2026年雅思阅读考试真题及答案

2026年雅思阅读考试真题及答案READINGPASSAGE1TheEvolutionofOfficeDesign:FromCubiclestoCo-workingA.Theconceptoftheoffice,asadedicatedspaceforadministrativework,isarelativelymoderninvention.PriortotheIndustrialRevolution,mostworkwasconductedinthehome,infields,orinsmallworkshops.However,astheadministrativeburdensofcommerce,government,andindustrygrew,theneedforcentralized,organizedspacesbecameapparent.Theearly20thcenturysawtheriseofthe'Taylorist'office,namedafterefficiencyexpertFrederickWinslowTaylor.Thisdesignphilosophyprioritizedmaximumproductivityandsupervisionaboveallelse.Workerswerearrangedinlong,openrowsofdesks,oftenpackedtightlytogether,allowingmanagerstooverseeeverymovementwithease.Theenvironmentwasstark,utilitarian,anddevoidofanypersonaltouches,reflectingtheviewthatworkersweremerecomponentsinavastindustrialmachine.B.Bythemid-20thcentury,thedehumanizingaspectsoftheTayloristapproachbegantoattractcriticism.Inresponse,GermandesigngroupQuickbornerdevelopedtheconceptof'Bürolandschaft',or'officelandscape'.Thisrevolutionaryapproachbrokeawayfromtherigidgridsystemsofthepast.Instead,deskswerearrangedinorganic,flowingpatterns,oftenangledtoencouragecommunicationandinteraction.Plantsandscreenswereusedasnaturaldividers,creatingasofter,morehumaneaesthetic.TheBürolandschaftmodelwasoneofthefirstattemptstobalancetheneedforefficiencywiththepsychologicalwell-beingofemployees,acknowledgingthatapleasantenvironmentcouldleadtobettermoraleand,consequently,betterwork.C.Despitethepopularityoftheopenplan,thelate1960sand1970switnessedastrangeregression:theinventionofthecubicle.DesignerRobertPropst,workingfortheHermanMillerfurniturecompany,originallyintendedtocreateaflexible,modularworkspacethatwouldgiveworkersprivacyandautonomy.His'ActionOffice'systemwasdesignedtobecustomizable,withadjustablewallsandsurfaces.However,ascompaniessoughttocutcostsandmaximizefloorspacedensity,thenobleintentionsoftheActionOfficewerecorrupted.Theflexiblewallswereshortenedandstandardized,turningthesystemintothedreaded'cubiclefarm'—aseaofhigh-walled,fabric-linedboxesthatisolatedworkerswhilestillprovidingzeroacousticprivacy.Itbecameasymbolofcorporatesoullessness.D.Theturnofthe21stcenturybroughtarenewedfocusoncollaborationandthebreakingdownofhierarchicalbarriers.Influencedbytheriseofthetechindustryandstartupculture,the'openoffice'madeamassivecomeback.UnliketheTayloristopenplan,whichwasaboutsurveillance,themodernopenofficewasabouttransparencyandteamwork.Wallsweretorndown,executivessatamongjuniorstaff,andcommunalareasbecamecentraltotheofficelayout.Thetheorywasthatbyremovingphysicalbarriers,ideaswouldflowmorefreely,leadingtoincreasedinnovation.CompanieslikeGoogleandFacebookchampionedthismodel,fillingtheirspaceswithbeanbags,ping-pongtables,andvibrantcolorstoblurthelinesbetweenworkandplay.E.However,thependulumswungonceagainasthelimitationsofthemodernopenofficebecameapparent.Studiesbegantoemergeshowingthatwhileface-to-faceinteractionincreased,deep,focusedworksuffered.Theconstantnoise,visualdistractions,andlackofprivacyledtodecreasedproductivityandheightenedstressformanyemployees.Inresponse,anewhybridmodelbegantotakeshape.This'activity-basedworking'(ABW)modelprovidesavarietyofdifferentenvironmentswithinasingleoffice.Therearequietzonesforconcentration,openboothsforcollaboration,privatepodsforphonecalls,andcasualloungesforrelaxation.Theunderlyingprincipleisthatnosingleworkspacetypesuitsalltasksorallpersonalities;employeesareempoweredtochoosethesettingthatbestsuitstheirspecificneedsatanygivenmoment.F.Lookingtowardthefuture,thedefinitionoftheofficeisundergoingitsmostradicaltransformationyet,drivenbytheglobalshifttowardremoteworkacceleratedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Theofficeisnolongerthesolelocusofwork;ithasbecomeadestinationforcollaborationandsocialconnection.Thishasledtotheriseof'co-working'spacesand'hub-and-spoke'models.Companiesaredownsizingtheircentralheadquartersandestablishingsmallersatelliteofficesclosertowhereemployeeslivetoreducecommutingtimes.Furthermore,thefocushasshiftedtocreatingexperiencesthatcannotbereplicatedathome—high-endtechnology,sustainablearchitecture,andcommunity-buildingeventsarenowcentraltoofficedesign.Theofficeofthefutureisnotjustaplacetowork,butatooltoattractandretaintalentinacompetitiveglobalmarket.Questions1-7Thetexthassixparagraphs,A-F.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.1.Adesignphilosophythatusedorganiclayoutsandplantstoimprovetheworkplaceatmosphere.2.Theoriginalintentionbehindamodularsystemthatwaslaterreducedtosmall,standardizedboxes.3.Thehistoricalshiftofworkfromhome-basedsettingstocentralizedadministrativebuildings.4.Theimpactofthetechindustryonreducingphysicalandhierarchicalbarriersintheworkspace.5.Aworkingmodelthatallowsemployeestoselecttheirenvironmentbasedonthetasktheyareperforming.6.Thenegativeeffectsofconstantnoiseandlackofprivacyinmodernopen-planoffices.7.Thechangingroleoftheofficeasasocialhubratherthanjustaplaceforadministrativeduties.Questions8-13DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes8-13onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis8.FrederickWinslowTaylorbelievedthatprovidingacomfortableenvironmentwouldincreaseworkerproductivity.9.TheBürolandschaftdesignwasmoreexpensivetoimplementthantheTayloristmodel.10.RobertPropstdesignedthecubiclefarmtoisolateworkersandpreventdistraction.11.Themodernopenofficedesignwasprimarilyinfluencedbythebankingsector.12.Activity-basedworking(ABW)suggeststhatdifferenttasksrequiredifferentphysicalsettings.13.Hub-and-spokemodelsaredesignedtoincreasetheamountoftimeemployeesspendcommuting.READINGPASSAGE2TheScienceofBio-luminescence:Nature’sLivingLightsA.Bio-luminescence,theabilityoflivingorganismstoproducelightviachemicalreactions,isoneofthemostspectacularphenomenainthenaturalworld.Whileitisoftenassociatedwiththemagicalglowoffirefliesonasummernight,itisactuallywidespreadacrossthetreeoflife,occurringinapproximately80%ofdeep-seaorganisms,aswellasincertainfungi,bacteria,andinsects.Unlikeartificiallight,whichgeneratesheat(incandescence),bio-luminescenceis'coldlight',withupto100%oftheenergybeingemittedaslightratherthanthermalradiation.Thisincredibleefficiencymakesitasubjectofintensestudyforscientistsandengineerslookingtodevelopsustainablelightingtechnologies.B.Thechemicalmechanismbehindbio-luminescenceisremarkablyconsistentacrossdifferentspecies,despitetheproteinsinvolvedbeinggeneticallydistinct.Thereactiontypicallyinvolvestwokeycomponents:alight-emittingmoleculecalledaluciferinandanenzymecalledluciferase.Whenluciferinreactswithoxygen,catalyzedbytheluciferaseenzyme,energyisreleasedintheformofphotons(light).Thespecificcolorofthelightproduced—rangingfromblueandgreentoredandyellow—dependsonthestructureoftheluciferinmoleculeandthearrangementoftheluciferaseenzyme.Inthemarineenvironment,bluelightdominatesbecauseittravelsfurthestinwater.TheefficiencyofthisreactioncanberepresentedbythequantumyieldformulaΦ=C.Theevolutionaryreasonsforthedevelopmentofbio-luminescenceareasvariedasthecreaturesthatpossessit.Inthedarkdepthsoftheocean,wheresunlightcannotpenetrate,itservesasaprimarytoolforsurvival.Formanyspecies,itisaformofcounter-illuminationcamouflage.Predatorslikethecookiecuttersharkhuntbylookingforsilhouettesofpreyblockingthefaintlightfromthesurface.Tohide,certainfishandsquidproducelightontheirbelliesthatmatchestheintensityandcolorofthedownwellingsunlight,effectivelyerasingtheirsilhouetteandbecominginvisibletopredatorsbelow.Thisisaprecisebiologicalbalancingactthatrequirestheorganismtoadjustitsbrightnessbasedontheambientlight.D.Forothercreatures,lightisaweapon.Thedeep-seaanglerfishisperhapsthemostfamousexample,possessingadorsalspinethatterminatesinaluminouslure(theesca)filledwithbioluminescentbacteria.Theanglerfishremainsmotionlessinthedarkness,wavingthisglowingbaitinfrontofitsmouthtoattractcuriousprey.Onceavictimcomeswithinstrikingdistance,theanglerfishsnapsitsmassivejaws,swallowingthemealwhole.Similarly,the'pistolshrimp'usesadifferentmechanism;itcreatesacavitationbubblebysnappingitsclawshutsoquicklythatitproducesaflashoflightandashockwavecapableofstunningorkillingsmallfish.E.Bio-luminescencealsoplaysacrucialroleincommunicationandmating.Firefliesusedistinctpatternsofflashestoidentifypotentialmatesofthesamespecies.Insomespecies,thefemalesmimictheflashpatternofotherspeciestoluremalesin,nottomate,buttoeatthem—abehaviorknownasaggressivemimicry.Intheocean,certainostracods(seedshrimp)ejectcloudsofbioluminescentmucuswhendisturbed.Theyusethistostartlepredators,butalsotocreateadisplaythatattractslargerpredatorstoeatthecreatureattackingthem,therebybuyingthemselvesachancetoescape—a'burglaralarm'effect.F.Beyonditsbiologicalwonders,bio-luminescencehasprofoundimplicationsforhumantechnologyandmedicine.Scientistsareactivelyresearchingwaystoharnessbio-luminescentproteinsformedicalimaging.Byattachingluciferasetocancercells,researcherscantrackthespreadoftumorsinlivinganimalswithoutinvasivesurgery.Theglowindicatesexactlywherethecancercellsare.Furthermore,thefieldofsyntheticbiologyisexploringthecreationof'glowingplants'thatcouldactasnaturalstreetlights,reducingelectricityconsumption.However,theseapplicationsfacechallenges,particularlyregardingtheenergyrequirementsoftheorganisms;producinglightismetabolicallyexpensive,andforplantsortreestoglowbrightlyenoughtoilluminateastreet,significantgeneticmodificationwouldberequired.G.Recentdiscoverieshaveexpandedourunderstandingofthisphenomenon.In2020,researchersdiscoveredthatthechainsawdogfish,asmallsharkfoundinthePacific,possessesglowingeyesnearitsmouth,afeaturepreviouslyunseeninsharks.Thisfindingsuggeststhatbio-luminescenceinthedeepseaisevenmorediverseandcomplexthanpreviouslythought.Asexplorationtechnologyimproves,allowingscientiststovisitthedeepestoceantrenches,itiscertainthatmorelight-producingsecretswillberevealed,furtherblurringthelinebetweenbiologicalrealityandsciencefiction.Questions14-19Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.14.AccordingtoparagraphA,whatpercentageofdeep-seaorganismsareestimatedtobebio-luminescent?A.Approximately20%B.Approximately50%C.Approximately80%D.100%15.InparagraphB,whatdeterminesthespecificcolorofthelightproduced?A.ThetemperatureoftheenvironmentB.TheamountofoxygenavailableC.ThestructureoftheluciferinmoleculeandluciferaseenzymeD.Thedepthofthewater16.Whatistheprimaryfunctionofcounter-illuminationcamouflagedescribedinparagraphC?A.ToattractmatesB.TocommunicatewithotherspeciesC.TohidethesilhouetteoftheorganismfrompredatorsbelowD.Tostartleattackingpredators17.Howdoestheanglerfishutilizeitsbio-luminescence?A.Itcreatesashockwavetostunprey.B.Itusesaglowingluretoattractprey.C.Ituseslighttosignaldistress.D.Itilluminatestheoceanfloortofindfood.18.Whatis'aggressivemimicry'infireflies?A.MaleseatingfemalesaftermatingB.Femalesmimickingotherspecies'flashestolureandeatmalesC.BothsexesflashingtogethertoconfusepredatorsD.Larvaeglowingtowarnoffpredators19.WhatisthemainchallengeinusingglowingplantsforstreetlightingmentionedinparagraphF?A.Thelightproducedistoohot.B.Thecolorofthelightcannotbecontrolled.C.Themetaboliccostofproducinglightishigh.D.Theplantsdietooquickly.Questions20-26Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes20-26onyouranswersheet.Bio-luminescenceisanaturalphenomenonwhereorganismsproducelightthroughachemicalreactioninvolvingluciferinandtheenzymeluciferase.Unlikeartificiallight,itisconsidereda20__________lightbecauseitgeneratesverylittleheat.Inthedeepsea,creatureslikethecookiecuttersharkuselightfor21__________,matchingthelightfromabovetohidetheirsilhouettes.Otheranimals,suchastheanglerfish,uselightasa22__________tocatchprey.Lightisalsousedforsocialpurposes;forexample,ostracodsuseitasa23__________toattractlargerpredatorstotheirattackers.Inthemedicalfield,researchersusebio-luminescentproteinsfor24__________totrackdiseaseslikecancer.Syntheticbiologistsarealsointerestedincreatingglowingplantstoreduce25__________.However,producinglightis26__________,meaningitrequiressignificantenergyfromtheorganism.READINGPASSAGE3CognitiveBiasesandEconomicDecisionMakingA.Classicaleconomictheory,oftenreferredtoastheRationalChoiceTheory,positsthatindividualsarerationalagentswhoconsistentlymakedecisionstomaximizetheirutilityorprofit.Thismodelassumesthathumanshaveunlimitedcognitivecapabilities,perfectinformationprocessing,andclear,consistentpreferences.Underthisframework,ifpresentedwithoptionsAandB,arationalindividualwillalwayschoosetheoptionthatprovidesthehighestexpectedvalue.However,decadesofresearchinbehavioraleconomicsandpsychologyhavedemonstratedthatthisviewisfundamentallyflawed.Humandecision-makingissystematicallyinfluencedbycognitivebiases—mentalshortcutsthatsimplifycomplexinformationprocessingbutoftenleadtoerrorsanddeviationsfromlogic.B.OneofthemostpervasivebiasesistheAnchoringEffect.Thisoccurswhenindividualsrelytooheavilyonaninitialpieceofinformation(the'anchor')whenmakingsubsequentjudgments.Inaclassicexperiment,KahnemanandTverskyaskedparticipantstospinawheelthatlandedonarandomnumberbetween0and100.TheywerethenaskedtoestimatethepercentageofAfricannationsintheUnitedNations.Remarkably,theestimateswereheavilyinfluencedbytherandomnumbergeneratedbythewheel,eventhoughthenumberwasentirelyirrelevant.Thosewhospunahighnumbergavehigherestimatesthanthosewhospunalownumber.Ineconomicterms,anchoringexplainswhyinitialpricesuggestionsaresopowerfulinnegotiations;thefirstnumberputonthetablesetsthepsychologicalbenchmarkagainstwhichallsubsequentoffersarejudged.C.AnothersignificantdeviationfromrationalityisLossAversion.AccordingtoProspectTheory,developedbyDanielKahnemanandAmosTversky,thepainoflosingispsychologicallyabouttwiceaspowerfulasthepleasureofgaining.Thisasymmetryexplainswhypeoplearerisk-aversewhenprotectinggainsbutrisk-seekingwhenavoidinglosses.Forexample,individualsaremorelikelytogambletorecoveradebtthantogambletoincreaseasurplus.Thisbiashasprofoundimplicationsforinvestmentbehavior.Investorsoftenholdontolosingstocksfortoolong,hopingtoavoidrealizingtheloss,whilesellingwinningstockstooearlyto'lockin'aprofit.Thisbehaviorcontradictstherationalmaximizationofwealthandleadstosuboptimalportfolioperformance.D.TheAvailabilityHeuristicisanothermentalshortcutthatimpactseconomicdecisions.Peopletendtojudgetheprobabilityorfrequencyofaneventbasedonhoweasilyanexamplecanbebroughttomind.Thismeansthatdramatic,emotionallychargedevents(likeplanecrashesormarketcrashes)areperceivedasfarmorelikelythantheyactuallyare,whilemundaneeventsareunderestimated.Inthecontextofconsumerbehavior,thisheuristicinfluencesinsurancepurchases.Peoplearemorelikelytobuyextensiveinsuranceforeventsthatareheavilyreportedinthemedia,regardlessofthestatisticalprobabilityofthoseeventsoccurring.Thisrelianceon'availability'ratherthanstatisticaldataleadstomisallocationofresourcesandanoverestimationofrisk.E.ConfirmationBiasalsoplaysacriticalroleinfinancialmarkets.Thisisthetendencytosearchfor,interpret,andrecallinformationinawaythatconfirmsone'spre-existingbeliefsorhypotheses.Onceaninvestorformsanopinionaboutastockoramarkettrend,theyoftensubconsciouslyfilteroutcontradictorydataandovervaluesupportingevidence.Thiscreates'echochambers'whereindividualsbecomeincreasinglyconfidentintheirerroneouspredictions.Duringthedot-combubbleofthelate1990s,forinstance,confirmationbiasledmanyinvestorstoignoretraditionalvaluationmetrics,focusingonlyonnewsthatsupportedthenarrativethatinternetstockscouldonlygoup.Whenthebubbleburst,thedeviationfromrationalfundamentalsbecamepainfullyobvious.F.Furthermore,theconceptofMentalAccountingdescribeshowpeoplecategorizefundsdifferentlybasedonsubjectivecriteria,oftenleadingtoirrationalfinancialbehavior.Moneyisnottreatedasfungible;itisassignedtodifferent'accounts'inthemind.Forexample,apersonmighttreatataxrefundas'freemoney'tobespentonaluxuryitem,whiletreatingtheirregularsavingsasuntouchable.Similarly,individualsaremorewillingtospend10oG.Understandingthesebiasesisnotmerelyanacademicexercise;ithaspracticalapplicationsforpolicy-makingandbusiness.RichardThalerandCassSunsteinintroducedtheconceptof'NudgeTheory',whichsuggeststhatpositivereinforcementandindirectsuggestionscaninfluencethemotivesanddecision-makingofgroupsandindividualseffectively,withoutrestrictingfreedomofchoice.Bydesigningthe'choicearchitecture'—theenvironmentinwhichdecisionsaremade—governmentsandcompaniescanguidepeopletowardbetterdecisions,suchassavingmoreforretirementorchoosinghealthierfoodoptions.Forinstance,automaticallyenrollingemployeesinpensionplans(withanoptiontoopt-out)significantlyincreasesparticipationratescomparedtorequiringactiveenrollment,effectivelycounteringtheinertiaandstatusquobiasthatkeepspeoplefromactingintheirownlong-terminterest.Questions27-31Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions27-31)andthelistofcognitivebiasesbelow.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectbias,A-G.Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.ListofCognitiveBiasesA.AnchoringEffectB.LossAversionC.AvailabilityHeuristicD.ConfirmationBiasE.MentalAccountingF.StatusQuoBiasG.RationalChoiceTheory27.Individualsjudgethelikelihoodofaneventbasedonhoweasilytheycanrecallsimilarinstances.28.Thepainoflosingmoneyisfeltmoreintenselythanthejoyofgainingthesameamount.29.Peopletreatmoneydifferentlydependingonitssourceorthementalcategorytheyassignitto.30.Decisionsareheavilyinfluencedbythefirstpieceofinformationoffered.31.Investorstendtoignoreinformationthatcontradictstheirexistingbeliefsaboutastock.Questions32-36DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?Inboxes32-36onyouranswersheet,writeYESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsNOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinks32.Classicaleconomictheoryaccuratelymodelshumanbehaviorinhigh-stakesfinancialmarkets.33.TheAvailabilityHeuristicensuresthatpeopleassessriskbasedonaccuratestatisticaldata.34.ConfirmationBiaswasamajorfactorintheinflationofthedot-combubble.35.MentalAccountingsuggeststhatadollarhasdifferentvaluesbasedonhowitwasobtained.36.NudgeTheoryremovestheelementoffreechoicetoforcepeopletomakebetterdecisions.Questions37-40Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes37-40onyouranswersheet.37.RationalChoiceTheoryassumesthathumanshaveunlimited__________capabilities.38.IntheexperimentinvolvingawheelandUNestimates,therandomnumberactedasapsychological__________.39.ProspectTheorysuggeststhatpeoplearerisk-aversewhenprotectinggainsbutrisk-seekingwhenavoiding__________.40.NudgeTheoryfocusesonalteringthe__________architecturetohelppeoplemakebetterdecisions.ANSWERKEY1.B2.C3.A4.D5.E6.E7.F8.FALSE9.NOTGIVEN10.FALSE11.FALSE12.TRUE13.FALSE14.C15.C16.C17.B18.B19.C20.cold21.counter-illumination(camouflage)22.lure23.burglaralarm24.medicalimaging25.electricityconsumption26.metabolicallyexpensive27.C28.B29.E30.A31.D32.NO33.NO34.YES35.YES36.NO37.cognitive38.benchmark39.losses40.choiceTESTEXPLANATIONSReadingPassage1:TheEvolutionofOfficeDesign1.B(ParagraphBdiscussesthe'Bürolandschaft'design,mentioningorganicpatterns,plants,andasofteraesthetic.)2.C(ParagraphCdescribesRobertPropst'soriginalintentionforaflexible'ActionOffice'whichwaslatercorruptedintostandardizedcubicles.)3.A(ParagraphAmentionstheshiftfromhome/workshopstocentralizedspacespriortotheIndustrialRevolution.)4.D(ParagraphDhighlightstheinfluenceofthetechindustryandstartupcultureonthemodernopenoffice.)5.E(ParagraphEexplainsthe'activity-basedworking'modelwhereemployeeschoosesettingsbasedonneeds.)6.E(ParagraphEnotesthenegativeeffectsofnoiseandlackofprivacyinmodernopenoffices.)7.F(ParagraphFdiscussesthefutureroleoftheofficeasadestinationforsocialconnection.)8.FALSE(ParagraphAstatesTaylorismprioritizedsupervisionandwasutilitarian,notfocusedoncomfortormorale.)9.NOTGIVEN(Thetextcomparesthephilosophiesbutdoesnotmentiontherelativecostofimplementation.)10.FALSE(ParagraphCstatesPropstintendedtogiveprivacyandautonomy;the'cubiclefarm'wasacorruptionofhisdesign.)11.FALSE(ParagraphDsaysitwasinfluencedbythetechindustryandstartupculture,notthebankingsector.)12.TRUE(ParagraphEstatesABWisbasedontheprinciplethatnosingleworkspacesuitsalltasks.)13.FALSE(ParagraphFsayshub-and-spokemodelsaimtoreducecommutingtimes,notincreasethem.)ReadingPassage2:TheScienceofBio-luminescence1