2002考研英语一试题及答案

2002考研英语一试题及答案一、完形填空（10分）Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare2toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,3themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,ournosesarecapableofsensinghumansmellseventhoughthesesmellsare6tobelessimportantthan,say,7smells.But8somepeoplefindithardtobelieve,itsmellsplayavitalroleinourlives.Itdeterminesourchoices,as9as,ourmoods.Andweare10influencedbysmellsthanwerealize.1.A)whenB)whileC)sinceD)as2.A)limitedB)committedC)dedicatedD)confined3.A)catchingB)ignoringC)missingD)tracking4.A)anywayB)thoughC)insteadD)therefore5.A)ifB)unlessC)asD)otherwise6.A)consideredB)provedC)supposedD)predicted7.A)visibleB)invisibleC)audibleD)olfactory8.A)althoughB)becauseC)whenD)while9.A)longB)soonC)farD)well10.A)stillB)evenC)muchD)more答案：1.B2.A3.C4.B5.C6.C7.B8.A9.D10.D解析：1.答案为B)while。此处需要表示对比关系的连词，意为"而"。句意为"与动物相比，人类常被认为对气味不敏感，而这主要是因为，与动物不同，我们是直立行走的"。2.答案为A)limited。此处表示我们的鼻子在感知气味方面的局限性。句意为"这意味着我们的鼻子在感知漂浮在空气中的气味方面受到限制"。3.答案为C)missing。此处表示我们错过了大多数附着在表面上的气味。句意为"这意味着我们的鼻子在感知漂浮在空气中的气味方面受到限制，而错过了大多数附着在表面上的气味"。4.答案为B)though。此处表示转折关系，意为"然而"。句意为"然而，事实上，我们的鼻子能够感知人类气味，尽管这些气味被认为不那么重要"。5.答案为C)as。此处表示"正如"的意思。句意为"事实上，正如我们所知，我们的鼻子能够感知人类气味"。6.答案为C)supposed。此处表示"被认为"。句意为"尽管这些气味被认为不如，比如说，看不见的气味重要"。7.答案为B)invisible。此处表示"看不见的"，与前面的"漂浮在空气中"形成对比。句意为"尽管这些气味被认为不如，比如说，看不见的气味重要"。8.答案为A)although。此处表示"尽管"，引导让步状语从句。句意为"尽管有些人很难相信，但气味在我们的生活中起着至关重要的作用"。9.答案为D)well。此处表示"也"，用于肯定句中加强语气。句意为"它决定了我们的选择，也决定了我们的情绪"。10.答案为D)more。此处表示"更加"。句意为"我们受到气味的影响比我们意识到的要多得多"。二、阅读理解PartA（40分）Directions:Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Byhelpingtoincreasedemand,itensuresanincreasedneedforlabor,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusorsubwaywouldcostmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablepricetothecustomer.Withthethousandsofcompetingproductstryingtopersuadecustomerstospendtheirmoneyonthem,nocompanywhichwantstostayinbusinesscandosowithoutofferinggoodvalueformoney.Ifacompanydidnotcompeteonthebasisofprice—inwhichcasethecustomerisgiventhechoicebetweendifferentbrandsandprices—therewouldbenowayforthecustomertoknowwhethertheproducthebuysisworththemoneyhepays.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorthingmorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatithasgoodvalue.Advertisingdoesmoreforthebenefitofthecommunitythananyotherpeoplethinkfirst.ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingtriestopersuade.Ifitsmessageweremerelyinformational,thatwouldbedifficulttodistinguishfrompublicnoticesorfromtheannouncementofpricessuchasonefindsinanewspaper.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-meaningTVpersonalitywantsittobe.1.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat______.A)advertisingisasimportantasotheractivitiesB)advertisingismoneyspentonsomethingusefulC)advertisingismoneyworthspendingD)advertisingisagoodwaytospendmoney2.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedasafunctionofadvertising?A)Securinggreatermarketshareforgoods.B)Increasingdemandforproducts.C)Helpingtofightagainstunemployment.D)Reducingthecostofservices.3.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis______.A)rightinsayingthatadvertisingpersuadesratherthaninformsB)rightinsayingthatadvertisingismisleadingC)wrongindrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctionsD)wronginhisviewsonadvertising4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardadvertisingis______.A)criticalB)appreciativeC)negativeD)indifferent答案：1.C2.A3.C4.B解析：1.答案为C)advertisingismoneyworthspending。第一句"MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof"意为"花在广告上的钱和我所知道的任何钱一样值得花"，表明作者认为广告是值得投资的。选项A、B、D都不能准确表达原意。2.答案为A)Securinggreatermarketshareforgoods。文章中提到的广告功能包括：以合理价格促进商品快速分销（B选项间接提及），增加需求从而增加劳动力需求，对抗失业（C选项直接提及），降低服务成本（D选项直接提及）。而"为商品获得更大的市场份额"没有被明确提及。3.答案为C)wrongindrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions。文章最后一段提到"Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions"，表明作者认为这位电视名人过于细微地区分广告的说服性和信息性是错误的。作者认为广告确实有说服作用，但这也正是广告的一部分功能。4.答案为B)appreciative。通读全文，作者对广告持肯定态度，列举了广告的多项好处，并在最后一段强调了广告对社区的贡献，表明作者是欣赏广告的。Text2Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital"and"labor"wereincreasinglysetasopposingtermsinthepublicdebate.Thecapitalistandentrepreneurinthecentralpositionofeconomiclifecametobeseenasthe"primemover"attheexpenseofthemorepassive"laborer".Socialreformersandlaborspokesmen,ontheotherhand,portrayedthecapitalistinalessfavorablelight,asan"economicdictator"whosepoliticaltyrannywasmuchtobefeared.Thecrucialpointofcontentionhas,ofcourse,overtheissueofwhocouldclaimthelion'sshareoftheprofits—thecapitalistsortheworkers.Onecaneasilypredicttheusualpointofdivision:theformergroupemphasizingtherisksandresponsibilityofthecapitalists,thelatterthelaborandsacrificesoftheworkers.Buttherewasalsoamoresubtledifference:thecapitalistsregardedthemselvesasthecreatorsofwealth,bringingtogetherthefactorsofproduction,takingtherisks,anddirectingtheenterprise.Theworkers,ontheotherhand,wereseenasthemereinstrumentsintheprocess,contributingonlytheirlabor,andtakingnoresponsibilityfortheoutcome.Inshort,thecapitalistswerethe"primemovers"andtheworkerswerethe"primemoved".Thesecontrastingviewsoftheeconomicrolesofcapitalandlaborsetthestagefortheintensepoliticalconflictsofthelatenineteenthcentury.Thecapitalists'claimthattheyweretheprimemoverswasnotacceptedbytheworkingclass.Theworkerssawthemselvesasthecreatorsofwealthandastheoneswhoshouldrightfullyreceivetherewards.Thisfundamentaldisagreementoverthenatureofwealthcreationanddistributionwasattheheartoftheclassstruggleoftheperiod.5.Whatwasthemainissueinthepublicdebatebetweencapitalistsandlaborersinthelatenineteenthcentury?A)Thepoliticalrightsofworkers.B)Thedistributionofprofits.C)Theeconomicrolesofcapitalandlabor.D)Themethodsofproduction.6.Accordingtothepassage,capitalistsviewedthemselvesas______.A)passiverecipientsofprofitB)creatorsofwealthandrisk-takersC)instrumentsintheproductionprocessD)economicdictators7.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"thecapitalistswerethe'primemovers'andtheworkerswerethe'primemoved'"?A)Capitalistswerethedrivingforce,whileworkerswerethedriven.B)Capitalistswereincontrol,whileworkerswerecontrolled.C)Capitalistsweretheleaders,whileworkerswerethefollowers.D)Capitalistswerethewinners,whileworkerswerethelosers.8.Whatwasthefundamentaldisagreementbetweencapitalistsandworkers?A)Thenatureofwealthcreation.B)Themethodsofproduction.C)Thedistributionofprofits.D)Thepoliticalrightsofworkers.答案：5.B6.B7.A8.C解析：5.答案为B)Thedistributionofprofits。文章第一段最后一句提到"Thecrucialpointofcontentionhas,ofcourse,overtheissueofwhocouldclaimthelion'sshareoftheprofits—thecapitalistsortheworkers"，表明争论的焦点是利润分配问题。6.答案为B)creatorsofwealthandrisk-takers。文章第二段提到"thecapitalistsregardedthemselvesasthecreatorsofwealth,bringingtogetherthefactorsofproduction,takingtherisks,anddirectingtheenterprise"，表明资本家视自己为财富创造者和风险承担者。7.答案为A)Capitalistswerethedrivingforce,whileworkerswerethedriven。文章第二段最后一句提到"thecapitalistswerethe'primemovers'andtheworkerswerethe'primemoved'"，这里"primemovers"指主动者、推动力，而"primemoved"指被推动者，表明资本家是推动力，工人是被推动的。8.答案为C)Thedistributionofprofits。文章第三段提到"Thisfundamentaldisagreementoverthenatureofwealthcreationanddistributionwasattheheartoftheclassstruggleoftheperiod"，表明根本分歧在于财富创造和分配的本质，而根据第一段，争论的核心是利润分配问题。Text3Intheearly1950s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelite:thekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertofilledthepagesofhistorybooks.OnedifficultyinestablishinghowmanypeoplelivedinEuropeduringtheMiddleAgesisthefactthat,withtheexceptionofrecordspertainingtoEngland,France,andSpain,virtuallynostatisticaldataexistfortheperiodfrom1300to1800.Historians,therefore,havehadtorelyonindirectindicatorsofdemographicchangesuchasgrainprices,wages,andrents,aswellasarchaeologicalandanthropologicalevidence.Nevertheless,certainbroadconclusionscanbedrawn.Forexample,between1300and1450,thepopulationofEuropedeclinedsignificantly,probablybyaboutone-third.Thisdeclinewascausedbyanumberoffactors,includingtheBlackDeath,whichkilledperhapsone-thirdofEurope'spopulationinthemid-fourteenthcentury.After1450,however,thepopulationbegantoincrease,andby1800ithadgrowntoabout180million,morethantriplethe1300figure.9.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A)ThepoliticalandsocialeliteofpreindustrialEurope.B)ThedemographicchangesinEuropefrom1300to1800.C)ThemethodsusedbyhistorianstostudypreindustrialEurope.D)ThefactorsthatcausedthedeclineofEuropeanpopulation.10.Accordingtothepassage,historiansstudyingpreindustrialEuropehavehadtorelyonindirectindicatorsofdemographicchangebecause______.A)therearenostatisticaldatafortheperiodB)thepoliticalandsocialelitehavenotbeenstudiedC)directindicatorsarenotavailableD)theperiodistoodistanttostudy11.WhatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthepopulationofEuropein1450?A)Itwasaboutone-thirdofthe1300figure.B)Itwasabouttwo-thirdsofthe1300figure.C)Itwasaboutthesameasthe1300figure.D)Itwasaboutthreetimesthe1300figure.12.Whatwasoneofthemaincausesofthepopulationdeclinebetween1300and1450?A)Increasedgrainprices.B)TheBlackDeath.C)Decliningwages.D)Risingrents.答案：9.B10.A11.B12.B解析：9.答案为B)ThedemographicchangesinEuropefrom1300to1800。文章主要讨论了1300年至1800年间欧洲人口的变化，包括人口下降和增长的情况及原因。10.答案为A)therearenostatisticaldatafortheperiod。文章第二段提到"withtheexceptionofrecordspertainingtoEngland,France,andSpain,virtuallynostatisticaldataexistfortheperiodfrom1300to1800"，表明除了英法西三国外，这一时期几乎没有统计数据，因此历史学家不得不依靠间接指标。11.答案为B)Itwasabouttwo-thirdsofthe1300figure。文章第三段提到"between1300and1450,thepopulationofEuropedeclinedsignificantly,probablybyaboutone-third"，意味着1450年的人口约为1300年人口的2/3。12.答案为B)TheBlackDeath。文章第三段提到"Thisdeclinewascausedbyanumberoffactors,includingtheBlackDeath,whichkilledperhapsone-thirdofEurope'spopulationinthemid-fourteenthcentury"，表明黑死病是人口下降的主要原因之一。Text4Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpolicymakers.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,political,andeconomicdevelopmentofwhatareusuallyreferredtoasdevelopingnations.However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wedonothavetobeindifferenttothepoortoseethat.Unfortunately,Schultz'sconclusionshavebeenwidelymisinterpreted.Hedidnotargue,assomeclaim,thatinvestingineducationwillnecessarilydriveeconomicgrowth.Infact,hearguedtheopposite:thatindustrializationdriveseconomicgrowth,whichinturndrivesthedemandforeducatedworkers,whichinturndrivesthedevelopmentofeducationalinstitutions.Schultz'sargumentwasthateducationisanecessarybutnotasufficientconditionforeconomicdevelopment.Basingouranalysisontheexperienceofcountriesthathaveachievedrapideconomicgrowth,wefindthatallthesecountrieshaveinvestedheavilyineducation.However,therelationshipbetweeninvestmentineducationandeconomicgrowthisnotasstraightforwardassomebelieve.Forexample,somecountrieshaveinvestedheavilyineducationwithoutachievingcorrespondingeconomicgrowth.Thissuggeststhatwhileeducationisimportantforeconomicdevelopment,itisnottheprimarydriverofeconomicgrowth.Furthermore,thequalityofeducationmattersasmuchas,ifnotmorethan,thequantity.Manydevelopingcountrieshaveexpandedtheireducationalsystemsrapidlywithoutensuringadequatequality.Asaresult,theyhaveproducedlargenumbersofgraduateswholacktheskillsneededinthemoderneconomy.Thishasledtoasituationwheremanyeducatedpeopleremainunemployedorunderemployed,despitehavingformaleducation.13.Whatistheauthor'smainargumentabouttherelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountries?A)Educationshouldbeatoppriorityforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopment.B)Educationisnecessarybutnotsufficientforeconomicdevelopment.C)Investmentineducationalwaysleadstoeconomicgrowth.D)Economicgrowthisnecessaryforeducationaldevelopment.14.AccordingtoSchultz,whatisthecorrectsequenceofdevelopment?A)Education→economicgrowth→industrialization→demandforeducatedworkers.B)Industrialization→economicgrowth→demandforeducatedworkers→education.C)Demandforeducatedworkers→education→industrialization→economicgrowth.D)Economicgrowth→education→industrialization→demandforeducatedworkers.15.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestaboutthequalityofeducationindevelopingcountries?A)Ithasbeenimprovedsignificantlyinrecentyears.B)Itisasimportantas,ifnotmorethan,thequantity.C)Itisnotasimportantasthequantity.D)Ithasbeenneglectedinfavorofquantity.16.Whathashappenedinsomedevelopingcountriesthathaveexpandedtheireducationalsystems?A)Theyhaveachievedrapideconomicgrowth.B)Theyhaveproducedmanyskilledworkers.C)Theyhavemanyeducatedpeoplewhoareunemployedorunderemployed.D)Theyhavereducedthequantityofeducation.答案：13.B14.B15.B16.C解析：13.答案为B)Educationisnecessarybutnotsufficientforeconomicdevelopment。文章第一段提到"Schultz'sargumentwasthateducationisanecessarybutnotasufficientconditionforeconomicdevelopment"，表明作者认为教育对经济发展是必要但不充分的条件。14.答案为B)Industrialization→economicgrowth→demandforeducatedworkers→education。文章第一段提到"hearguedtheopposite:thatindustrializationdriveseconomicgrowth,whichinturndrivesthedemandforeducatedworkers,whichinturndrivesthedevelopmentofeducationalinstitutions"，表明施密茨认为发展的正确顺序是工业化→经济增长→对受过教育劳动力的需求→教育。15.答案为B)Itisasimportantas,ifnotmorethan,thequantity。文章第三段开头提到"Furthermore,thequalityofeducationmattersasmuchas,ifnotmorethan,thequantity"，表明作者认为教育质量与数量同等重要，甚至比数量更重要。16.答案为C)Theyhavemanyeducatedpeoplewhoareunemployedorunderemployed。文章第三段最后提到"Asaresult,theyhaveproducedlargenumbersofgraduateswholacktheskillsneededinthemoderneconomy.Thishasledtoasituationwheremanyeducatedpeopleremainunemployedorunderemployed,despitehavingformaleducation"，表明一些扩大教育体系的发展中国家出现了许多受过教育但失业或就业不足的人。三、阅读理解PartB（10分）Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersonANSWERSHEET2.Intheearly1960s,theAmericanpsychologistStanleyMilgramconductedaseriesofexperimentsthatdemonstratedhowreadilypeoplewouldobeyanauthorityfigurewhoinstructedthemtoperformactsthatconflictedwiththeirpersonalconscience.(17)Intheseexperiments,participantswereinstructedtoadministerelectricshockstoa"learner"wheneverthelearnermadeamistakeinaword-pairassociationtask.Theshockswerefake,buttheparticipantsbelievedtheywerereal.The"learner"wasactuallyanactorwhopretendedtobeinpainandexpresseddistressastheshocksincreasedinintensity.(18)Theparticipantswereledtobelievethattheshockscouldbeextremelypainful,evenlethal,buttheywereinstructedtocontinueregardlessofthelearner'sprotests.Milgramfoundthatasurprisinglyhighpercentageofparticipants—about65percent—werewillingtocontinueadministeringshocksevenwhenthe"learner"wasapparentlyinextremepainandbeggingtostop.(19)Thisfindingchallengedthecommonbeliefthatpeoplearenaturallyresistanttoauthorityandwillrefusetoobeycommandsthatconflictwiththeirmoralprinciples.Milgram'sexperimentsraisedimportantquestionsaboutthenatureofhumanobedienceandtheextenttowhichpeoplewillgotoobeyauthorityfigures.Milgram'sresearchhasbeenbothinfluentialandcontroversial.(20)Ithasinfluencedfieldsasdiverseaspsychology,sociology,politicalscience,andevenbusinessethics.However,ithasalsobeencriticizedforitsethicalimplications,asitcauseddistresstotheparticipantsandpotentiallycouldhavehadmoreseriouspsychologicalconsequences.17.Intheseexperiments,participantswereinstructedtoadministerelectricshockstoa"learner"wheneverthelearnermadeamistakeinaword-pairassociationtask.18.Theparticipantswereledtobelievethattheshockscouldbeextremelypainful,evenlethal,buttheywereinstructedtocontinueregardlessofthelearner'sprotests.19.Thisfindingchallengedthecommonbeliefthatpeoplearenaturallyresistanttoauthorityandwillrefusetoobeycommandsthatconflictwiththeirmoralprinciples.20.Ithasinfluencedfieldsasdiverseaspsychology,sociology,politicalscience,andevenbusinessethics.答案：17.在这些实验中，每当学习者在单词配对任务中犯错时，参与者就被指示给"学习者"施加电击。18.参与者被相信电击可能极其痛苦，甚至是致命的，但他们被指示继续进行，不管学习者如何抗议。19.这一发现挑战了人们的普遍信念，即人们天生就抗拒权威，并会拒绝违背其道德原则的命令。20.它已经影响了心理学、社会学、政治学，甚至商业伦理学等不同领域的学科。解析：17.此句需要准确传达实验的指令内容。"administerelectricshocks"译为"施加电击"，"word-pairassociationtask"译为"单词配对任务"。18.此句需要表达出参与者的认知和指令之间的矛盾。"ledtobelieve"译为"被相信"，"regardlessof"译为"不管"，"protests"译为"抗议"。19.此句需要传达出实验发现与普遍信念之间的冲突。"challenged"译为"挑战"，"resistanttoauthority"译为"抗拒权威"，"moralprinciples"译为"道德原则"。20.此句需要准确列举受影响的学科领域。"asdiverseas"译为"不同领域的"，"businessethics"译为"商业伦理学"。四、英译汉（10分）Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.WriteyouranswersonANSWERSHEET2.Thehumanbrainisaremarkableorgan.Itenablesustothink,feel,remember,andlearn.Itistheseatofourconsciousness,emotions,andpersonality.(21)Thebrainiscomposedofbillionsofnervecellscalledneurons,whichareinterconnectedincomplexwaystoformnetworksthatprocessinformation.Thesenetworksareconstantlychangingandadaptinginresponsetoourexperiences,aphenomenonknownasneuroplasticity.Neuroplasticityisthebrain'sabilitytoreorganizeitselfbyformingnewneuralconnectionsthroughoutlife.(22)Thisabilityallowsthebraintocompensateforinjuryanddisease,andtoadjusttonewsituations.Forexample,ifonepartofthebrainisdamaged,otherpartscansometimestakeoveritsfunctions.Thisiswhypeoplewhosufferfrombraininjuriescansometimesrecoverlostabilitiesthroughrehabilitationandtherapy.Understandingneuroplasticityhasimportantimplicationsforeducationandlearning.(23)Ifthebrainiscapableofchangingandadapting,theneducationalmethodsshouldalsobeflexibleandadaptabletodifferentlearners.Traditionalone-size-fits-allapproachesmaynotbeeffectiveforeveryone,astheydonottakeintoaccounttheindividualdifferencesinhowpeoplelearnandprocessinformation.(24)Researchhasshownthatneuroplasticityismostpronouncedduringchildhood,butitcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thismeansthatitisnevertoolatetolearnnewskillsorchangeoldhabits.(25)Theimplicationsofthisfindingareprofound:wehavethepowertoshapeourownbrainsand,byextension,ourownlives,throughourexperiencesandchoices.21.Thebrainiscomposedofbillionsofnervecellscalledneurons,whichareinterconnectedincomplexwaystoformnetworksthatprocessinformation.22.Thisabilityallowsthebraintocompensateforinjuryanddisease,andtoadjusttonewsituations.23.Ifthebrainiscapableofchangingandadapting,theneducationalmethodsshouldalsobeflexibleandadaptabletodifferentlearners.24.Researchhasshownthatneuroplasticityismostpronouncedduringchildhood,butitcontinuesthroughoutlife.25.Theimplicationsofthisfindingareprofound:wehavethepowertoshapeourownbrainsand,byextension,ourownlives,throughourexperiencesandchoices.答案：21.大脑由数十亿被称为神经元的神经细胞组成，这些神经元以复杂的方式相互连接，形成处理信息的网络。22.这种能力使大脑能够弥补损伤和疾病，并适应新的情况。23.如果大脑能够改变和适应，那么教育方法也应该对不同学习者灵活且可调整。24.研究表明，神经可塑性在儿童时期最为显著，但它会贯穿人的一生。25.这一发现的含义是深远的：我们有能力通过自己的经历和选择来塑造我们的大脑，并由此延伸，塑造我们自己的生活。解析：21.此句需要准确描述大脑的组成结构。"composedof"译为"由...组成"，"nervecellscalledneurons"译为"被称为神经元的神经细胞"，"interconnected"译为"相互连接"，"networksthatprocessinformation"译为"处理信息的网络"。22.此句需要表达大脑的补偿和适应能力。"compensatefor"译为"弥补"，"adjustto"译为"适应"。23.此句需要表达大脑可塑性与教育方法的关系。"flexibleandadaptable"译为"灵活且可调整"，"differentlearners"译为"不同学习者"。24.此句需要表达神经可塑性随年龄变化的特点。"mostpronounced"译为"最为显著"，"continuesthroughoutlife"译为"贯穿人的一生"。25.此句需要表达神经可塑性对个人生活的深远影响。"profound"译为"深远的"，"shapeourownbrains"译为"塑造我们的大脑"，"byextension"译为"由此延伸"。五、写作PartA（10分）Directions:Youshouldspendabout30minutesonthistask.Youhavetowritealettertoyouruniversity'saccommodationofficetocomplainabouttheconditionsofyourdormitory.Youshouldwriteatleast100words.答案：DearSir/Madam,Iamwritingtoexpressmydissatisfactionwiththeconditionsofmydormitory,Room302ofBuilding4.Asastudentwhohasbeenlivinghereforthreemonths,Ihaveencounteredseveralproblemsthatneedtobeaddressed.Firstly,theheatingsystemisnotworkingproperly.Duringtherecentcoldweather,thetemperatureinmyroomhasdroppedtobelow15degrees,makingitdifficulttoconcentrateonmystudies.Secondly,therearefrequentpoweroutages,whichdisruptmystudyscheduleandsometimescausedamagetomyelectronicdevices.Thirdly,thewaterpressureinthebathroomisextremelylow,makingshoweringanunpleasantexperience.Iwouldbegratefulifyoucouldlookintotheseissuesandtakeappropriatemeasurestoimprovethelivingconditionsinmydormitory.Ibelievethatacomfortablelivingenvironmentisessentialforstudents'academicperformance.Thankyouforyourattentiontothismatter.Ilookforwardtoyourpromptresponse.Y