高中英语选择性必修一Unit 5 知识清单

高二英语同步必备知识清单选择性必修第一册Unit5词汇知识清单词汇知识清单1PartIReadingandThinking1.shortage n.不足；缺少；短缺2.tackle vt.解决（难题）；应付（局面）；处理3.crisis n.(crises)危机；危急关头4.boost vt.使增长；使兴旺n.增长;提高；激励5.characteristic n.特征；特点；品质adj.典型的；独特的6.intense adj.热切的；十分强烈的；激烈的7.overcome vt.(overcame,overcome)克服；解决；战胜8.output n.产量；输出；输出量vt.(output,output）输出9.domestic adj.本国的；国内的；家用的;家庭的10.consumption n.消耗；消耗量；消费11.generate vt.产生；引起12.soil n.泥土；土壤；国土；领土13.celebrity n.名誉；名人；名流14.grain n.谷物；谷粒；颗粒15.vision n.想象：视力；视野;影像16.salty adj.含盐的；成的17.urban adj.城市的；都市的；城的18.bomb n.炸弹vt.轰炸；对……投炸弹19.extension n.扩建部分；扩大；电话分机20.chemical adj.与化学有关的；化学的；化学制品；化学品21.wheat n.小麦22.flavour(flavor)n.味道；特点；特色23.nutritional adj.营养（物）的nutritious adj.有营养的；营养丰富的nutrition n.营养；滋养24.poverty n.贫穷；贫困25.organic adj.有机的；不使用化肥的；有机物的26.widespread adj.分布广的；普遍的；广泛的27.essential adj.完全必要的；极其重要的28.mineral n.矿物；矿物质29.alternative n.可供选择的事物.可供替代的；非传统的30.grocery n.食品杂货店；31.root n.根；根茎；根部；根源32.entirely adv.全部地；完整地：完全地33.aspect n.方面；层面ImportantWordsAndPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(知识要点1)devotevt.把……献(给)；把……专用于；专心于(教材P50)Indeed,hisslimbutstrongbodyisjustlikethatofmillionsofChinesefarmerstowhomhehasdevotedhislife.事实上，他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和农民一样，而他为千千万万中国农民奉献了一生。[例1]Weshoulddevoteeverythingwehave.我们应该奉献我们的一切。[例2]Hedevotedagreatsumofmoneytobooks.他花了一大笔钱买书。[知识拓展](1)devote...to(doing)sth.把……献给(做)某事devoteoneselfto＝bedevotedto献身于；专心致力于(2)devotedadj. 忠实的；深爱的(3)devotionn. 奉献；关爱eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点2)convincevt.使相信；使确信；说服(教材P50)Yuanwasconvincedthattheanswercouldbefoundinthecreationofhybridrice.袁隆平确信，答案可以在杂交水稻的培育中找到。[例1]Robert'sexpressionhadobviouslyconvincedherofhisinnocence.罗伯特的表情显然使她相信他是清白的。[例2]SheneededtofindawaytoconvinceMichelhewaswrong.她需要想办法使米歇尔相信他错了。[知识拓展](1)convincesb.ofsth. 使某人确信/明白某事convincesb.that... 使某人相信……convincesb.todosth. 说服某人做某事(2)convincingadj. 令人信服的convincedadj. 确信的；坚信的beconvincedof 相信……beconvinced(that)．.. (某人)相信……eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点3)assumptionn．假定；设定；(责任的)承担；(权利的)获得(教材P50)Thecommonassumptionthenwasthatitcouldnotbedone.当时人们普遍认为这是不可能的。[例1]Wemistookassumptionthatthepricewouldfall.我们错误地认为价格会下降。[例2]Yourargumentisbasedonasetofquestionableassumptions.你的论证建立在一套有问题的假设上。[知识拓展](1)makeanassumption认为；假定ontheassumptionthat... 假定……(2)assumev. 假定；设想assumesb./sth.tobe 假定/假设某人/某事为Itisassumedthat... 一般认为……(3)assuming(that)... 假设/假定……eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点4)overcomevt.(overcame,overcome)克服；解决；战胜(教材P50)Throughintenseeffort,Yuanovercameenormoustechnicaldifficultiestodevelopthefirsthybridricethatcouldbeusedforfarmingin1974.通过不懈的努力，袁隆平克服了巨大的技术难题，于1974年培育出了第一种可用于农业生产的杂交水稻。[例1]InthefinalgameSwedeneasilyovercameFrance.在决赛中，瑞典队轻松战胜了法国队。[例2]Iwouldovercomeanyweakness,anydespair,anyfear.我要克服所有的软弱、绝望和恐惧。[知识拓展]overcomedifficulties 战胜困难beovercomewith 因……而受不了eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点5)expandvt.&vi.扩大；增加vt.扩展；发展(业务)(教材P50)Thishybridenabledfarmerstoexpandtheiroutputgreatly.这种杂交水稻使农民大大增加了产量。[例1]Thepetalsofmanyflowersexpandinthesunshine.许多花瓣在阳光下绽放。[例2]Thebusinesshasexpandedgreatlyoverthelastyear.过去的一年里，这家公司极大地增加了业务量。[知识拓展]expand...into... 把……扩展/发展成……expandinto... 发展成/扩大成……expandonsth. 细说(阐述)……eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点6)becomprisedof包括；包含；由……组成(或构成)(教材P50)Today,itisestimatedthatabout60percentofdomesticriceconsumptioninChinaiscomprisedofcropsgeneratedfromYuan'shybridstrains.据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻。[例1]Thecommitteeiscomprisedofrepresentativesfrombothpublicandprivatesectors.委员会由政府和私人部门的双方代表组成。[例2]Groupsarecomprisedoftwoormorepeople.小组由两人或两人以上组成。[知识拓展]consistof 由……组成bemadeupof 由……组成，构成SentencePatternseq\a\vs4\al(重点句式1)what引导主语从句(教材P50)However，whatconcernedhimmostwasthatfarmersoftenhadpoorharvestsandsometimesevenhadaseriousshortageoffoodtoeat.然而，最让他担心的是，农民经常粮食歉收，有时甚至严重缺乏食物。句式分析：句中whatconcernedhimmost为what引导的主语从句。[例1]Whatweneedismoney.我们需要的是钱。[例2]WhatIwanttoknowisthis.我想知道的就是这一点。[知识拓展]what是连接代词，引导的从句可以作主语、宾语或表语；what本身在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。eq\a\vs4\al(重点句式2)Itis/was＋过分分词＋that...(教材P50)Today，itisestimatedthatabout60percentofdomesticriceconsumptioninChinaiscomprisedofcropsgeneratedfromYuan'shybridstrains.据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻。句式分析：句中itisestimatedthat“据估算”为“Itis/was＋过分分词＋that...”结构。it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。[例1]Itisestimatedthateveryyear50unaccompaniedchildrenarriveinBritain.据估计，每年有50名儿童独自来到英国。[例2]Itisestimatedthatthevaseis2000yearsold.据估计这花瓶有两千年历史。(1)常用于此结构的动词有say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，require，announce等。(2)此句型可改写为“sb./sth.＋besaid/believed/thought＋todo”或“peoplesay/think...(that)．..”结构。eq\a\vs4\al(重点句式3)giventhat...引导的状语从句(教材P51)GiventhatYuan'shybridshavemadehimquitewealthy,onemightthinkhewouldretiretoalifeofleisure.考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有，人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活。句式分析：giventhat...意为“考虑到……”，引导的是一个状语从句。[例1]Giventhatthey'reinexperienced,they'vedoneagoodjob.在缺乏经验的情况下,他们的工作已经算是做得相当不错了。[例2]Giventhathegracefullyapologized,thewomanacceptedhisapology.在他有礼貌地道歉后，这位女士接受了他的道歉。[知识拓展](1)用作give的过去分词，引出过去分词短语作状语，意为“如果有……”，“假定……”等义，此时要注意其逻辑主语与句子主语保持一致。(2)可用作介词，后接名词或代词，意为“考虑到”或“鉴于”。(3)用作形容词，意为“特定的”“一定的”“规定的”等，通常用作定语。(4)given后也可接that从句，表示“考虑到”。PartIIUsingLanguage&AssessingYourProgressReviewingImportantWordseq\a\vs4\al(知识要点1)dealwith处理；对付；安排；对待；与……打交道；涉及(教材P52)Todealwiththiscrisis,hechosetostudyagriculture.为了应对这一危机，他选择了学习农业。[知识拓展]dealwith中的deal为不及物动词，常与疑问词how连用，表示“怎么处理/对待”；同义短语为dowith，其中的do为及物动词，表示“怎么处理/对待”时，与疑问词what连用。[例1]Intheprocess,thechildrenlearntodealwithdifficulties.在这个过程中，孩子们学会了应付困难。[例2]Hisarticledealswithmanyissueswearegreatlyconcernedabout.他的文章涉及许多我们非常关心的问题。[例3]Theladyishardtodealwith.这个妇人很难对付。eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点2)povertyn．贫穷；贫困(教材P54)Itiscelebratedinmorethan150countries,raisingawarenessandknowledgeoftheproblemsandcausesbehindworldhungerandpoverty.它在150多个国家举行庆祝活动，提高人们对世界饥饿和贫困背后的问题和原因的认识和了解。[例1]Thearticleshowsapovertyofimagination.这篇文章显得缺乏想象力。[例2]Shehasasurepraspofsocialissuessuchasliteracy，povertyandchildcare.她对扫盲、贫穷和儿童保育等社会问题都有深切的认识。[知识拓展](1)inpoverty 处于贫穷之中apovertyof 缺乏below/abovethepovertyline 在贫困线之下/之上(2)pooradj. 贫穷的；贫困的eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点3)inturn相应地；转而；依次；轮流(教材P55)Thisaffectsthecropsgrownonthelandand,inturn,theanimalsandhumanswhodigestthem.这影响了生长在土地上的作物，进而影响消化它们的动物和人类。[例1]Thegirlstookitinturntowipedownthetablesaftermeals.女孩子们饭后轮流擦桌子。[例2]Theoryisbasedonpracticeandinturnservespractice.理论的基础是实践，反过来理论又为实践服务。[知识拓展]inone'sturn 轮到某人；接着byturns 轮流；依次taketurnsdoing/todo... 轮流做……It'sone'sturntodosth. 轮到某人干某事eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点4)alternativen．可供选择的事物adj.可供替代的；非传统的(教材P55)Asanalternative,somefarmershaveswitchedtoorganicfarming,andmanycustomershaveturnedtoorganicfoodwhentheyshopatthelocalgrocery.作为一种选择，一些农民转向有机农业，许多顾客在当地杂货店购物时转向有机食品。[例1]Wereturnedbythealternativeroad.我们从另一条路回来的。[例2]Thiskindofnewspaperisalternativepress.这种报纸是非传统性报刊。[知识拓展](1)havenoalternative/choicebuttodosth. 别无选择只好做某事havethealternativeofdoingsth. 有做……的选择，可以做……there'snoalternative...buttodosth. ……别无选择只好做某事analternativeto... ……的替代品(2)alternativelyadv. 可供选择地eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点5)depthn．向下(或向里)的距离；深(度)(教材P56)Organicfarmersalsoplantdiversecropsthatusedifferentdepthsofsoiltohelpkeepitrich.有机种植的农民也种植不同的农作物，利用不同深度的土壤来保持土壤肥沃。[例1]Theoldmandisappearedintothedepthsofthehouse.老人消失在住宅深处。[例2]Ihaveexpressedthedepthofmygratitudetohim.我向他表示了深切的谢意。[知识拓展]indepth 全面；深入；详细fromthedepthofthemind 从心底里；真心地atadepthof... 在……的深度inthedepthsof 在正中；在深处ReviewingSentencePatternseq\a\vs4\al(重点句式1)notonly...butalso...句型(教材P55)Forexample,pesticidescandamagethelandbykillingnotonlyharmfulbacteriaandinsects,butalsohelpfulones.例如，杀虫剂不仅可以杀死有害的细菌和昆虫，还可以杀死有益的昆虫，从而破坏土地。句式分析：句中notonly...butalso...“不仅……而且……”用作并列连词，相当于“notjust...butalso...”。[例1]Shakespearewasnotonlyawriterbut(also)anactor.莎士比亚不仅是一位剧作家，而且是一位演员。[例2]Lightandbrightcolorsmakepeoplenotonlyhappierbutmoreactive.浅色和鲜艳的颜色不但使人看了高兴，也会使人更加活泼。[知识拓展](1)该结构常用来连接并列成分，如两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或句子，在意义上强调后者，其中also可以省略。(2)“notonly...butalso...”连接主语时，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则；当notonly位于句首连接两个句子时，第一个分句要用部分倒装，第二个分句不倒装。eq\a\vs4\al(重点句式2)too...to...句型(教材P55)Asforchemicalfertilisers,cropsgrownwiththemusuallygrowtoofasttoberichinnutrition.至于化肥，用它们种植的作物通常生长得太快，而不含丰富的营养。句式分析：too...to...意为“太……而不能……”，表示否定含义。[例1]Heistooshytospeaktoher.他太害羞，不敢同她讲话。[例2]It'stoocheaptobegood.这东西太便宜，好不了(即便宜无好货)。[知识拓展](1)too＋adj.(情感、心情或倾向等主语态度的词，常见的有anxious,eager,glad,happy,pleased,ready,willing,etc.)＋todosth.(表示肯定意义)非常/很……干某事(2)not/nevertoo...todosth. 并不太……做某事(3)onlytoo...todosth. 非常……做某事(4)can't/cannever...to... 再……也不过分eq\a\vs4\al(重点句式3)therebe句型(教材P56)Therefore，thereisstillalongwaytofindasuitablesolutionthatputssufficientfoodonthedinnertable...因此，要找到一个合适的解决方案，使人们的餐桌上有足够的食物，还有很长的路要走……句式分析：therebe句型，表示“某处有(存在)某人或某物”。[例1]Thereisaneraserandtwopensonthedesk.桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。[例2]Therehavebeenlotsofaccidentsnearthecrossing.在这个十字路口附近，发生了很多事故。[知识拓展](1)therebe句型最简单的结构为：Therebe(is，are，was,were)＋名词＋地点状语。(2)在Therebe引导的句子中,谓语动词be的人称和数应该和它后面的主语(名词)保持一致,当有两个或两个以上的名词作并列主语时,be的形式则和第一个名词保持一致(就近原则)。(3)therebe句型中的be可以用表示“存在”的动词，如live,exist,lie,stand,seem,rise,remain,happen,come,go等替代。句型结构为：there＋存在类动词＋主语。语法知识清单语法知识清单2主语从句一、主语从句的基本用法1．主语从句的引导词【观察例句】ThatyouarecomingtoLondonisthebestnewsIhaveheardthislongtime.你将要来伦敦是好久以来我听到的最好的消息。Whetheritwilldousharmremainstobeseen.它是否对我们有害还要看一看。WhatIhaveseentodayhasmadeaverydeepimpressiononme.今天我的所见所闻给我留下了非常深刻的印象。Whoeverbreaksthislawdeservesafine.触犯本法者应予以罚款。Whichever(ofyou)comesinfirstwillreceiveaprize.(你们中)谁先进来谁得奖。Whenwewillhaveameetingisanimportantquestion.我们何时举行一次会议是个重要的问题。Whereweshalldothetestisstillunderdiscussion.我们在什么地方做这个检验还在讨论。【归纳用法】类别例词说明从属连词that,whether两者在从句中均不作成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether表示“是否”。连接代词who,what,which,whoever,whatever等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。连接副词when,where,how,why等在从句中作时间、地点、方式、原因状语等成分。▲主语从句中连接词的选择技巧(1)根据连接词在从句中所作的语法成分。(2)根据连接词在从句中的意义。[即学即练1]——用whether,that,whoever填空①Thatshebecameanartistmayhavebeenduetoherfather'sinfluence.②Whetherwewillholdapartyintheopenairtomorrowdependsontheweather.③Everyyear,whoevermakesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.2．it作形式主语【观察例句】It'spossiblethathehasbeentoBeijing.他有可能去过北京。It'sapitythatyoudidn'tattendthemeeting.你没参加这次会议太可惜了。Itseemsthatitisgoingtorain.看起来好像要下雨。Itisimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.他应该知道此事是重要的。Itissuggestedthatthemeetingbeputoff.有人建议会议延期召开。【归纳用法】为保持句子平衡，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语it代替。it作形式主语时常用于以下句型：句型说明It＋系动词＋形容词＋主语从句常用于此句型的形容词有important,(un)likely，possible,necessary,natural,wrong等。It＋系动词＋名词＋主语从句常用于此句型的名词有fact，idea，honour，question，pity等。It＋系动词＋过去分词＋主语从句常用于此句型的过去分词，有known，proved，said，decided，suggested，thought等。It＋不及物动词＋主语从句常用于此句型的动词有appear，happen，seem，occur，matter等。二、主语从句中应注意的问题1．从句要用陈述语序Howhesucceededisstillapuzzle.他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。2．主谓一致(1)从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。Wherehewillgetajobaftergraduationhaspuzzledhimmuch.毕业后到哪儿找一份工作使他很困惑。(2)如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。Whentheywillstartandwheretheywillgohavenotbeendecidedyet.他们将在什么时候动身以及要去哪里还没定下来。Whenandwheretheywillholdthemeetingisnotclear.他们何时何地召开会议还不清楚。语篇知识清单语篇知识清单3如何写表达观点的文章高考英语应用文写作中,发表观点,议论情景是常见的书写手法。发表议论就是通过议论或说理来表达作者的见解和主张,作者对某一问题持有一种看法,为了使读者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,试图说服他人。发表议论时,我们要注意三个要素:论点、论据、论证。议论文的类型:1.“一分为二”的观点:从两方面去分析一个问题,然后阐述自己的观点。2.“两者选一”的观点:分析两种食物的优劣势,阐述自己的观点。3.“我认为……”型:阐述对某事物的客观看法。4.“看图(表)”作文:通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。如:我们要写一篇关于支持有机农业的议论文,需要注意哪些方面呢?(1)说明、论述时要注意动词时态,属于过去发生的用一般过去时,属于经常发生的应用一般现在时。(2)句子结构要有变化,不要总是用一个句型“Iam...andIagree...andI...”(3)熟练掌握一些固定句型和表达方式。(4)熟练使用一些数据、百分比等作为观点的支撑。(5)注意将作文的论据分层次展示,然后列举出相应的细节去支撑主要观点。一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持,不同层次之间要分明,过渡清晰自然。(6)观点要鲜明,一篇文章要有一个明确的中心论点。最后一段总结,得出结论。整篇文章语言要简洁有力,一般不采用口语。议论文的写作步骤:(1)引言(introduction)。由于英语作文受时间和字数的限制,因此,审清题意之后在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题,并明白地亮出自己的观点,如提倡什么,支持什么,反对什么。(2)主体段(mainbody)。主体段是议论的过程,作者必须有足够的证据(adequateproofs)来论证自己的观点。一般可提出一个或两个proofs,并对此用几句话分别进行阐述。(3)结论(conclusion)。结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章。同时要注意与引言段呼应,但不能照搬前面的原话。【典例分析】关于有机农业和化学农业,你们班举行了一场辩论。请结合你们的讨论结果,写一篇支持有机农业的英语作文,词数不低于80。注意要点:1.化学农业的危害;2.有机农业的优点及理由;3.讨论的结果和大家的期待;4.根据自己掌握的相关知识,批判性地发表自己的观点。【整体分析】【句式准备】完成句子1.Chemicalagricultureandorganicagriculturearetwokeywords.

化学农业和有机农业是两个关键词。2.Therearevariousopinionsaboutchemicalagricultureandorganicagriculture.

关于化学农业和有机农业有各种观点。3.Thereisnodoubtthatthechemicalsstayinginsidethecropscanleadtocancerorotherillnesses.Thevegetablesgrowsofastthattheycontainlittlenutrition.

毫无疑问,残留在农作物中的化学物质会导致癌症或其他疾病。蔬菜生长得太快,几乎没有营养。4.Thefirstreasonisthataspeoplearericher,theyattachgreatimportancetohealth.Thesecondreasonisthatorganicproducesimplyusesnaturalfertilisers,makingvegetablesandfruittastyandnutritive.

第一个原因是,随着人们越来越富裕,他们非常重视健康。第二个原因是有机农产品仅使用天然肥料,使蔬菜和水果既美味又营养。5.Asasayinggoes,healthisthefirstwealth.Anditiswisertochooseorganicfood.

俗话说,健康是第一财富。选择有机食品是更明智的。词句升级6.请用主从复合句连接1、2两句话。Chemicalagricultureandorganicagriculturearetwokeywords,overwhichtherearevariousopinions.

7.请使用合适的衔接词将3改写,使其逻辑清晰,层次分明。Aboveall,thereisnodoubtthatthechemicalsstayinginsidethecropscanleadtocancerorotherillnesses.Besides,thevegetablesgrowsofastthattheycontainlittlenutrition.

8.使用适当的衔接词,变化4的结构,使其层次分明,避免口语化。Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Thefirstoneisthataspeoplearericher,theyattachgreatimportancetohealth.Secondly,organicproducesimplyusesnaturalfertilisers,makingvegetablesandfruittastyandnutritive.

9.用因果关系改写5,使其更具逻辑性。Asasayinggoes,healthisthefirstwealth,soitiswisertochooseorganicfood.

【参考范文】Intermsofthedevelopmentofmodernagriculture,chemicalagricultureandorganicagriculturearetwokeywords,overwhichtherearevariousopinions.Itisobviousthatusingchemicalfertilisershasmanydisadvantages.Aboveall,thereisnodoubtthatthechemicalsstayinginsidethecropscanleadtocancerorotherillnesses.Besides,thevegetablesgrowsofastthattheycontainlittlenutrition.Organicfoodsarebecomingincreasinglypopularwithcustomers.Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Thefirstoneisthataspeoplearericher,theyattachgreatimportancetohealth.Secondly,organicproducesimplyusesnaturalfertilisers,makingvegetablesandfruittastyandnutritive.Moreover,theproducegrowsincleanwaterandneverusespesticides,whichisbeneficialforourhealth.Asasayinggoes,healthisthefirstwealth,soitiswisertochooseorganicfood.【拓展话题】1.话题词汇(1)introduction(引言):Nowadaysmoreandmorepeople.../...playsanimportantrolein.../...havebothadvantagesanddisadvantages.../Generallyspeaking,thefavorableaspects/advantagescanbelistedasfollows...(2)mainbody(主体):Firstly...Secondly...Inaddition/What’smore/Moreover.../Everycoinhastwosides.../Tomakethingsworse...(3)Conclusion(结论):Throughaboveanalysis/Allthingsconsidered,wecansee.../Therefore...2.话题句式(1)总起:Differentpeopleholddifferentopinions/Theopinionsaredivided/Peoplehavetaken/adopteddifferentattitudestowards/Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem/Peopletakedifferentviewsonthisquestion(2)表达不同观点:ofthemholdtheopinionthat/ofthemareinfavoroftheideathat/Peoplewhoarefor/againsttheideathink/Somepeoplebelievethat...Othersarguethat...(3)不同观点之间的衔接:However,someofthemholdadifferentview/holdtheoppositeopinion/Peoplewhoareagainstitdon’tthinkso/However,eachcoinhastwosides/Differentfromthose,peoplethink/Ontheotherhand.../Peopleobjectthat...(4)并列关系:and,aswellas,also(5)递进关系:besides,inaddition,moreover,what’smore(6)比较、对比:like,unlike,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand【话题运用】Ⅰ.语用功能表达表示赞同:1.Itcertainlyis!/Trueenough./Ofcourse./Certainly./Allright.的确是这样。/确实如此。2.Exactlymythoughts.我也正是这么想的。3.Icouldn’tagreemore.Ithinkthat’sagoodidea.我非常同意。我认为那是个好主意。4.IthinkI’dacceptyourviewonthat.我想我接受你在那方面的观点。5.Idon’tthinkanyonewoulddisagree.我认为没有人会不同意。6.That’sjustmycupoftea.这正合我意。表示不赞同:1.Idon’tthinkso./I’mafraidnot./Ofcoursenot./Noway.我不这样认为。/恐怕不……。/当然不……。/不可能。2.I’msorry,butIdon’ttotallyagreewithyou.很抱歉,我不完全同意你的看法。3.Yes,butthatdoesn’tmakesense.是的,但那没有道理。4.Irefusetobelievethat.我不敢相信。5.I’mnotsurethat’scorrect.我不敢说那是对的。6.Tobehonest,Idon’tnecessarilyagree.说实话,我未必同意。Ⅱ.话题情景交流班会上,同学们就Whichisbetter,chemicalororganicfarming?这一话题各抒己见……Adam:1.Iagreewithmanyfarmersthat(我同意……的看法)chemicalpesticidesandartificialfertiliserscanfightcropdiseaseandincreaseproduction.However,Idon’tagree(我不赞同)thattheyshouldusetoomuch.

Max:2.Ithinkso./Exactlymythoughts(我也正是这么想的).Toomuchpesticidesandartificialfertilisersmaymakepeopleillandevencausecancer.

George:3.Icouldn’tagreemore(我非常同意).Ithinkcropsgrownwiththemusuallygrowtoofasttoberichinnutrition.Theymaylookbeautifulontheoutside,butinsidethereisusuallymorewaterthanessentialminerals,andtheyoftenhavelessflavouraswell.

Adam:I’msorry,but4.Idon’ttotallyagreewithyou(我不完全同意你的看法).Ithinkweshoulduseproperamountofchemicalsandpesticides,focusingonkeepingthesoilrichandfreeofdiseasethroughnaturalmeans.

Max:Yes,Ithink5.I’dacceptyourviewonthat(我接受你在这方面的观点).Buthowonearthcanwehandletheproblemwell?Perhapsweshouldchangethekindofcropbecausedifferentcropscanputimportantmineralsbackintotheground,makingitreadyforthenextbatchofcrops.

George:Allright.6.Idon’tthinkanyonewoulddisagree(我认为没有人会不同意).Soweallagreethatweshouldgrowgoodfoodwhileavoidingdamagetotheenvironmentortopeople’shealth.

Max:Itcertainlyis!UNIT5单元提能强化练Ⅰ.阅读理解AWorldFoodDayfallsonOctober16inmemoryofthedaywhentheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)oftheUNwasformed.Theeventsofthedayusuallyfocusonreducing,orrather,removinghungerfromtheEarth.Farmersandgovernmentofficialsareoftengiventipsonhowtogetridofhungerwithbettereffect.WorldFoodDaywascreatedbyFAOmembercountriesinNovember1979.Itwasduringtheir20thGeneralConferencethattheobservance(庆祝)ofWorldFoodDaywasdecided.Itwasnotobserveduntil1981whenthespecificdatewasdetermined.PalRomany,thethenHungary’sMinisterofAgricultureandFood,playedanimportantroleinthefoundingofWorldFoodDayduringthe20thGeneralConference.Peopleattheconferencewelcomedtheidea.WorldFoodDayisnotonlycelebratedbyFAOandtheUnitedNations,butseveralotherorganizationsconcernedwithfoodsecurity,hungerreduction,consumptionofbalanceddietandhealthalsotakepartinthecelebration.Ontheday,whichisusuallyobservedinmorethan150countriesintheworld,anumberofactivitieslikemarathons,concerts,agriculturalinventions,andculturalexhibitionsandshowsareusuallyorganized.EachyearhasitsownthemetocelebrateWorldFoodDay.Thethemesarealwaysrelatedtofoodproduction,availability,andconsumption.Thethemesarealwayssetsothatthepubliccancomeupwithsuggestionsthatareeffectiveindealingwithhunger,poverty,andfamine.Infact,mostthemesareagriculturerelatedbecauseagricultureisthechiefsourceoffood.WorldFoodDayhopestohelppeoplesolveissuesconcerninghungerandfamine.Itismeanttohelpfarmersattainskillsthatwouldhelpachievefoodsecurity.Itisalsosetasidetoencouragethegovernmenttothinkofwaytokeepfoodsecurity.1.WhathaveyougottoknowaboutWorldFoodDay?A.Itscelebrationshavethesamethemerelevanttoagriculture.B.Ithasbeencelebratedacrosstheglobeeversinceitwascreated.C.Itismeanttomakepeoplerealizetheimportanceoffoodsecurity.D.Itiscelebratedtorememberoneoftheformercrucialministers.2.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3?A.Foodshortageisaworldwideissue.B.Creativityisessentialtoagriculture.C.Thehungerproblemhasreduced.D.WorldFoodDayiswell-received.3.Whatcanbethemostsuitabletitleforthearticle?A.WorldFoodDayB.WhytoAdvocateAgricultureC.WorldFoodDayHistoryD.HowtoSolveHungerIssuesBManystrawberryfarmersprefertoremovenaturalhabitataroundtheirfarmstokeepwildbirds,andanybacteriatheycarry,awayfromtheirfieldsandcrops.Howeveranewstudypublishedin2022showsthatfarmswithsurroundingnaturalhabitatexperiencethemostbenefitsfrombirds,includinglesscropdamageandlowerfood-safetyrisks.Thestudywasconductedat21strawberryfieldsalongCalifornia’sCentralCoast.Itfoundthatbirdsweremorelikelytocarrybacteriaandeatberrieswithoutsurroundingnaturalhabitat.Forthestudy,scientistslookedattheanalysisof1,000fecal(排泄物的)samplesfrom55birdspecies,combinedwithdatafrommorethan300birdsurveys.Theyusedtheinformationtofigureoutwhateachbirdwaseating—beitpests,beneficialinsectsorcrops—aswellaswhichbirdswerecarryingbacteria.Thescientiststhenrankedwildbirdstoseewhichweremorelikelytobringmostbenefitsorcoststofarmlands.Barnswallowswererankedbeneficialtofarmland.Buttheresultsweremorethancreatingalistof“good”and“bad”birds.Thestudyfoundthatmostbirdspeciesbroughtbothcostsandbenefitstofarms,dependingonhowthesurroundinglandwasmanaged.Thepresenceofnaturalhabitatwasthesinglemostimportantfactordifferentiatingafarmwherewildbirdsbroughtmorebenefitsthanharm.Farmswithsurroundingnaturalhabitatforbirdssawlessdamageandfewerbacteriaproblemsthanothers.ThestudywaspartofaseriesofresearchconductedinDanielKarp’slabatUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,allfocusingontheimpactandimportanceofmaintainingnaturalhabitatforwildlifesurroundingfarmland.Arelatedstudyin2020alsofoundthatfarmswithnaturalhabitatattractedmoreinsect-eatingbirdsandfewerstrawberry-eatingbirdssothatfarmersexperiencelessberrydamageonfarmswithmorehabitatnearby.4.Whatisthefindingofthenewstudyin2022?A.Wildbirdsinfarmsdecreasefood-safetyrisks.B.Naturalhabitatnearfarmsreducescropdamage.C.Birdsinnaturalhabitatcarrymorebacteriatofarms.D.Farmsneighbouringnaturalhabitatbenefitmostfrombirds.5.Whichofthefollowingwasaresearchstepinthestudy?A.Analyzing55birdspecies.B.Conducting300birdsurveys.C.Findingoutwhatwildbirdseat.D.Rankingbirdsaccordingtohowtheyeat.6.Whatdeterminedtheimpactthatbirdsbroughttofarms?A.Presenceofneighbouringfarmlands.B.Managementofthesurroundingland.C.Locationofnaturalhabitatforwildlife.D.Speciesofwildbirdsthatlivednearfarms.7.Whyisarelatedstudyin2020mentionedinthelastparagraph?A.Todrawaconclusion.B.Tomakeacomparison.C.Tosupporttheresearchfinding.D.Togivebackgroundinformation.Ⅱ.七选五Italyisshapedlikeaboot.AncientRomewasoneoftheworld’smostpowerfulempiresmorethan2,000yearsago.TheRomans’ideasaboutroads,laws,governmentandbuildingsstillinfluenceustoday.TheColosseuminRomewasbuiltduringthetimeoftheRomanEmpire,inthefirstcentury.1,whowenttoseefightsbetweenanimalsandpeople.Itisapopulartouristattractiontoday.

Italyiswell-knownforitsdesigners,whocreatecars,handbags,clothes,shoesandotheritemsthatareindemandfortheirstyleandfineworkmanship.Today,theeconomyofItalyisstrongerthaninthepast.2.Today,manufacturingandtourismarethemainsourcesofincome.Therearesomebigcompanies,butItalyhasmanysmallercompanies,too.

Thenorthernpartofthecountryisthemainmanufacturingcenter.Thesouthernpartdoesnotofferasmanymanufacturingjobs,soitisnotasprosperous.3,agroupofcountriesthatjointogetherforbettertrade.Thecurrency,ormoneytheyuseiscalledthe“euro”.

FoodandeatinggoodmealsareimportanttoItalians.Popularfoodsincludepasta,risotto,minestroneandpizza.4.Manyfamiliesstilleattheirmainmealinthemiddleoftheday.5.Familiesspendalotoftimetogether.

A.ItalyisamemberoftheEuropeanUnionB.Itcouldseatabout50,000peopleC.ItalyhasseveralislandsoffthecoastD.McDonald’sisalsopopularthereE.ThecountryusedtodependonagricultureF.MountainscoveraboutthreefourthsofthecountryG.ThefamilyisveryimportanttotheItalianwayoflifeⅢ.完形填空AccordingtotheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,morethan12millionhouseholds1enoughfoodforeveryoneintheirfamilyatsometimeduringtheyear—including2.Hungerissurprisinglywidespreadinourcountry—oneoftheworld’swealthiest—yetthegovernmentestimatesthatwewastealmost100billionpoundsoffoodeachyear,morethanone-quarterofourtotalsupply.

Reducingthisimproperdistributionof3isagoalofAmerica’sSecondHarvest,thenation’slargestdomestichunger-relieforganization.Lastyear,it4nearly2billionpoundsoffoodtomorethan23millionpeopleinneed.America’sSecondHarvestisanetworkof214inter-connectedfoodbanksandotherorganizationsthat5foodfromgrowers,processors,grocerystoresandrestaurants.6,thenetworkdistributesfoodtosome50,000soupkitchens(施食处),homeless7andoldpeople’scentersineverycountyofeverystate.

Agreatdealofworkisinvolvedindistributingtonsoffoodfromthousandsof8tothousandsofnon-profitorganizations.Untilafewyearsago,America’sSecondHarvestlackedany9waytomanagetheirinventory(存货).Withoutaccurateandtimelyinformation,soupkitchensweresometimesemptywhilefoodwasleftto10inloadingplaces.

In2000,America’sSecondHarvestbegantouseanewinventoryandfinancial-managementsystem—Ceres.Itisa11designedspecificallyforhunger-reliefoperations.Itisusedbymorethan100America’sSecondHarvestorganizationsto12foodfromdonationtodistribution.Cereshashelped13thespoilingoffoodandimprovedistribution.Anevaluationfoundthatthesoftwarestreamlined(精简)foodbanks’operationsby23percentinthefirstyearalon