考研英语真题答案分析

2015年考研英语（一）真题+答案+分析

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareasrelatednas

fourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_(l)_astudy,

publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityin

theProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has—⑵

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted(3)—1,932

uniquesubjectswhich(4)pairsofunrelatedfriendsand

unrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth(5).

While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJames

Fowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Most

peopledonoteven_(7)_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanageto

selectasfriendsthepeoplewho⑻ourkin.”

Thestudy(9)foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomething

sharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarity

existsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,_(10)_,as

theteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthere

ismore_(1l)_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogether

that(12)usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends(13)”

functionalKinship”ofbeingfriendswith(14)!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenes

seemtobeevolution_(15)_thanothergenesStudyingthiscould

help_(16)_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,

withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_(17)_factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople*s(18)tobefriend

thoseofsimilar(19)backgrounds,saythoroscarchors.Thoughall

thesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,

carewastakento_(20)_thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,

weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what

2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by

4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected

5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unbelievable[D]

incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know

8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

10.[A]Meanwhi1e[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]along

with

14.[A]chances[B]responses©missions[D]benefits

15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express

17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]

disruptive

18.[A]endeavor[B]deciyiou[C]airaiigeiiienl[D]leiidency

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach

textbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.

(40points)

Text1

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,

theydareintheirsleep."Butembarrassingscandalsandthe

popularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshave

forcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanish

crisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmean

thewritingisonthewal1forallEuropeanroyals,withtheir

magnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainst

monarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwas

followingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove

“mere”politicsand“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplains

monarchsJcontinuingpopularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddle

Eastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregioninthe

world,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).

ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,most

royalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthe

difficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublic

figure.

Evonso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolic

ofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory一and

sometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedand

indefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThonas

Pikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityand

theincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthy

aristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodern

democraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheir

oldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandride

bicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthy

familieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmedia

intrusivenessmakesitincreasing!ydifficulttomaintaintheright

image.

WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughto

surviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohave

mosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy's

reputationwithherratherordinary(ifwel1-heeled)grannystyle.

ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetaste

oflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviowoftheworld.Hehas

failedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecause

theyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-political

headsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,

itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy?sworstenemies.

21.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosof

Spain

[A]usedturnenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingto

Paragraph4?

[A]Aristocratsyexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

[D]Thenobility,sadherencetotheirprivileges

24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofearnbecauseCharles

[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheCoiningThreats

TEXT2

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?

TheSupremeCpurtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthe

contentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonor

aroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweeping

ruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthat

authoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthe

timeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgesto

assesstheimplicationsofnowandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

Thecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowed

California,sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,

evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdated

guidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargument

thatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseof

digitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspectJs

purse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourth

Amendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorporcketbook,ofan

arresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismore

likeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainan

arresteeJsreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryand

comprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof

“cloudcomputing.meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuch

theeasier.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia,sargument

whole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovel

applicationsoftheConstitution,sprotections.OrinKerr,alaw

professor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigital

informationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobile

useasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshad

tospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassenger

carthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliesto

digitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,

itislegitimateto

[A]searchforsuspects'mobi1ephoneswithoutawarrant.

[B]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor*sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisone

of

[A]tolerance.

[B]indifference.

[C]disapproval.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentis

comparableto

[A]gettingintoone,sresidence.

[B]handingone'shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughone'swallet.

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

[D]citizens'privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.

Kerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

(B)Newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationofthe

Constitution.

(C)California,sargumentviolatesprinciplesofthe

Constitution.

(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatistical

checkstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNutt

announcedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromother

journals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindata

analysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmany

publishedresearchfindings.

uReadersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedin

ourjournal,“writesMcNuttinaneditorial.Workingwiththe

AmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedseven

expertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manu

willbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal*s

internaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsor

byoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternal

statisticianstoreviewthesemanus.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,

McNuttsaid:"Thecreationofthe'statisticsboard'was

motivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatistics

anddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience,s

overalldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwe

publish.

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchool

ofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectsthe

boardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole."Heagreedtojoin

becauseheufoundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentofthe

SBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.This

impactwillnot??bethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,but

hopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywant

tomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”

31,ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthat

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.

[Bjjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

32^Thephrase“flaggedup”istheclosestinmeaningto

[A]found.

[Birevised.

[C]marked

[D]stored

33^GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentofthe

SBoREmay

[A]poseathreattoallitspeers

[B]meetwithstrongopposition

[C]increaseScience*scirculation.

[D]setanexampleforotherjournals

34、DavidVauxhoidsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

A.addstoresearchers*worklosd.

B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers

B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors,Desks

D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch*sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeof

the"unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofour

institutions”.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofa

collectiveacceptancethattheonlyasortingmechanism”in

societyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,

wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasingly

apparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithin

government,mediacrbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerous

goalsforcapitalismandfreedom."Thissameabsenceofmoral

purposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,she

thought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithad

withwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editor

oftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,

andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesame

charge一thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.

Journalistsarckncwntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.

Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlenn

Mulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethe

pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thissagastill

unfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonly

thefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhich

thetrialtookplace.Oneoftheastonishingrevelationswashow

littleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,how

littleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhow

thestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthat

sheknewnothing.

Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwel1-paid

executivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensinthe

organisationsthattheyrun.Perhapswcshouldnotbososurprised.

Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesorting

mechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavemattered

areefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,

wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.

Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,

proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromote

readerunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetray

anycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestfor

circulationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicions

abouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskedno

questions,gavenoinstructions—norreceivedtraceable,recorded

answers.

36.Accordigntothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupset

by

(A)theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.

(B)companiesyfinanciallossduetoimmoralpractices

(C)governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

(D)thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

(A)GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.

(B)morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

(C)AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

(D)phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks'sdefence

(A)revealedacunningpersonality.

(B)centeredontrivialissues.

(C)washardlyconvincing.

(D)waspartofaconspiracy.

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

(A)generallydistortedvalues.

(B)unfairwealthdistribution.

(C)amarginalizedlifestyle.

(D)arigidmoralcode.

40Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

(A)Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.

(B)Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.

(C)Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.

(D)Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gto

fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,

inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsand

workingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourexplicit

knowledgeofEnglishgrammar(41)youbegintoinferacontext

forthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindof

speecheventisinvolved:whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,when

andwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsof

ofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjust

passiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementinferenceand

problem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhas

invitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceand

cues(42)

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactly

thesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnotthe

retrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanberead

offandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetext

totheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44)

Thisdoesn't,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelative

orevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferent

historicalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferent

butoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincluding

fortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabout

textscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefs

andvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonour

particularinterestinreadingit.(45)suchdimensionsof

roadsuggcst-asothersintroducedlaterinthobookwillalso

do-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoany

actofreading.Itdoesn,tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekind

ofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.

Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactas

usefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.

Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverall

literacyorrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinaway

thatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimply

forpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrain

orinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminar

room.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,

ourgenderethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowards

certaininterpretationbutatthesametimeobscureorevenclose

offothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessat

theirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontest.Onthe

assumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamental

noteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsor

effectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:

Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetest

maybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity一inferencesthat

formthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwill

inevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakas

constructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpieces

fortheauthorJsownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotestonthebasisof

interactionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextual

material:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceive

inatext'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguage

structures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,

beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.

SectionIIITranslation

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe

underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe

writtenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthesparofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearly

eighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration一oneofthegreatfolk

wanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.46)This

movement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanation

outofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacterand

destinyofanunchartedcontinent.

47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-the

immigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,

andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhich

modifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasa

projectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroups

ofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,

Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabits

andtraditionstothenewworld.

48)But,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,

theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,and

thesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,now

continentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradual

andatfirstscarcelyvisible.Butthe