考研英语模拟试卷77

考研英语模拟试卷77

一、完型填空（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20分。）

In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth,"based

(1)acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.(2),presentedinmoderate

language,theconclusionsreached.(3),thisinquiryareshocking..(4),that

worldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsunchecked,theexpertsdemonstrate

thatonlyoneoutcomeispossible-arathersudden,uncontrollabledeclineinpopulation

andindustrialcapacity(5)beforetheyear2100.@Forthisdisastertwomain

factorswillberesponsible:first,theacuteshortageoffarmingland,whichwilllead

(6)massstarvation,and(7)theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction,

(8)willcancelanyattemptto(9)pollutionandwill(10)exhaust

naturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow(II)technologytemporarily

succeeds(12)multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited,

(13)theywillbeusedup.Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolution

advocatedbytheauthorsofthereport,(14)theimmediateadoption(15)

measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnewplantsandmachinerytotherate(16)

whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsout.Unfortunately,(17)mostpartyleadersare

eitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues(18)arccompelledtoignorethem

(19)theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend(20)political

support.

1、In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth,"based

(1)acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.(2),presentedinmoderate

language,theconclusionsreached.(3),thisinquiryareshocking..(4),that

worldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsunchecked,theexpertsdemonstrate

thatonlyoneoutcomeispossible—arathersudden,uncontrollabledeclineinpopulation

andindustrialcapacity(5)beforetheyear2100.@Forthisdisastertwomain

factorswillberesponsible:first,theacuteshortageoffarmingland,whichwilllead

(6)massstarvation,and(7)theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction,

(8)willcancelanyattemptto(9)pollutionandwill(10)exhaust

naturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow(11)technologytemporarily

succeeds(12)multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited,

(13)theywillbeusedup.Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolution

advocatedbytheauthorsofthereport,(14)theimmediateadoption(15)

measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnewplantsandmachinerytotherate(16)

whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsout.Unfortunately,(17)mostpartyleadersare

eitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues(18)arecompelledtoignorethem

(19)theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend(20)political

support.

A、al

B、by

C、on

D、in

标准答案：C

知识点解析：baseon为固定搭配，意为“基于"。

2、

A、So

B、Therefore

C^However

D>Ihough

标准答案：D

知识点解析：该句意为，尽管是用温和的语言所描绘，但由该调查得出的结论令人

震惊。分句明显应为转折关系。

3、

A^by

B、at

C、to

D、on

标准答案：A

知识点解析：表示“根据，按照”应用by。

4、

A、Assuming

B、Incase

C>Apartfrom

D^Inaddition

标准答案：A

知识点解析：assume”假定，假设”，常常用于句首，引导表示假设内容的从句，

如：Assumingthehouseisforsale,wouldyoubuyit?假如那座房子出售，

你要买吗？

5、

A、sometime

B、sometimes

C^sometime

D、sometimes

标准答案：C

知识点解析：sometime"某一时候";sometimes"不时,有时";sometime"在未来的

某时"sometimes"几次该句表示未来某个时候，故sometime应为答案。

6、

A、in

to

C、by

D、way

标准答案：B

知识点解析：leadto为固定搭配，意为"通往，通向如，Thepathleadstothe

village.这条小路通到那村庄。

7、

A、on

B、second

C^lastly

D、inaddition

标准答案：B

知识点解析♦：由于前面用了关联词first,为对应起见应该使用second,意为“首先

H””

，5P-*o

8、

A、that

B、which

C、one

D、experts

标准答案：B

知识点解析：该句应为非限定性定语从句，应该填入一个关系代词，只能用

which,同时与前一which引导的从句对应。

9、

A、reduce

B、increase

C、compare

D、match

标准答案：A

知识点解析：reducepollution意为"减少污染

10、

A、necessarily

B、eventually

C、timely

D、doubtfully

标准答案：B

知识点解析：从上下文看，以上因素会最终使资源枯竭。故evemually”最终”符合

题意。

11、

A^however

furthermore

C、evenif

D、because

标准答案：C

知识点解析：从上下文看，这里应该是一个表示让步的状语从句，evenF即使，

尽管，，符合要求。

12、

A、by

B、in

C、on

D、at

标准答案：B

知识点解析：succeedin为固定搭配，表示”成功，达到，

13、

A、theless

B、theslower

C、thesooner

D、thefewer

标准答案：C

知识点解析：该句意为，它们被开发得越快，耗尽也越快。thesooner...the

sooner…意为"…越快，就越...”

14、

A、namely

B、consequently

C、moreover

D、asaresult

标准答案：A

知识点解析：后面的内容是对前面内容的进一步说明，故namely"就是说”符合题

意。

15、

A^to

B、of

C、by

D、with

标准答案：B

知识点解析：adoptionofmeasures采取措施，表示动宾关系。

16、

A^at

to

C、by

D、in

标准答案：A

知识点解析：attherateof为固定搭配,表示”以…的速度”,which前面可加介词。

17、

A、however

though

C^providing

D、evenif

标准答案：A

知识点解析♦：该句明显为转折关系，填入成分应为一副词，只有however符合要

求。

18、

A、and

B>or

C、neither

D、but

标准答案：B

知识点解析：eilher...or...为固定结构，表示"不是…就是…”。

19、

A、becauseof

B、apartfrom

C>inadditionto

D、inspiteof

标准答案:A

知识点解析：从上下文看应表示原因，故应填入becauseof。

20、

A、on

B、by

C、in

D、for

标准答案：D

知识点解析：depend后面接on,但句中on被徨于whosevotes前，后面应填入

for,表用途，意思是这些选票”用于政治支持”。

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题1.0

分,共20分。）

Oneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinabilityofscientiststodiscovera

safewaytodisposeoftheradioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.

Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensofthousandsofyears,while

othershavealifespanclosertoaquarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeen

usedtodate,butallhaverevealedweaknesses,forcingscientiststocontinuetheirsearch.

Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstages,withthedangerofradioactivityconstantly

present.Fuelfornuclearreactorscomesfromuraniumore,which,whenmined,,

spontaneouslyproducesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.Thischaracteristicof

uraniumorewentundetectedforalongtimeresultinginthedeath,duetocancer,of

hundredsofuraniumminers.TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactive

wastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcreteandcapableofholdinga

milliongallons.Foralongtimeitwasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeen

solved,untilsomeofthesetanksleaked,allowingtheradioactivewastestoseepintothe

environment.Canadapresentlystoresitsnuclearwasteinunderwatertanks,withthe

long-termeffectslargelyunknown.However,plansareunderconsiderationforabove­

groundstorageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethebuildingofthreevast

concretecontainers,whichwouldbetwostorieshighandapproximatelythelengthand

widthoftwofootballfields.Othersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewasteinglass

blocksandstoringtheminundergroundcaverns,orplacinghotcontainersinthe

Antarcticregion,wheretheywouldmelttheice,therebysinkingdownadverseeffecton

theiccsheets.

21、Itisimpliedinthepassagethattheprimarydifficultyinseekingasafewayto

disposeofnuclearwastesiscausedby

ANthenuclearprocessinvolvingthedangerofradioactivityatitseverystage

B、fuelfornuclearreactorsproducingdangerouswastes

C^theweaknessscientistshavefoundineverypreviousmethods

D^thenatureofnuclearwastestogetherwiththeirlengthylifespan

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第一段第一句指出，科学家无法找到一个安全处置核废料的方法是核

能中的主要问题。第二句提到许多核废料在几万年中仍然具有放射性，有的甚至可

达25万年。

22、Accordingtothepassage,uraniumoreisverydangerousbecause

A、itproducesradioactivesubstancesafteritisdugout

B、ithascauseddeathsofmanyminers

C>theminingofitproducesdangerousby-products

D、thereisaprobleminminingtechniques

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第二段第二句提到，在开采铀矿时会产生具有放射性物质的副产品。

23、Accordingtothepassage,scientistsfailedto

A^discoverthecharacteristicofnuclearprocess

B、discoverthenatureofuraniumore

C、savethelifeofuraniumminers

D^storenuclearwastesinunderwatertanks

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第二段第三句提到，铀矿的放射性作用会导致死亡，但在很长时间人

们没有发现。

24、HotcontainersofnuclearwastestobeputinAntarcticregionwould

A、remainaboveicesheets

B、besafetoenvironment

C、behighlyprobable

D、remainundersea

标准答案：D

知识点解析：最后一段最后一句提到，一种方法是将存放核废料的热容器放在南极

地区，它会将冰融化而沉入海底。

25,Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe

A、NuclearEnergyandPublicSafety

B、UraniumOreandItsCharacteristics

C>ScientificApproachtoDisposalofNuclearWastes

D、NuclearProcessandItsWastes

标准答案：A

知识点解析：文章主要讨论利用核能和如何保障公众安全。

Theuseofheatpumpshasbeenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers'claims

thatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyfbreachunitofelectrical

energyused,thusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heal

pumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoits

vaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerant,startingasalow-temperature,low-pressure

vapor,enterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthe

compressorasahot,densevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthe

condenser,whichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerant,

asahigh-pressure,cooledliquid,confrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressureto

drop.Asthepressurefalls,therefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizes,becoming

chilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchanger,theevaporator,whichtransfers

heatfromtheairtotherefrigerant,reducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.

Ofthetwoheatexchangers,oneislocatedinside,andtheotheroneoutsidethehouse,so

eachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideair,respectively.The

flowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whenthe

refrigerantflowisreversed,theheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversal

capabilityallowsheatpumps-eithertoheatorcoolroomair.Now,ifundercertain

conditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectrical

energy,hasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallenged?No,notevenremotely:the

additionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporator

accountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation.Unfortunately,thereisonereal

problem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.

Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmoved

throughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismass

flowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressed,thelessthethermalloadit

cantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvapor

throughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximately

constant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethan

warmervapor.Therefore,themassotcoldrefrigerant—andthusthethermalenergyit

carries-islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression.Here,then,

liesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates-wherethemostheat

isneeded-heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyenoughheat.

26、Theprimarypurpose,ofthepassageisto

A^explainthedifferencesintheworkingofaheatpumpwhentheoutdoortemperature

changes

B、contrasttheheatingandthecoolingmodesofheatpumps

C、describeheatpumps,theiruse,andfactorsaffectingtheiruse

D、advocatethemorewidespreaduseofheatpumps

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本文主要叙述空调系统中的热泵的原理、使用和问题。

27、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,inthecourseofaheatingseason,the

heatingcapacityofhheatpumpisgreatestwhen

A、heatingisleastessential

electricityratesarelowest

C、itscompressorrunsthefastest

D、outdoortemperaturesholdsteady

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第五段第二、四句指出，热泵的制热能力随着室外温度下降而降低。

原因是：被压缩的制冷剂容量减少，通过热泵循环传送的热负荷就越少。可见，随

着温度升高，加热就没有必要。

28、Iftheauthor'sassessmentoftheuseofheatpumpsiscorrect,whichofthefollowing

bestexpressesthelessonthatadvertisersshouldlearnfromthiscase?

A、Donotmakeexaggeratedclaimsabouttheproductsyouaretryingtopromote.

B、Focusyouradvertisingcampaignonvagueanalogiesandveiledimplicationsinstead

ofonfacts.

C、Donotusefactsinyouradvertisingthatwillstraintheprospectiveclient'sabilityto

believe.

D^Donotassumeinyouradvertisingthattheprospectiveclientsknoweventhemost

elementaryscientificprinciples.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第一段指出，广告商关于热泵的宣传是违背能量守恒定律的。最后一

段也指出热泵的致命弱点：在极其寒冷的气候，当需要最大热量时，热泵却不能提

供足够的热量。

29、Accordingtothepassage,theroleoftheflowrestrictioninaheatpumpisto

measureaccuratelytheflowrateoftherefrigerant-massatthatpoint

B、compressandheattherefrigerantvapor

C、bringabouttheevaporationandcoolingofrefrigerant

D、exchangeheatbetweentherefrigerantandtheairatthatpoint

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第二段第二至六句指出，制冷剂开始是以一种低温低压的气体进入压

缩机，然后以高温和压缩的气体进入冷凝器，成为高压和冷却的液体，由于制冷剂

的限制，压力下降，制冷剂膨胀并蒸发，变得冷却。

30、Theauthorregardsthenotionthatheatpumpshaveagenuinedrawbackasa

A、causeforregret

B、signofprematuredefeatism

C、welcomechallenge

D、focusforaneducationalcampaign

标准答案：A

知识点解析：作者对热泵的原理和作用进行了详细和客观的叙述，持积极的态度，

但文章最后提到其弱点，以then为转折，认为是一种遗憾。

Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic

managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoiling

isdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andby

psychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthat

manhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwhole-heartedlyparticipateinhisworkand

thatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecome

economicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucratic

management.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfind

themselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyreal

satisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthe

fundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependent

andproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.

Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmore

insecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedorto

fallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whenthey

applyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureof

submissivcncssandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyarcagainandagaintested

bythepsychologists,fbrwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,who

judgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprove

thatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone'sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyand

stress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.Am1suggestingthatweshouldreturn

tothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortothenineteenthcenturytreeenterprise

capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichone

hasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucratically

managedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsin

themselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhis

potentialities-thoseofloveandofreason-aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.

Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbe

preventedfromrulingwan.

31、By"awell-oiledcoginthemachinery"theauthorintendstorendertheideathatman

is______

A>anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividualsfunctionisnegligible

B>workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety

C、anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesocietythoughfunctioning

smoothly

D、ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第一段第一句指出，大体上，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚管理的

庞大企业，人成为机器中一个无足轻重但润滑很好的轮齿。

32、Whatistherealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployees?

A、Theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs

B、Theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife

C^Theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence

D、Theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第二段第一句指出，工人和雇员感到担忧，不仅发现自己会失业，同

样因为他们不能获取对生活的满足感和兴趣。

33、Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose

A、whoareatthebottomofthesociety

B、whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus

C、whoprovebetterthantheirfellowcompetitors

D、whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文章第二段提到工人们会失业，对生活不满足，失去兴趣。他们的生

死从不面对人类生存的基本事实：作为一种情感和智力独立和创新的人。可见，人

们只有脱离这种现状，才能得以解除。

34、Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould

A、resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors

B、offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees

C、enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities

D、takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted.

标准答案：c

知识点0析：第五段第四句指出，我建议将我们官僚管理的工业化社会制度变革成

一个人道主义的工业社会，极大化生产和消费将被终止，人和充分发展潜能成为全

部社会优先目标。

35、Whatisoneoftheauthorsattitudetowardsindustrialism?

Approval

B、Dissatisfaction

C^Suspicion

D、lolerance

标准答案：B

知识点解析：全文对对当前官僚管理表示了强烈的批评，并提出变革，显示了作者

极度的不满。

Americaisthelandoftheautomobile.Thiscountryhasonly6percentoftheworld's

populationbut46percentoftheworld'scars.Rightnow,thereare97millionprivately

ownedcarsconsuming75billiongallonsofgasolineandtravelinganestimated1,000

billionmiles,ayear.ThefiguresalsoaffirmsomethingweknoweverytimewerefiEour

gasolinetank.Theautomobileisaverythirstypieceoftechnology.Ofthetotal

petroleumsupplyintheUnitedStates,30percentgoestoquenchthatthirst.Everyyear

foreachpassengercar,about800gallonsofgasolineareconsumed.Otheraspectsofour

commitmenttotheautomobilealsobearmentioninghere,ittakesagreatdealofenergy

tomanufactureoneautomobile—about150millionBTUsofenergy.Thisisequivalentto

1,200gallonsofgasoline,enoughtorunacarforabout16,000miles.Weexpendenergy

intheprocessofshippingcarsfromfactoriestoshowrooms,displayingthemforsale

handmakingreplacementpartsforrepairs.Oneoutofsixjobsinthenationisassociated

withtheautomobilebusiness.Abouttwogallonsofgasolineareconsumedintheprocess

ofmakingeverytengallonsthatarepumpedintoanautomobile'sgastank.Building

highwaysandparkinglotshasusedupmuchofourland.Ithasbeenestimatedthatv/e

havepavedover21,000squaremilesofthiscountry'ssurface,mostofittoaccommodate

theautomobile.Theautomobileisalsothelargestcontributortoournation'sairpollution

problemandaveryseriousonebecausemostofitspollutantsareemittedinourlarge

metropolitanareas.Asidefromthegreatimpactthatwouldoccurifeveryoneseriously

practisedconservation,oneshouldstopandthinkabouthisowncasualuseofthe

automobile.Therearenumeroussituationswherebetterplanningandawarenesscould

reallymakeadifferenceinenergysavingsanddollars.Becausetheautomobileusesthe

largestpercentageofenergyinanaverageAmericanfamily'senergybudgetandalmost

halfofthedollars,theimpetusforsavingsistremendous.

36、Accordingtotheauthor,whatdomostpeoplerealize?

A>Alternatesourcesofenergymustbefound

B>Carpoolshelptosolvesomeoftheenergyproblem

C、Theautomobileuseslargeamountsofgasoline

D、Greateffortshavebeenmadetosolvetheenergyproblem

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第一段最后两句指出，在美国所供应的全部汽油中，30%被汽车消

耗。每年用于每辆客车的汽油约为800加仑。

37、Mostpeopledonotrealizethat

A、themanufactureoftheautomobilerequiresmuchenergy

gasolineismoreexpensivethanhomeheatingoil

C、automobilespeedlowersenergyefficiency

D、oilresourcescouldsomedayrunout

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第二段第一句指出，生产一辆汽车需要许多能量，约1.5亿热量单

位。这是一般人所不了解的。

38、Theauthorsimplicationisthat

A、smallcarsuseenergyefficiently

B、anti-pollutiondevicesonautomobilesarenoteffective

C>Americanshavetoimportagreatquantityofgaseachyear

D、Americanswasteenergy

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文章从汽车耗油、制造、筑路等方面说明汽车业能源消耗巨大。作者

在最后一句号召美国人节约能源。

39、Theauthorsuggeststhatenergysavingscouldberealized

A、withmoreeffectivetransportationofconsumergoods

B、withbettereducationalprogramsandplanningtechniques

C^withanefficientsystemofinner-citytransportation

D、withforcefullimitationoftheuseoftheautomobile

标准答案：B

知识点解析：最后一段第二句指出，在许多方面可以通过计划和提醒，使能源和费

用节省大为改观。

40、Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe

A、AmericansAnnualConsumptionofGas

B、ImportanceofEnergyConservation

C、EnergyProblems

D、Automobile-AmericasThirstyMachine

标准答案：D

知识点浦析：本文主要论述美国汽车消耗能源问题，故答案选项符合题意。

三、阅读（补全短文）（本题共5题，每题7.0分，共

5分。）

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthelist(A^B、C>D、E、F^G.......)tofitintoeachofthe

numberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10

points)WillAmerica'scitieseveragainbeplacesmostpeoplewanttolivein?Itseems

unlikely.Hereasin1970America'ssuburbscontained25%morefamiliesthanitscities,

todaytheycontain75%more.Middle-classfamilies—"thebedrockofastable

community",inthewordsoftheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment

associatecitieswithpovertyandthereforecrime.(41).Nowondersomany

familiesequatetheAmericandreamwithahomeinthesuburbs.Buttheresultingurban

sprawlcarriesacost.AreportthisweekfromtheSierraClub,whichhasbeenpreaching

ecologicalsensitivityformorethanacentury,underlineswhatitcalls"thedarksideof

theAmericandream"trafficcongestion;commutingjourneysthat"stealtimefromfamily

andwork*';airandwaterpollution;lostfarmlandandrecreationalspace;increased

flooding;andmoretaxestopayforasuburbaninfrastructurethatrangesfrompolicingto

sewagesystems.(42).Puttingnumberstoitsargument,theSierraClubreckons

airpollution"costsUSagriculturemorethan$2.5billioneveryyear,"anditarguesthat

thepavingoverofnaturalwetlandshelpsproducethefloodsthatcostAmericaan

averageof$4.3billionayear.Intheperiodfrom1970to1990,urbansprawlledthetwin

citiesofMinneapolis-StPaul,inMinnesota,toclose162schoolsinandaroundthecity

centerswhilebuilding78newonesintheoutersuburbs.Between1970and1995,Maine

spent6ver$338millionbuildingnewschoolsevenas(henumberofstudentsinitspublic

schoolsfellby27,000.(43).(44).Amongthecountry'slargestcities,(he

mostthreatened,apparently,arethecitizensofAtlanta;amongmedium-sizedcities,itis

thepeopleofOrlando,Florida,whohavemosttofear;andamongsmallcities,the

inhabitantsofMcAllen,Texas.AsforLosAngles,the"grand-daddyofsprawl",thecity

deservesa"dishonorablemention",alongwithSanDiegoandPhoenix.(45).One

ideabeingtriedinpartsofMichiganandMaryland'isforcommunitiestobuyfarmland

orenvironmentallysensitivelandtopreventitsdevelopment;anotheridea,practicedin

OregonandWashingtonstate,istosetan"urbangrowthboundary"toencloseanurban

areawithinaninviolategreenbelt;athirdistooffertaxinducementstocommunitiesthat

forgodevelopmentrights.Butinthelandofthecar,perhapsthemostunlikelyideaisthat

AmericanswillfollowtheexampleofNewJersey,whichrecentlyvotedlorhigherpetrol

taxestopreserveamillionacresofundevelopedlandoverthenexttenyears.A.

Moreover,asthesuburbexpands,theinnercity'staxbaseshrinks,settingoffavicious

cycleofhighertaxes,lowercorporateprofits,higherjoblessnessandlowerproperty

values.B.Itwasobviousthatafter1970peoplepreferredtoliveinthesuburbwhilework

inthecity.C.Canurbansprawlberepulsed?D.Theyhaveapoint:thepovertyratein

America'surbanareasrosefrom14.2%in1970to21.5%in1993,withmostofthe

increaseintheinner-cityareasfromwhichthemiddleclasshasfled.E.Meanwhile,the

exhaustionofcommutersishardlylessenedbynewandbetterroads,sinceeach1%

increaseinnewlane-milesgenerateswithinfiveyearsa0.9%increaseintraffic.F.The

houseinthesuburbmaynotbefullofconveniencesofeverysort,socarsaretheonly

meansforshoppingandtransportation.G.Allthis,theSierraClubmaintains,illustrates

thethreatthaturbansprawlrepresentstothequalityoflife.

41、Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A^B、C^D、E、F、G.......)tofitinto

eachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyof

thegaps.(10points)WillAmerica'scitieseveragainbeplacesmostpeoplewanttolive

in?Itseemsunlikely.Hereasin1970America'ssuburbscontained25%morefamilies

thanitscities,todaytheycontain75%more.Middle-classfamilies—"thebedrockofa

stablecommunity",inthewordsoftheDepartmentofHousingandUrban

Development-associatecitieswithpovertyandthereforecrime.(41).Nowonder

somanyfamiliesequatetheAmericandreamwithahomeinthesuburbs.Butthe

resultingurbansprawlcarriesacost.AreportthisweekfromtheSierraClub,whichhas

beenpreachingecologicalsensitivityformorethanacentury,underlineswhatitcalls

"thedarksideoftheAmericandream"trafficcongestion;commutingjourneysthat"steal

timefromfamilyandwork”;airandwaterpollution;lostfarmlandandrecreational

space;increasedflooding;andmoretaxestopayforasuburbaninfrastructurethatranges

frompolicingtosewagesystems.(42).Puttingnumberstoitsargument,theSierra

Clubreckonsairpollution"costsUSagriculturemorethan$2.5billioneveryyear,"andit

arguesthatthepavingoverofnaturalwetlandshelpsproducethefloodsthatcost

Americaanaverageof$4.3billionayear.Intheperiodfrom1970to1990,urbansprawl

ledthetwincitiesofMinneapolis-StPaul,inMinnesota,toclose162schoolsinand

aroundthecitycenterswhilebuilding78newonesintheoutersuburbs.Between1970

and1995,Mainespent6ver$338millionbuildingnewschoolsevenasthenumberof

studentsinitspublicschoolsfellby27,000.(43).(44).Amongthe

country'slargestcities,themostthreatened,apparently,arethecitizensofAtlanta;

amongmedium-sizedcities,itisthepeopleofOrlando,Florida,whohavemosttofear;

andamongs