whilestillmaintainingaspecialrelationshipwiththeUK.3.ExaminetheroleofCanadaintheinternationalarena.Canadaplaysanimportantroleintheinternationalarena.Politically,itisanactivememberoftheUnitedNationsandparticipatesinvariousinternationalpeacekeepingandpeacebuildingefforts.IthascontributedtroopstomanyUNledoperationsaroundtheworld.Economically,Canadaisasignificanttradingnation.Ithasalargeanddiverseeconomy,withstrongsectorsinnaturalresourcessuchasoil,gas,andminerals.ItisamajortradingpartnerwiththeUnitedStates,anditstraderelationshipsextendglobally.ItisalsoinvolvedininternationaleconomicorganizationsliketheWorldTradeOrganization,promotingfreetradeandeconomiccooperation.Culturally,Canadaisknownforitsbilingualism(EnglishandFrench)anditsuniqueblendofBritish,French,andindigenouscultures.Itpromotesculturalexchangeandcooperationwithothercountriesthroughinitiativessuchasculturalfestivalsandeducationalexchanges.Inenvironmentalandclimatechangeissues,Canadaisanimportantvoice.Itisasignatorytomanyinternationalenvironmentalagreementsandisworkingtowardssustainabledevelopmentbothathomeandabroad.Overall,Canada'sroleintheinternationalarenaisdiverse,coveringpolitical,economic,cultural,andenvironmentalaspects.4.ComparethepoliticalsystemsoftheUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates,Australia,NewZealandandCanada.TheUnitedKingdomisaparliamentarydemocracyandaconstitutionalmonarchy.Themonarchistheheadofstate,buttherealexecutivepowerlieswiththeprimeministerandthecabinet.ThelegislativebranchisParliament,consistingoftheHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofL