高中英语定语从句讲解及练习

高中英语定语从句讲解及练习定语从句，作为高中英语语法体系中的一块重要基石，不仅是各类考试的常客，更是我们提升英语表达丰富性与准确性的关键。它如同一位技艺精湛的裁缝，能将简单的句子“缝制”得更加华丽且富有层次感。然而，对于不少同学而言，定语从句中的关系代词、关系副词以及各种复杂的限定与修饰，常常让人感到困惑。本文将带你系统梳理定语从句的核心知识，并通过针对性练习，帮助你真正掌握这一语法点，让你的英语句子焕发出新的光彩。一、定语从句概览：定义与核心要素定语从句，顾名思义，就是在复合句中充当定语的从句。它的主要功能是修饰主句中的某一名词或代词（即先行词），对其进行限定、描述或补充说明，从而使句子意义更加具体、信息更加丰富。构成要素：1.先行词(Antecedent)：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。它通常位于定语从句之前。*例句：Thisisthebook(先行词)thatIboughtyesterday.2.关系词(RelativeWord)：引导定语从句的词。它一方面指代先行词，另一方面在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分（如主语、宾语、定语、状语等）。关系词是定语从句的核心，也是我们学习的重点。二、关系代词：连接先行词与从句的桥梁关系代词在定语从句中主要充当主语、宾语或定语。常见的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose。1.that：*指代对象：既可以指人，也可以指物。*在从句中充当：主语或宾语（作宾语时可省略）。*例句：*Thisisthestorythatinterestsme.(指物，作主语)*Thegirlthatwemetyesterdayismycousin.(指人，作宾语，可省略为Thegirlwemetyesterday...)2.which：*指代对象：只能指物。*在从句中充当：主语或宾语（作宾语时可省略）。*例句：*Thenovelwhichisonthedeskismine.(作主语)*ThisisthepenwhichIlostlastweek.(作宾语，可省略为ThisisthepenIlost...)3.who：*指代对象：指人。*在从句中充当：主语或宾语（作宾语时，在口语或非正式文体中可省略，或用whom）。*例句：*Themanwhoistalkingtomyfatherisateacher.(作主语)4.whom：*指代对象：指人。*在从句中充当：宾语（正式文体中常用，可省略，或用who代替）。*例句：*Theladywhomyouspoketoisourprincipal.(作介词to的宾语，可省略，或用who)*Heistheboywhomweshouldthank.(作宾语)5.whose：*指代对象：既可指人，也可指物，表示“……的”。*在从句中充当：定语，修饰从句中的名词。*例句：*Iknowthegirlwhosefatherisadoctor.(指人，whose修饰father)*Thisisthehousewhosewindowsfacesouth.(指物，whose修饰windows，此处也可用ofwhichthewindows或thewindowsofwhich)三、关系副词：时间、地点与原因的指引者关系副词在定语从句中主要充当状语，表示时间、地点或原因。常见的关系副词有：when,where,why。它们在意义上分别相当于"介词+which"结构。1.when：*指代对象：先行词是表示时间的名词（如time,day,year,moment等）。*在从句中充当：时间状语。相当于"at/in/on+which"。*例句：*Istillrememberthedaywhenwefirstmet.(when=onwhich)*TherearemomentswhenIfeellonely.(when=atwhich)2.where：*指代对象：先行词是表示地点的名词（如place,room,city,country等）。*在从句中充当：地点状语。相当于"in/at/on+which"。*例句：*ThisistheschoolwhereIstudiedtenyearsago.(where=inwhich)*Theyvisitedthefactorywheremyfatherworks.(where=inwhich)3.why：*指代对象：先行词通常是表示原因的名词reason。*在从句中充当：原因状语。相当于"forwhich"。*例句：*Couldyoutellmethereasonwhyyouwerelate?(why=forwhich)*That'sthereasonwhyherefusedtheoffer.(why=forwhich)四、定语从句的关键考点与注意事项1.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句：*限制性定语从句：紧跟先行词，与先行词关系密切，不可或缺，否则主句意义不完整或改变。从句前无逗号。*例句：Thestudentswhostudyhardwillsucceed.(只有努力学习的学生才会成功，限定范围)*非限制性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，去掉后主句意义依然完整。从句前有逗号隔开。通常不用that引导，关系代词which有时可指代前面整个句子。*例句：Mybrother,whoisadoctor,livesinBeijing.(我哥哥住在北京，他是个医生，补充说明)*Hepassedtheexam,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.(他通过了考试，这使他父母很高兴，which指代前面整个句子)2.关系代词that与which的用法区别：*通常情况下，指物时that和which可以互换，但在以下情况，通常用that而不用which：*先行词是不定代词（如all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等）时。*先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。*例句：ThisisthefirstbookthatIhavereadthisyear.*例句：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.*先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时。*例句：Heistheonlypersonthatcanhelpus.*先行词既有人又有物时。*例句：Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.*在非限制性定语从句中，或介词后指物时，只能用which。*例句：Thebook,whichIboughtyesterday,isveryinteresting.*例句：ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.3.“介词+关系代词”结构：*关系代词whom（指人）、which（指物）可用于介词之后，引导定语从句。此时关系代词不能省略，也不能用that代替。*例句：Themantowhomyouspokeisourmanager.(speaktosb.)*例句：Thisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyear.(liveintheroom)*注意：介词的选择取决于从句中动词的固定搭配或先行词的搭配习惯。五、实战演练：定语从句练习练习一：用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空1.Thisisthepark______weoftenplaybasketball.3.Istillremembertheday______Ijoinedtheclub.4.Thebook______coverisblueismine.5.Heistheteacher______taughtmeEnglishlastyear.6.Thisisthereason______hewasabsentfromschool.7.Thetown______Iwasbornisverybeautiful.8.Doyouknowtheman______isstandingoverthere?9.Wevisitedthemuseum______hasalotofancientartifacts.10.Theletter______Ireceivedyesterdaywasfrommypenpal.练习二：将下列句子合并为含有定语从句的复合句1.Ihaveafriend.Helikescollectingstamps._________________________________________________2.Thisistheschool.Istudiedinthisschoolfiveyearsago._________________________________________________3.Thegirlismysister.Youmetherattheparty._________________________________________________4.Wewillneverforgettheday.Wewonthematchonthatday._________________________________________________5.Hegavemeareason.Ididn'tbelievethereason._________________________________________________练习三：指出下列句子中的错误并改正1.ThisisthepenwhichIboughtityesterday.2.Themanwhomistalkingtomymotherismyuncle.3.Ivisitedthecitywheremyfatherwasbornthere.4.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohavepassedtheexam.5.Thebook,thatIborrowedfromthelibrary,isveryuseful.---练习答案与解析练习一：1.where(先行词park表地点，从句中缺地点状语)3.when(先行词day表时间，从句中缺时间状语)4.whose(先行词book，从句中缺定语修饰cover)/ofwhichthecover/thecoverofwhich5.who/that(先行词teacher指人，从句中缺主语)6.why(先行词reason，从句中缺原因状语)7.where(先行词town表地点，从句中缺地点状语)8.who/that(先行词man指人，从句中缺主语)9.which/that(先行词museum指物，从句中缺主语)10.which/that(先行词letter指物，从句中缺宾语，可省略)练习二：1.Ihaveafriendwho/thatlikescollectingstamps.2.Thisistheschoolwhere/inwhichIstudiedfiveyearsago.3.Thegirlwhom/who/thatyoumetatthepartyismysister.(whom/who/that在从句中作宾语，可省略)4.Wewillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichwewonthematch.5.Hegavemeareasonwhich/thatIdidn'tbelieve.(which/that在从句中作宾语，可省略)/Hegavemeare