《旅游学概论》（双语）

1.Visitor:isanypersonvisitingaplaceotherthanthatinwhichhehashisusual

placeofresidencefornotmorethanoneconsecutiveyearforleisure,business

andotherpurposesotherthanfollowinganoccupationremuneratedfrom

withintheplacevisited.

2.Tourismindustry:isacomprehensiveindustrycomposedofdifferentsectors

thattakesvisitorsasitsobjectofserviceandprovidesallgoodsandservices

neededbyvisitorsduringthewholeprocessoftheirtripandthetourism

activitiesandmakestheirtripconvenientandenjoyable.Itrepresentsthesupply

sideoftourism.

3.Tourism:Fromtheperspectiveofthevisitor——thesideofneedsandwants

(tourismactivity).Fromtheperspectiveofthebusinessproviderwhoprovides

visitorgoodsandservices-----thesupplyside(tourismindustry)

4.AIESTdefinition:Thesumofthephenomenaandrelationshipsarisingfromthe

travelandstayofnon-residents,insofarastheydonotleadtopermanent

residenceandarenotconnectedtoanyearningactivity.

5.RomeDefinition:Anypersonvisitingacountryothertnanthatinwhichhehas

hisusualplaceofresidence,foranyreasonotherthanfollowinganoccupation

remuneratedfromwithinthecountryvisited.

6.UNWTOdefinition:Tourismcomprisestheactivitiesofpersonstravelingtoand

stayinginplacesoutsidetheirusualenvironmentfornotmorethanone

consecutiveyearforleisure,businessorotherpurposes.Tourismmayormaynot

involveovernightstayawayfromhome.

7.touristproduct:Fromthestandpointofthevisitor;touristproductisatotalof

experiencesavisitorgetsfromthetrip.Itmaybeeasilyvisualizedaseverything

thatatouristuses,consumesoracquiresononetrip.

8.Fromthestandpointoftheprovider;touristproductistheservicesofferedfor

salebydifferenttourismenterprisesortourismrelatedenterprisestosatisfythe

differentneedsofthevisitorduringhistrip.Itistheto:alsumofallservicesand

goodsprovidedtoatouristduringthetotalprocessofhistour.

9.touristattraction：Touristattractionisanythingoranyfactorthatappealsto

peoplesufficientlytoencouragethemtotravelinordertovisititandcanbe

madeuseofbytourismindustrytoproduceeconomic,socialandenvironmental

effects.

10.HotelChain：HotelChainisabrandhotelwhichsetsitsbranchofficeinmajor

citiesa代erdevelopingtoacertainscale.Ithasasetofperfectreservation

system,hotelsubscriptionsource,healthserviceindexes.Ithascertainprice

advantageoverthestar-ratedhotels.

11.masstourism:Masstourismreferstothelarge-scalepackagingofstandardized

leisureservicesthataresoldtocustomersatfixedprices.Itistheproductof

massleisure.

12.Thetourismincomemultiplier:isanindicationofcontributionofeachtourist

dollarto(heincomeofadestination.

13.®needs:lackofsomethingnecessary.②wants:thedesireandthemeansto

meettheneeds(motivation)©demands:wants+purchasingpower@

Maslow'shierarchyofneeds

14.sustainable[eurism:Sustainabletourismdevelopmentmeanstourism

developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwhileensuringthatfuture

generationswillhavetheabilitytomeettheirownneeds.

15.Theconceptualdefinition(AIEST)istoprovideatheoreticalframetodistinguish

tourismfromotheractivities,soitemphasizesondescribingtourist

phenomenonandtryingtofindthenatureoftourism.

16.TheTechnicaldefinition(Rome,UNWTO)emphasizesondefiningtouristandthe

methodsofcategorizingforthepurposeoftouristicstatisticstoprovide

informationforresearchandtourismmanagement.

17.Accordin日tothestavingtime:tourists—stayingatleast24hours;

excursionists—stayinglessthan24hours.

18.Accordingtothedestinationplace:domesticvisitors—whotravelwithinthe

boundaryoftheircountriesofresidence;internationalvisitors—whotravelingto

andstayinginothercountriesoutsidetheircountriesofresidence,foraperiod

ofatleast24hours.

Chapterl

1.Tourismresearch

Touristmotivation--PsychologyRuraltourism--Agriculture

Tourismsociology——SociologyEcologicaltourism----Ecology

Tourismgeography——GeographyTourismplanning——Laws

Tourismmarketing--MarketingTourismeconomics——Economics

Tourismeducation----Education(Tourismcourses)——(Departments)

2.Somepuzzlesandproblemswearefacinginthestudyofourism:

1)Someofthedefinitionsoftourismarenotcommonlyshared;

2)Tourismresearcheshavenofixedstartingpoint;

3)Theopennessandthefuzzyboundaryoftourismindustrymakethestudy

complicated;

4)Thestatisticalfiguresoftourismindustryareinaccurateandunreliable.

3.IntroductiontoLeiper'sModel:Threegeoxraphicalelements:

1)Thetourist-generatingregionrepresentsthegeneratingmarket(demandside)

fortourism.Inasense,itprovidesthe"push"tostimulateandmotivatetravel.It

isfromthisplacethatthepotentialvisitorssearchforinformation,makethe

bookingsanddepartfordifferentdestinations.

2)Thetouristtransitrouteregionincludestheintermediariesandsomeother

factorsandplacesinvolvedinthecourseoftraveling.Itdoesnotsimply

representtheshortperiodoftraveltoreachthedestination,butthereisalways

anintervalintripwherthevisitorfeelshehaslefthishomeregionbuthasnot

yetarrivedthedestinaton.

3)Thetouristdestinationisthesupplysidefortourists.Inmanyaspectsthisisthe

mostimportantonebecausedestinationsandtheirimagesattracttourists,

motivatethevisitandthereforeenergizethewholetouristsystem.Notonly

doesthedestinationprovideaphysicalspacefortourismactivitybutitalso

representsthe"pull"factorforthetourist.

4.AIESTdefinitionoftourism:Threeelements

1)Tourismactivitiesinvolvepeople'stravelingawayfromtheirplaceofresidence

(spatialmovement);

2)Traveltoandtemporarystayinthedestinationregion,whichdistinguishes

tourismfrommigration,permanentresidence;

3)fordifferentpurposesotherthanworking,earningorothernon-recreationor

non-relaxingpurposes.

5.TheCharacteristicsoftourismindustry

①Acomprehensiveindustry②Itsextentofassociationwithmanysectors;@A

serviceindustry④Alabor-intensiveindustry;Notprovidingfixedgoodsandproducts

6.Classificationofvisitors

1)AccordingtothestayingtimeTourists>=24excursionists<24

2)Accordingtothedestinationplace:domesticvisitorsinternationalvisitors

7.UNWTOdefinitionThreeelements:

1)spatialmovement—distanceoftravel--thedistancerecommendedbyUNWTO

is160km;

2)temporarystay---thelengthoftimeofstay—notmorethanoneconsecutive

year;

3)purpose---typesoftouristsdefinedaccordingtodifferenttravelpurposes.

8.Characteristicsoftourism

(Danactivityofexpending;anactivityofleisure;②acomprehensiveactivity③a

temporaryactivity④anactivityleavingtheplaceofresidence(usual

environment)

9.Categoriesoftourismactivities

10.Classifiedaccordingtowherethevisitorstravelto

(Ddomestictourism;©internationaltourism@cross-continent

Tourism@around-the-worldtourism©regionaltourism

11.Classifiedaccordin日tohowthevisitorsareorganizedtotravel

touringroups;individualtour

12.Classifiedaccordin日tohowthevisitorsarecharged

packagetour;non-packagetour

13.Classifiedaccordingtowhopaysforthetravel(fundsource)

1)Self-fundedtour(recreationaltraveller,priceelasticmarket)

2)businesstour(includingincentivetrip)

3)socialtourism

14.Classifiedaccordingwhatmeansoftransportationthetouriststake(a\r,train,

car,onfoot)

15.Classifiedaccordingtohowfarthevisitorstravel

far-distancetourism;near-distancetourism

16.Classifiedaccordingtoforwhatthetourismtravel

©sightseeingtourism©holidaytourism(Dotherrourism

17.TheCharacteristicsoftourismindustry

①Acomprehensiveindustry;(Dltsextentofassociationwithmanysectors;@A

serviceindustry④Alabor-intensiveindustry;ONotprovidingfixedgoodsand

products

18.Characteristicsoftouristproduct

Intangibility;Variability;Perishability;Inseparability;Simultaneity;

Comprehensiveness

19.旅游目的地三要素

1)tourismactivitiesinvolvepeople'stravelingawayfromtheirplaceofresidence

(spatialmovement);

2)traveltoandtemporarystayinthedestinationregion,whichdistinguishes

tourismfrommigration,permanentresidence;

3)fordifferentpurposesotherthanworking,earningorothernon-recreationor

non-relaxingpurposes.

Chapter2TheRiseandEvolutionofTourism

Conditionsfortheappearanceoftourism:

©leisuretime(disposaltime)@discretionaryincome③motivation

1.Ancienttourism(before1840)

1)Characteristicsofancienttourism

①Thepurposeoftravelingwasmainlyfortrading,healthandreligiousactivities,

butlimitedtoveryfew(thesmallleisureclass);②AncientRome,ancient

GreeceandancientEgyptwerethemainplacesoftourism;③Lackofany

formaltourismorhospitalityindustrytoservetravelers;④Tourismisrisky,

uncomfortableandtime-consuming;@Therestrictionofmosttraveltovery

fewdestinations;©Earlyguidesandguidebooksoccurredinthisperiod.

2.TheGrandTour©Time—fromthe16thto18thcenturies,asaresultof

Renaissance©Participants—theBritishupperclass;©Purpose—travelling

tothecontinentalEuropeforthesakeofeducation,healthandbusiness,travel

timevariedfromseveralmonthstoseveralyears.

3.Moderntourism(1840〜beforeworldwarII)

1)ImpactofIndustrialRevolutiononthedevelopmentoftourism:

①Rapidimprovementsinnewpowerandtechnologyledtotransportthatwas

bothfastandmoderatelypriced;©Productivityincreasedgreatly,whichledto

therapidexpansionofthemiddleclass'swealthandthecreationofnew

purchasingpower;©Peoplehavestrongerdesiretovisitplacesofinterests

(becausetheprogressofurbanizationspeededup,theupgradingofthe

educationlevel);④Theincreaseofleisuretime.

2)ThomasCookandmoderntourismindustry

ThomasCook(1808~1892)isassociatedwiththeemergenceoftourismasa

modern,large-scaleindustry,hehadbyfarthegreatestimpactontheearly

travelindustry.Heisregardedas“fatherofearlymoderntourism".

4.MaincontributionsofThomasCook

©HesetupthefirsttravelbusinessThomasCook&Sonandprovidedsuchtrips

onafullycommercialbasisin1845;@Heorganizedthefirstinternationaltrip

totheSwissAlpsin1863,thefirstround-the-worldexcursionin1872③He

dealtwithallthemattersconcerningconnections,ticketsandtimetables,healso

providedvariousservicesincludingcurrencyexchangefortripsabroad,the

distributionofpublishedtravelguidesandtourtimetables;③He

connectedalltheticketsneededtogether(sometimesincludingtheticketsof

stageorsteamer)whichcalled'CircularTicket,accordingtothespecific

arrangementofaparticularjourney;@Heintroducedtheimportantconcepts

ofzCookCoupon'and'CircularNotes',thelattercanbeconsideredastheoriginal

formoftraveler'scheck;@Heprovidedalargenumberofcommercialized

packagetourswhichwereasignoftheindustrializationoftourismindustry.

2)Conditionsforappearanceofmasstourism:①moredisposableincome

©growthofleisuretime(paidholidays)©improvementoftransportation

technology©cheapercostsoftourism©prosperityofhospitalityindustry

©masscarownership⑦easingoftravelregulations

3)Characteristicsofmasstourism:①standardizationoftourismproduct

②massparticipationintourism©globalizationoftourismindustry

5.Whataretheproblemsthathavebeenbroughtbvthemasstourism

©Pollutiontotheenvironment②Wasteofthetourismresources©Conflict

withthelocalpeople©Becontrolledbyoutsideforceswhichresultinhigh

revenueleakage@Doharmtothelocalcultureandthecommunity

6.CharacteristicsofmasstourisminChina

®Thenatureoftourismindustrychangedfrompoliticalreceptiontoimproving

economy;©Internationalanddomesticmarketsdevelopedveryfast;③The

scaleoftourismindustryexpandedcontinuouslyanditbecamemoreandmore

important;©Leveloftourismmanagementimprovedgradually;©Tourist

productsweremorecolorfulandplenty;©Tourismeducationdevelopedvery

fast.

Chapter3DemandforTourismandConsumerBehaviour

1.Maslow'shierarchyofneedsisprobablythebestknowntheoryofmotivation:

Becauseitssimplicityandintuitiveattraction.Thetheoryofmotivationproposed

byMaslowisintheformofaranking,orhierarchy,ofthearrangementsof

individualneeds.

2.McIntosh'stheoryontourismmotivation

1)physicalmotivation:thoserelatedtorefreshmentofbodyandmind,health

purposes,sportsandpleasure.Thisgroupofmotivationsareseentobelinkedto

thoseactivitieswhichwillreducetension.

2)culturalmotivation:thedesiretoseeandknowmoreaboutothercultures,to

findoutaboutthenativesofacountry,theirlifestyle,music,art,folklore,dance,

etc.

3)interpersonalmotivation:ismanifestedinthedesiretomeetnewpeopleand

makenewfriendships,visitfriendsorrelatives,andtoseeknewanddifferent

experience.

4)statusandprestige(reputation)motivation:thoseincludeadesirefor

continuationofeducation(i.e.personaldevelopment,egoenhancement).This

categoryalsoincludespersonaldevelopmentinrelationtothepursuitofhobbies

andeducation.

3.Pio—'spwchogrnohictvpoloDv,AccordingtoPlog'sresearch,peopleare

dividedpsychologicallyintothefollowingfivetypes:©psycho-centric(自我中

心型)②nearpsycho-centric③mid-centric©nearallo-centric⑤

allo-centric(多中心型)

4.Factorsinfluencingdemandfortourism

1)lifestyledeterminantsofdemandfortourism①incomeandemployment②

paidholidayentitlement©educationandmobility®raceandgender

©otherdeterminants

2)life-cycledeterminantsofdemandfortourism

3)otherfactorsofdemandfortourism

©politicalenvironment@socio-demographicfactors©technological

factors©economicenvironment@theculturaldifferencebetweenthe

generatingregionandcestinationregion

5.Suppresseddemandfortourism

①travelisexpensiveanddemandsacertainthresholdofincomebeforepeoplecan

enterintothemarket②lackoftimeisaproblemforsomeindividualswho

cannothavesufficientbocksoftimetostayawayfromhome©physical

limitations©familycircumstances©governmentrestrictionssuchas

currencycontrolsandvisarestriction@fearorlackofinterest

Chapter4tourismindustry

1.Basicnaturesoftouristattractions

1)withthefunctiontoappealtopeoplesufficientlytoencouragethemtotravel;

2)canbemadeuseofbytourismindustry;

3)canbechangedintoeconomic,socialandenvironmentaleffects;

4)withdiversityofforms,visibleandinvisible(tangibleorintangible),natural,

culturalandman-made.

2.Characteristicsoftouristattractions

©aestheticvalue；©beinglocatedinsomespecificspace；©diversity：©seasonality：

⑤canattractcertaintouristmarket；©uniqueness

3.Thenaturesofaccommodation

1)theheterogeneousnature;

2)accommodationcomprisesbothtangibleobjectsandintangiblefactors;

3)theinseparabilityoftheproductionandconsumptionofgoodsandservices;

4)accommodationishighlyperishableandcannotbestoredforthefuturesale.

4.Advantagesofthehotelchain

1)enablethechaintowininthecompetition.

2)theobservanceofthestandardssetbytheheadofficetoequipandoperatethe

hotel.

3)hotelchaincanprovidemoreconvenienceforcustomerstomakereservations

quicklywhileitiseasierforthemtocontrolbookings.

4)theestablishmentofthehotelchainincreasesthesalesintheconference

market.

5)intermsofmanagement,hotelchainsaremoreefficient.

5.Distributionmethods

1)directdistributionmethodsrefertothesellingofproductsorservicestothe

consumerdirectlywithouttheuseofintermediaries.

2)indirectmethodsincludetheuseofoneormoreintermediaries.

6.Factorswhichinfluencethechoicesofchannels

1)thetouristproductitself(itstype,nature,level,etc.)

2)thecustomer(thepopulation,purchasingability,geographicaldistribution,etc.)

3)thetravelintermediaries(theirquality,theirabilitytopromoteandmakesales〜)

4)themarketingenvironment(competitivesituation,thedistributionsystemofthe

maincompetitors,etc)

7.Integrationofthetouroperator

1)Horizontalintegrationoccurswhenfirmsattainahigherlevelofconsolidationor

controlwithintheirownsector.®theintegrationbetweencompaniesoffering

competingproducts.<2):heintegrationbetweencompaniesoffering

complementaryproducts.

2)Verticalintegrationoccurswhenafirmobtainsgreatercontroloverelementsof

theproductchainoutsideitsownsector.(Dforward:furtherdownthechainof

distributiontothecustomers,suchasinthecasewheretouroperatorsbuy

travelagents;<2)backward:againstthedirectionofthechaintothesuppliers,

suchasinthecasewherethetouroperatorsbuyairlines.

8.Theroleofthemiddlemen

1)theprincipleroleoftourmiddlemenistobringbuyersandsellerstogether;to

providedifferentservicestomakethetripavailableandconvenientforvisitors.

2)themiddlemenarealscthemaindistributorsfortravelsuppliersandcollectors

ofmarketinterests.

9.Thecategoriesoftouroperator

1)theindependenttouroperator

2)touroperatorowedbybigtourismcompany

10.Chainofdistribution

1)Maj^jfacturers:carriers：accommodation：attractions

2)Intermediaries:wholesalers(touroperatorsandbrokers)；retailers(travelagents)

3)Consumers

11.Theimportanceoftransportation

1)passengertransportationprovidestheverycriticallinkagebetweengenerating

regionanddestination;

2)adequatetransportationinfrastructureandaccesstogeneratingmarketsisone

ofthemostimportantprerequisitesforthedevelopmentofanydestination;

3)transportationisalsooneofthedeterminantsorreconditionsoftourism

motivation,forithelpstoimprovepeople'smobility

12.Therelationshipbetweentransportationandtourismdevelopment

1)Transportationandtourismdevelopmenthastraditionallybeenregardedas

“chickenandegg".

Ononehand,©transportationmakesitpossiblefortouristtoapproachthe

attractions;②thefastdevelopmentoftransportationmakeslongdistancetravel

easierandmoreenjoyable;©tourismhasbeendevelopingalongwiththe

developmentoftransportation

2)Ontheotherhand,tourismdemandhasstimulatedtherapiddevelopmentof

transportation.

13.Componentsofthetransportsystem

①Theway②Theterminal③Thevehicle④Themotivepower

14.Classificationoftouristattractions

1)accordingtothenatureoftouristattractions:naturalandcultural①natural

sitesd)naturalevents®culturalsites@culturalevents

2)accordingtothetypeoftouristattractions

15.Principlesforutilizationandconservationoftouristattractions

1)torecognizethemutuainfluenceofdevelopmentoftourismandthetourist

attractions

2)toplananddeveloptoeristattractionsaccordingtothedemandofvisitors

3)totaketheenvironmentintoconsiderationandadopttheprinciplesofthe

sustainabletourism

4)tocarryoutresponsiblemanagementthroughpracticesoftourismbusiness

16.utilizationandconservationoftouristattractions

1)Bearingcapacityoftouristattractions:(Decologicalcapacity(naturaland

environmentalmaximumnumberofvisitorsandactivities)②economic

capacity(theabilitytoreceivevisitorsandfacilities)@psychologicalcapacity(for

touriststhequalityofexperience,forlocalsthesocialandculturalimpacts)

④socialcapacity(socielvalues,lifestyle,norms,securty,management)

2)Principlesforutilizationandconservationoftouristattractions:①torecognize

themutualinfluenceofdevelopmentoftourismandthetouristattractions②t。

plananddeveloptouristattractionsaccordingtothedemandofvisitors③to

taketheenvironmentintoconsiderationandadopttheprinciplesofthe

sustainabletourism@tocarryoutresponsiblemanagementthroughpracticesof

tourismbusiness

17.Factorsinfluencingpassengers'choiceofthetransportmode

©Safety(Dprice/costOTime/speed©distance©convenience©departure

andarrivaltimes©reliability©availability

©Flexibility©servicequality®comfbn/Iuxury@incentives③groundservices

©terminalfacilitiesandlocations©statusandprestige©enjoymentoftrip

18.Transportasacomponentofthetouristproduct

Transportationisanessentialelementofthetouristproductinthreeways:

1)themeanstoreachthedestination;

2)anecessarymeansofmovementatthedestination;

3)inaminorityofinstancesitistheactualtouristattractionoractivity.

Chapter5ImpactsofTourismonDestination

Topic1Theeconomicimpactoftourism

1,Positiveimpactsoftourism

l)providingincomeandtaxrevenuetoanarea

(Ddirectrevenue:tourismreceipts,taxationrevenue(airportdeparturetaxes,permits

forentrytopublicattractionandsoon)Qindirectrevenue:TIM

2)balanceofpayments3)employmentattribution4)investmentstimulation

2.Economiccosts

1)directfinancialcosts

(D.administrativeexpensed,marketing®,marketresearch®.travelincentives

2)indircctfinancialcosts

(D.revenueleakages0.enclaveresort©.indirectincentives(^.inflationarypressure

⑤.competitionwithothersectorsfluctuationsinintake(partlycausedbythe

variabilityandseasonalityoftouristproduct)

3,TourismIncomeMultiplierandRevenueLeakage

2)Leakage

Leakageistheexpendituresinwhichthemoneyislosttootherareasfromthe

destinationsystem.

Theprincipalreasonsforleakagesinclude:

①costofimportedgoodsandservices,includingcurrentandcapitalgoodsand

services0factorpaymentincludingreturnedprofits,wagesbyexpatriatesabroad,

managementfees③importsforgovernmentexpenditure④costsofoverseas

promotionandsoon

Topic2Theenvironmentalimpactoftourism

1.Positiveimpactsoftourism

CDthedevelopmentoftourismmayremindthelocalauthoritiesandtheresidentsof

theimportanceoftheprotectionoftheenvironment;②thedevelopmentoftourism

helpstobeautifytheenvironment.③thedevelopmentoftourismmakesit

economicallypossibletoprotecttheenvironment.

2,Negativeimpactsoftourism

(Dpollution(air,water,noise,rubbish;industry;visualandaesthetic;graffiti)0

problemsofcongestionanderosionOthetourismdangertoHoraandfauna(suchas

souvenirhunting)(3)otherenvironmentalconsequencesofmasstourism(water

shortage,sanddunesflattened,lossofnaturalscenery)

Topic3Thesocio-culturalimpactoftourism

1.Socialandculturalchangescausedbytourism

Qvaluesystemchanges0wayoflifechangesG)attitudeschanges④community

relationshipchanges©traditionalculturechanges©socialsecuritychangesQother

socialchanges

1)Positiveimpacts

CDfacilitateunderstandingbetweenpeoples;0helptofindsolutionstocommon

socialproblems;G)buildupafeelingofprideinlocalpeople'scultureandways

oflifewhichisincentivetopreservecultureandheritage;<3)fosteringofsocial

wellbeingandstability(jobopportunityandinipiovementofhealthstandard)

2)Negativeimpacts

(Dauthenticityoftraditionalculturelost^commercializationoflocalculture③

traditionalvaluesabandoned④crimeratesincreased(visitorscanbeeasypreyfor

criminals)socialbehaviourpolluted(suchasprostitution)©resentmentbylocal

peopletowardthevisitors©negativedemonstrationeffect

游客接待地居民

社会心理

利益不均产生的敌对心里

行为方式

离婚率上升

家庭社会结构

、改变工作

2.Therelationshipbetweenthehostandeuest

■Thecharacteristicsofhost-guestrelations:①relationsaretransitoryand

superficial;0thereisalackofspontaneityinrelations;G)relationsareunequal

andimbalanced,duetodisparitiesinwealthandstatusoftheparticipants.

Adaptationoftouristst。localnorms

TypeoftouristNumberoftouristsAdaptationtolocalnorms

ExplorerVerylimitedAdaptsfully

EliteRarelyseenAdaptsfully

Off-beatUncommon,butseenAdaptswell

UnusualOccasionalAdaptssomewhat

IncipientmassSteadyflowSeekswestern

amenities

MassContinuousinfluxExpectswesternamenities

CharterMassivearrivalsDemandswestern

amenities

Fourbasicphasesofstressrelativet。tourismdevelopment(irridex)

StagesCharacteristicSymptoms

s

Stage1EuphoriaVisitorswelcomed,littleformaldevelopment

Stage2ApathyVisitorstakenforgranted,contactsbecomecommercial

Stage3IrritationLocalsconcernedabou