配料设备外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

5-694.410BATCHINGEQUIPMENTCheckbatchingequipmentbeforetheoperationbegins.InspecttheequipmentandreviewtheprocedurestheProducer/Contractorwillfollowduringbatching.Thebatchingapparatusandprogressmustmeetspecificationrequirementsandproduceuniformhighqualityconcrete.ThefollowinginformationwillaidtheInspectorinevaluationoftheequipment.Thebatchingequipmentgenerallyconsistsofaweighhopperloadedfromoverheadbinsbygravity,thatdischargeseitherintothetruckbeloworontoabeltthatgoestothemixer.WeighthecementitiousmaterialsindependentlyofaggregateseitheronseparatescalesorinseparatecompartmentsThegatescontrollingcharginganddischargingoftheweighhoppermusttightlycloseandhaveoperatinginterlockswhenproducingconcrete.SeeFigureA5-694.410.Thechargingdeviceshallprovidethecapabilityofstoppingtheflowwithinthespecifiedweighingtoleranceandcontrollingtherateofflowofthematerial.Themannerofattachmentofvibrationequipmentorotheraidstochargingordischargingshallnotinterferewiththeaccuracyoftheweighing.FigureA5-694.410TheContractorshouldavoidoverloadingtheweighhopperorexceedingthescalecapacity.Thebatchesshallnotoverflowtheweighhopperorexceedthescalecapacity.Sufficientclearancemustexistabovebatchinghopperstopermitremovalofanyoverload.Whenfullybatchedintothehopper,thetopofthematerialmustnottouchthechargingbinabove.Cementweighhoppersmusthaveanaccessporttofacilitateinspectionoftheinterior.Theinstallationofthedustsealbetweenthestoragebinandtheweighinghoppermustnotaffecttheweighingaccuracy.Theweighhoppershallhaveaconedbottomandavibratortoensurecompletedischarge.Priortomixing,carefullyexaminethemixertoassurethatallrequirementsofSpecification2461.4C2regardingbladewear,drumspeed,timing,etc.aremet.Themixershallproduceconcreteatarateapplicabletothesizeofthepourandthetypeofoperation.Mixershavingcapacitiesof0.3m3(10ft3)ormorerequireautomatictimerssetinaccordancewithSpecification2461.4C2or2301.3Fpriortoanymixingoperations.FigureB5-694.410showsamixerdumpingaload.FigureB5-694.410Specification2461.4C2fstatesthatthemixingperiodbeginswhenthelastofthematerialsenterthemixerdrumandendswhenthedischargeofthebatchbegins.Pavingmixers,0.75m3(1yd3)orlarger,arerequiredtohaveamixingtimeof60seconds.Toattainthismixingtime,considerotherfactorssuchascharginganddischargingtimeinthetotaloperatingcycle.Specification2301.3F1statesthatwhenmixingoperationsarefirststartedonaproject,setthetimingdevicetoproduceanoperatingcycleof75secondsforsingledrumand55secondsfordualdrummixers.SeeFigureC5-694.410foranexampleofasingledrummixerandFigureD5-694.410foranexampleofadualdrummixer.Thisoperatingcycleisthetimeperiodbetweensuccessiveoccurrencesatsomefixedpointintheoperation,forexample,frombelltobell.Reducethecycletimeif,aftertheoperatingconstantsaredetermined,theInspectoriscertainthateachbatchwillhaveafull60secondsofmixingtimeduringtheoperatingcycle.Specialpointstoobserveregardingbatchingarethefollowing:•Forbothsingleanddual-drummixers,thewatershouldstartintothedruminadvanceofthesolidmaterialsanditshouldcontinuetoflowintothedrumuntilafterallofthesolidmaterialshaveentered.•Thedrummustemptyoftheprecedingbatchbeforethesolidmaterialsofanewbatchenterthedrum.•Fordual-drummixers,thefirstdrummustemptycompletelyandthetransferchutemustclosebeforethesolidmaterialsofanewbatchenterthedrum.Likewise,theseconddrummustemptyandthedischargechuteclosebeforethetransferofthefollowingbatchfromthefirstdrumbegins.•Thenumberofrevolutionsatmixingspeedshallnotexceed150.FigureC5-694.410FigureD5-694.4105-694.411TYPESOFBATCHINGEQUIPMENTBatchingequipmentisdesignatedasManual,Semi-Automatic,andAutomaticasdefinedbelow:A.ManualBatchingequipmentischargedbydevicesthatareactuatedmanually,withtheaccuracyoftheweighingoperationbeingdependentupontheoperator’svisualobservationofthescale.Thechargingdeviceisactuatedbyeitherhandorbypowerassists.TheweighingaccuracyshallcomplywithtolerancesperSpecification1901and2301.3F.B.Semi-AutomaticBatchingequipmentischargedbydevices,whichareseparatelyactuatedmanuallyforeachmaterialtoallowweighingofthematerial.Theyareactuatedautomaticallywhenreachingthedesignatedmass(weight)ofeachmaterial.TheweighingaccuracyshallcomplywithtolerancesperSpecification1901and2301.3F.C.AutomaticBatchingequipmentischargedbydeviceswhichwhenactuatedbyasinglestarterswitch,willautomaticallystarttheweighingoperationofallmaterialsconsecutivelyandstopautomaticallywhenreachingthedesignatedmass(weight)ofeachmaterial.AutomaticbatchingequipmentshallhavesuitabledeliveryinterlocksperSpecification1901&2301.3F.SeeFigureA5-694.411.FigureA5-694.4115-694.412REQUIREMENTSFORPAVINGBATCHINGEQUIPMENTBatchingequipmentusedinconjunctionwithpavingoperationshavefurtherrequirementsinadditiontothosespecifiedforothertypesofconcretingoperations.TheContractorshallprovide:•Computerizedbatchingisrequired.•Acomputer-generatedbatchticketshowingthetargetandactualmasses(weights)ofallcomponents.Thisshallserveasthematerialsrecorderalongwithcementitiouscut-offs.•Thewateraddedtothemixbyanelectronicmeter,approvedbytheEngineer,whichrecordstheamountoftotalwater,includingtemperwater,aspartofeachbatchticket.CONCRETEPLANTSAconcreteplantisafactory.Theproductmanufacturedisuniformfreshconcrete.Itisessentialthattherebeanuninterruptedflowoftheconcretefromtheplanttotheconstructionsite.Thiswillprovideconcreteuniformityandwillfacilitateahighqualityconstruction.Thefollowingarerequiredforconcretetoflowuninterruptedtotheconstructionsiteandformaterialstobeuniformfrombatchtobatch:1Asitelargeenoughtostorematerialsforcontinuousoperations.2Alayoutthatpermitsallconstructionanddeliverytraffictoflowfreelyinandoutoftheplantsite.3Equipmentthatiskeptingoodoperatingcondition.4Competentplantandequipmentoperatorswhoarewellsupervised.5Storageandhandlingproceduresforallmaterials.6Goodcommunicationsbetweentheconcreteplantandtheplacingoperation.DOTinspectorsandcontractorpersonnelwhowilltaketheinitiativetoanticipateaproblemandmaketheefforttodetermineasolutionbeforetheproblemcausesaslowdownorstoppageofconcreteproduction.Thekeytoqualityanduniformityisusingproperproportioning,consistencyandaqualitycontrolprogram.Allmaterialsmustbemeasuredaccurately.Theword“batch”meanseithertheassemblyormixtureofalltheingredientsusedinoneconcretemixingoperation.Forexample,onetruckmixerloadoroneplantmixercycleinacentralmixpavingplantisabatch.Itisimportanttoproportioneachbatchofmaterialstoobtainstrengthanddurability.Theproportionsofaggregatehaveconsiderableeffectontheworkabilityofthefreshor“plastic”concrete.Anyerrormadeinmeasuringthesematerialswillalsocauseavariationinstrength.Controlthemeasurementofmaterialswithinnarrowlimits.Althoughtherearemanykinds,shapes,andsizesofconcreteplants,theyallareoftwogeneraltypes:BatchingPlantsandMixingPlants.NONCOMPUTERIZEDBATCHINGPLANTINSPECTIONAbatchingplantmeasuresthematerialsneededfora“batchofconcrete.”Abatchistheamountofmaterialthatistobemixedatonetime.Themixingisdoneinoneofthreeplaces:atthebatchingsite,onthewaytothejobsite,oratthejobsite.Aconcretemixisproportionednotonlytomeettherequirementsofstrength,durability,andworkability,butalsotoproduceacertainvolumeofconcrete.Thepurposeofbatchingequipmentistometerthequantityofeachmaterialintothemixersothatthecorrectvolumeofconcreteisproduced.Thoroughmixingofconcreteisaccomplishedwhenthematerialsarechargedintothemixerataboutthesametime.Thisispossiblebecauseofthepartialblendingofmaterials,whichoccursastheyenterthemixer.Beforethematerialscanbeputintothemixer,eachmustbemeasured.Thisisaccomplishedbydroppingmaterialfromthestoragebinintoaweighinghopper.Commonhoppers,calledcumulativebatchers,batchbyweightandarefrequentlyusedbyredi-mixedconcreteproducersforaggregates.Cementisnormallyweighedseparately.Thesecumulativebatchersweighmaterialsoneafteranotherinacommonweighthoppersuspendedfromasingleweightscale-leversystem.Multiplebatcherssizesrangefromonetotencubicyardsormore.Theycanbearrangedtohandle2,3,4ormoredifferentdetails.Figure6.1HoppersatBatchingPointFigure6.2ConveyorCarryingAggregatetoHopperThebatchingplantmustbeonalevel,solidbasetopreventthetwistingandbindingofparts.Thiswillcauseproblemswiththescales,whichinturnwillnotweighcorrectly.Concretefootingsmakethebestbase.Thecontractorcanuseotherbasesaslongastheplantissolidandremainslevel.Figure6.3DiagramofTwoTypesofHopperSystemsCONCRETEBASICSANDMATERIALSTORAGEANDHANDLINGCOMPONENTSOFCONCRETEFigure2.1ConcreteComponentsMixingcement,water,andaggregate(Figure2.1)makePortlandCementConcrete.Byweight,mostconcreteismadeupofabout15%cement,7%water,and78%aggregate.Thecementandwaterforma“gluelike”paste.Thepastemustbespreadevenlyovereverypiceofaggregate.Throughachemicalreactioncalled“hydration,”thepastehardensandbindstheaggregates.Byaddingasmallamountofair,stronganddurableconcreteisproduced.Inmanycases,ifnotmost,practicesresultinginproductionandplacementofhighqualityconcretecanbeperformedaseconomicallyasthoseresultinginpoorconcrete.Abasicrequirementinallconcretehandlingisthatbothqualityanduniformityoftheconcrete,intermsofwater-cementratio,slump,aircontentandhomogeneity,mustbepreserved.CementCementholdstheaggregatestogether(750).Italsodeterminesthestrengthoftheconcrete.AsimplerecipeforPortlandcementcouldbeasfollows:takeonecupofcrushedlimestone;addone-halfcupofclayorpulverizedshale;addapinchofsandstoneorironore;mixthoroughlyandgrindupfine.Thenrunthematerialthrougharotatingkilnatatemperaturefrom2600°Fto3000°Funtiltherawmaterialschangeintoclinkers;cooltheclinkers;addonetablespoonofgypsumandgrindveryfineintoPortlandcement.Animportantprincipletorememberaboutthecement-makingprocessisthedehydration(dryingout)ofthematerialsbyusingintenseheat.Whenthecementislatermixedwithwater,theprocessreversestohydration(combiningwithwater)andthecement-waterpastewillbecomehardasrock.Ona70°Fday,thefirstphaseofthehydratingprocess(calledtheinitialset)willoccurinoneormorehours.Ifthetemperatureismorethan70°Fthehydrationwilloccuratafasterrate,andifthetemperatureislowerthan70°Fitwilloccurataslowerrate.Departmentspecificationscallforauniformrateofconcretedelivery.Differenttypesofcementcanbeproducedforvarioususes:•TypeIisageneral-purposecement.•TypeIIcementisaPortlandCementthatisusedwhenmoderatesulfateresistanceormoderateheatofhydrationisdesired.•TypeIIIisa“highearlystrength”cementusedwhenrapidstrengthisneeded.Aboutthesamestrengthisachievedin7daysasin28dayswithTypeIcement.•TypeIVisaslowersettingcementandisusedforlowheatduringhydration.•TypeVisahighsulfateresistantcement.NotesCementproducersarefurnishingTypeI-IIcementthatmaybeusedinlieuofeitherTypeIorTypeIIcement.AlwayscheckthePLANSandSPECIFICATIONSforeachprojectforthecorrectcementtype.Either“hundredweight”or“bags”canrefertothequantityofcement.Hundredweightiswrittenusingitsabbreviation,“cwt.,”andstandsforaquantityof100pounds.Byusinghundredweightinsteadofpounds,thenumbersthatarerecordedaresmaller.Whenthecontractorneedsonlyasmallquantityofcement,itismoreconvenientforhimtohavethecementdeliveredinbags.Eachbagofcementweights94pounds.NotesCwt.means100pounds.Onebagweighs94pounds.WaterThewaterusedinmakingconcreteshouldbefreeofoil,acid,injuriousalkali,sugar,vegetablematter,effluentfromasewagedisposalplant,andothersubstancesdetrimentaltothefinishedproduct(790).TheCentralOfficeofMaterialsandSurfacingrunapHtesttofindoutifthewatercanbeusedforconcrete.Theyalsotestthewaterfordissolvedandsuspendedsolidmaterialtoseeifthesesolidswouldbeharmfultotheconcrete.AggregatesAggregatesoccupymostofthespaceinconcrete.Aggregatescancomefromawiderangeofmaterialbutareusuallyconfinedto:•NaturalSand•CrushedGravel-onlyusedinM6concrete•CrushedRockorQuarryStone•ExpandedShale(lightweightaggregate)Theseaggregatesfallintotwosizeclasses-Fine(800)andCoarse(820).TheFineAggregate(commonlycalledsand)ismateriallessthan3/8inchinsize.TheCoarseAggregate(commonlycalledrock)isthemateriallargerthanNumber4sieve.AggregateGradingToendupwithasmuchaggregateinaconcretemixaspossible,itisnecessarytoseparatethepiecesofrockintodifferentsizesandblendthembacktogether.Thisiscalledgradingandisusuallyexpressedintermsofpercentageslargerorsmallerthaneachofaseriesofsieves.Itisbestforthesepiecesofrocktobecubicalorrounded.

5-694.410配料设备开始操作之前要检查配料设备。配料过程中要视查设备并且审查生产者/承包商所遵循的程序流程。配料仪器和进度必须符合规范的要求并能生产出统一的高品质混凝土。以下信息将有助于督察者对仪器做出评估。配料设备通常由一个称量斗所组成，称量斗通过重力由顶仓装载进入，这样混合料或者卸到下方的卡车里，或者被卸到通向搅拌机的皮带上。在单独的空间上或者划分的区域内独立的称出总量中胶结材料的重量。当生产混凝土时，控制称量斗装料和卸料的斗门必须紧紧地关闭同时有可操作的互锁机构。如图A5-694.410.在规定的称量公差内装料设备具有阻止流动的能力，同时能够控制材料的流动速率。振动设备附件类型或者装卸料的其它途径不得干涉称量的精度。图A5-694.410承包商应该避免称量斗的过载以及天平量程的超额。每批所配的量不得溢出称量斗，也不得超出天平量程。配料斗上方必须留有足够的间隙从而允许超出的混合料的移除。当料斗完全配料后，物料的顶部不得触碰到上方的进料仓。水泥称量斗必须有一个接入端口从而便于仪器内部的检查。储料仓和称量斗之间防尘环的安装不得影响称量准确度。称量斗必须有一个锥形底部和一个振动器从而保证彻底卸料。在搅拌之前，考虑到叶片磨损，滚筒速度，定时等情况因此要严格检查搅拌器从而保证2461.4C2型号的所有要求都能满足。搅拌器将根据倾泄尺寸以及操纵方式以一定的速率生产混凝土。生产量为0.3m3(10ft3)或者更多的搅拌器在任何搅拌操作之前要求自动定时器的设置与2461.4C2或者2301.3F型号的规格相一致。图B5-694.410是一个搅拌器倾泄物料的过程。图B5-694.4102461.4C2f规格型号表明搅拌过程开始于最后一滴物料进入搅拌滚筒，结束于每批物料开始卸载。0.75m3(1yd3)或者更大型的路面搅拌器要求有60秒的搅拌时间。为了获得这个搅拌时间，将譬如装料卸料时间这些影响因素考虑在总的操作循环中。2301.3F1规格型号表明在一个工程项目中第一次进行搅拌操作时对于单滚筒调节定时设备产生75秒的工作循环，对于双滚筒搅拌器调成55秒的工作循环周期。图C5-694.410是一个单滚筒搅拌器的实例，图D5-694.410是一个双滚筒搅拌器的实例。这个操作循环是工作中一些固定点发生的连续事件间的时间段。例如，从料钟到料钟的时间段。如果减少循环时间，那么操作常数确定后，审查人员就可以确定在操作循环周期内每批都能有完整的60秒搅拌时间。关于配料需要遵守的特定指南如下：对于单滚筒和双滚筒搅拌器，水需要在液态物料之前启动供入滚筒，同时它要持续进入滚筒直到所有的液态物料完全进入。在新一批的液态物料进入滚筒之前，滚筒内不残留有上一批的物料。对于双滚筒搅拌器，在新一批液态物料进入滚筒之前第一个滚筒必须完全清空同时运输槽必须关闭。同样的，第一个滚筒开始运行后下一批物料输送之前第二个滚筒必须清空同时卸料槽必须关闭。根据搅拌速度确定的旋转次数不得超过150.图C5-694.410图D5-694.4105-694.411配料设备的类型配料设备按如下界定设计有手动地，半自动化以及自动化型。手动型配料设备是由人工驱动的设备来装料的，称量操作的精度取决于操作者在一定范围内的视觉观察。装料设备要么由人工要么由辅助动力驱动。称量精度遵守1901和2301.3F规格的公差。半自动化配料设备由机器来装料，对于每种物料都由人力独立来驱动从而允许物料的称量。当达到每种物料特定的最大量时设备将通过自动化驱动。称量的精度将遵守每种1901和2301.3F规格的公差。自动化配料设备由机器驱动，当由单个启动开关驱动时这个机器将连续的自动启动所有物料的称量操作，同时当快达到每种物料特定的最大量时机器将自动停转。对于每种规格的1901和2301.3F，自动配料设备都会有合适的输送互锁机制。如图A5-694.411。图A5-694.4115-694.412路面配料设备的要求和铺路操作连系的配料设备除了要有特定类型的混凝土操纵外还得有进一步的要求。承包商需要提供：电子计算机控制的计量设备。由计算机产生的整批票据显示最终目标和所有部件的实际总重量。它们随着胶结的界限的生成充当材料记录器。由电子计量加到搅拌物中的水需要由工程师审核，工程师需要记录水的总量，包括储备水，从而作为整批票据的一部分。混泥土搅拌厂一台混凝土设备就是一座搅拌工厂，规模生产的产品是统一的新浇混凝土。从设备现场到建筑工地混凝土的流速有必要是连续的。这将会使提供的混凝土均匀而且有利于提高施工质量。以下是对于混凝土流向施工现场的连续性以及每批材料始终如一的要求：对于连续操作要有一个足够大的场地来储存物料。要有一个合理的布局使得对于进出工厂的建设与输送交通便利。保管的设备具有好的工作状态。优良的工厂以及受过良好培训的设备操纵员。所有物料的储存以及操作流程。铺设操作和混凝土工厂的合理匹配。在因为问题使得混凝土产量产生下滑或者怠工前审查者和承包商要带头积极参加并作出努力找出途径解决问题。获得好的质量以及均与性的关键是使用合适的比例，一致性以及程序质量的控制。所有物料都必须精确测量。“批次”意味着一次混凝土搅拌操作中所使用的全部成分的集合或者混合。例如，一辆混凝土搅拌车装载或者在中心地带搅拌铺路厂的场内搅拌机就是一个批次。物料的每个批次的比例对于获得强度以及耐久性是很重要的。骨料的比例对于新浇混凝土或者塑性混凝土的施工性能有很大影响。在对这些物料的测量上的任何误差都会对强度产生影响。对物料的测量误差应该控制在较小范围内。尽管有许多不同种类，形状以及尺寸的混凝土搅拌厂，它们都具有两大部分：配料设备和搅拌设备。非电子计算机控制的分批配料设备的审查一台分批配料设备需要批次混凝土来测量物料。一个批次就是每次混合搅拌的物料的量。混合料被输送到三个地方之一：配料区