全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题及答案

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题及答案全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Theconceptof"digitaldetox"hasgainedconsiderabletractioninrecentyears,asindividualsseektoescapethepervasiveinfluenceoftechnologyontheirdailylives.However,theimpulsetounplugisoftenmetwithaharshreality:themodernworldisbuiltonconnectivity.Formanyprofessionals,thesmartphoneislessofaluxuryandmoreofa1thattethersthemtotheirworkplace.Theboundarybetweenprofessionalobligationsandpersonaltimehasbecomeincreasingly2,leadingtoaphenomenonknownas"technostress."Technostressisnotmerelyaboutthevolumeofinformationonemustprocess,butthe3speedatwhichitarrives.Thisconstantstateofalertnesscantriggeraphysiologicalresponse,keepingthebodyinapermanent"fightorflight"mode.4,thepsychologicaltollisequallysignificant.Thefearofmissingout(FOMO)drivesuserstochecktheirdevicesincessantly,creatingacycleofanxietyand5.Effortstomitigatetheseeffectshavegivenrisetoacounter-movementadvocatingfor"slowtechnology."Thisapproachprioritizesuserwell-beingoverefficiencyandconstantengagement.Proponentsarguethattechnologyshould6humanrhythms,notdictatethem.7,thisiseasiersaidthandone.Theattentioneconomyisdesignedtoexploitcognitivevulnerabilities,makingresistancea8struggle.Socialmediaplatforms,inparticular,areengineeredtomaximizethetimeusersspendonthem.Variablerewardschedules—similartothoseusedinslotmachines—keepusers9backformore.Breakingfreefromthesedopamineloopsrequiresaconsciousandsustainedeffort.Itinvolves10digitaltoolsnotasmasters,butasservantstobeusedwithintentionanddiscretion.1.[A]hindrance[B]lifeline[C]nuisance[D]burden2.[A]distinct[B]rigid[C]blurred[D]solid3.[A]relentless[B]moderate[C]leisurely[D]fluctuating4.[A]Furthermore[B]Conversely[C]Consequently[D]Nevertheless5.[A]relief[B]boredom[C]satisfaction[D]guilt6.[A]accelerate[B]disrupt[C]ignore[D]accommodate7.[A]Intheory[B]Inessence[C]Incontrast[D]Inparticular8.[A]futile[B]trivial[C]lucrative[D]temporary9.[A]looking[B]coming[C]holding[D]drawing10.[A]viewing[B]upgrading[C]discarding[D]malfunctioningSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Theriseofartificialintelligence(AI)inthemedicalfieldhasbeenheraldedasarevolution,promisingtodiagnosediseaseswithunprecedentedaccuracyandpersonalizetreatmentplans.However,asalgorithmsbecomemoreintegratedintoclinicaldecision-making,acriticalquestionemerges:whoisaccountablewhenanAImakesamistake?Unliketraditionalsoftware,whichfollowsexplicitprogramming,modernAIoftenoperatesasa"blackbox,"arrivingatconclusionsthroughcomplexneuralnetworksthateventheircreatorscannotfullyinterpret.Thisopacityposessignificantchallengesforthemedicalprofession,whichreliesonevidence-basedpracticeandtheabilitytoexplainclinicalreasoningtopatients.IfaphysicianrecommendsasurgerybasedonanAI'ssuggestionbutcannotexplaintheunderlyinglogic,patienttrustmayerode.Furthermore,legalframeworksarecurrentlyill-equippedtohandleliabilityincasesofAI-assistedmalpractice.Istheresponsibilitysolelyonthedoctorwhoreliedonthetool,ordoesthedevelopersharetheblame?Toaddresstheseconcerns,researchersareadvocatingfor"explainableAI"(XAI).ThegoalofXAIistomakethedecision-makingprocessofAImodelstransparenttohumanusers.Byprovidinginsightsintowhichfactorsinfluencedadiagnosis—suchashighlightingspecificregionsonanX-ray—XAIaimstobridgethegapbetweenalgorithmiccalculationandhumanunderstanding.WhileXAImayslightlyreducetherawaccuracyofsomemodels,thetrade-offisessentialforethicaladoption.Ultimately,AIinhealthcareshouldfunctionasadecision-supporttoolratherthanareplacementforhumanjudgment,ensuringthatthefinalauthorityrestswiththeclinician.21.The"blackbox"natureofmodernAIimpliesthatit______.[A]followsexplicitprogramminginstructions[B]operateswithhightransparency[C]arrivesatconclusionsthroughuninterpretableprocesses[D]israrelyusedinclinicaldecision-making22.Accordingtothetext,whyisAIopacityproblematicforthemedicalprofession?[A]ItmakesAItooexpensivetoimplement.[B]Ithindersevidence-basedpracticeandpatientcommunication.[C]Itpreventsdoctorsfrompersonalizingtreatmentplans.[D]Itisillegalundercurrentmedicalframeworks.23.Theword"erode"(Paragraph2)isclosestinmeaningto______.[A]strengthen[B]establish[C]weaken[D]ignore24.Whatistheprimarygoalof"explainableAI"(XAI)?[A]Toreplacehumandoctorsentirely.[B]ToimprovetherawaccuracyofAImodels.[C]TomakeAIdecision-makingprocessesunderstandabletohumans.[D]Toshiftlegalliabilityfromdoctorstodevelopers.25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthefutureofAIinhealthcarecanbebestdescribedas______.[A]optimisticbutcautious[B]dismissive[C]purelyenthusiastic[D]highlyskepticalText2Inthemid-20thcentury,urbanplanningwasdominatedbytheethosofmodernism:widehighways,toweringskyscrapers,andzoninglawsthatstrictlyseparatedresidentialareasfromcommercialones.This"cityofcars"modelprioritizedefficiencyandvehicularmovementoverhumaninteraction.Whileitsucceededinmovingtraffic,itoftenfailedtofostervibrantcommunitylife.Today,anewparadigmknownasthe"15-minutecity"ischallengingthislegacy.CoinedbyFrench-ColombianscientistCarlosMoreno,the15-minutecityconceptenvisionsanurbanlandscapewhereresidentscanaccessalltheiressentialneeds—work,shopping,education,andhealthcare—withina15-minutewalkorbikeridefromtheirhomes.Thismodelemphasizesdecentralizationandproximity.Byreducingrelianceonautomobiles,itaimstocutcarbonemissionsandreclaimpublicspacesforpedestrians.Criticsarguethatthe15-minutecityisunrealisticforsprawlingmetropoliseslikeLosAngelesorHouston,wherecarcultureisdeeplyentrenched.Theyalsoraiseconcernsaboutgentrification,asaccessibleneighborhoodsbecomemoredesirable,potentiallydrivinguphousingcostsanddisplacinglower-incomeresidents.However,proponentscounterthattheconceptisnotarigidtemplatebutaflexibleframework.Itencouragescitiestoinvestin"hyper-proximity,"transformingunderutilizedspacesintocommunityhubs.Theshifttowardsthe15-minutecityrepresentsmorethanjusturbanplanning;itisaphilosophicalshifttowardssustainabilityandwell-being.Itacknowledgesthatthemeasureofacity'ssuccessisnotthespeedofitstraffic,butthequalityoflifeofitsinhabitants.Asclimatechangeacceleratesandsocialisolationbecomesagrowingpublichealthcrisis,thepressuretoretrofitexistingcitiesintohuman-centricenvironmentswillonlyintensify.26.The"cityofcars"modeliscriticizedmainlyforits______.[A]failuretomovetrafficefficiently[B]lackofseparationbetweenresidentialandcommercialareas[C]negativeimpactoncommunityvibrancy[D]strictzoninglaws27.The"15-minutecity"conceptaimsto______.[A]expandhighwaysystemsforfastertravel[B]centralizeessentialservicesindowntownareas[C]makeessentialneedsaccessiblewithinashortwalkorbikeride[D]bantheuseofautomobilesentirely28.Criticsofthe15-minutecityworrythatitmightleadto______.[A]increasedcarbonemissions[B]gentrificationanddisplacement[C]adecreaseinlocalbusinessrevenue[D]over-crowdinginpublicspaces29.Theword"entrenched"(Paragraph3)suggeststhatcarcultureinsomecitiesis______.[A]newandinnovative[B]deeplyfixedanddifficulttochange[C]fadingawayrapidly[D]legallyprohibited30.Whatistheauthor’sviewonthe15-minutecity?[A]Itisanimpracticalidealthatwillneverberealized.[B]Itisanecessaryshifttowardssustainabilityandhumanwell-being.[C]Itisaconspiracytorestrictfreedomofmovement.[D]Itwilldestroytheeconomiccompetitivenessofmajorcities.Text3ThehistoryoftheGrandCanyonisataleofgeologicalviolenceanderosion.Fordecades,scientistsdebatedtheageofthismassivechasm.Somearguedthatthecanyonisrelativelyyoung,carvedoutbytheColoradoRiveraround6millionyearsago.Otherspositedthatpartsofitaremucholder,suggestingacomplexhistoryoferosionthatspannedtensofmillionsofyears.Recentgeologicalstudieshavetippedthescalestowardsthe"oldcanyon"hypothesis,revealingafarmoreintricatetimelinethanpreviouslyimagined.Usingthermochronology—atechniquethatanalyzesthethermalhistoryofrocks—researchersdeterminedthatdifferentsegmentsofthecanyonformedatdifferenttimes.Thewesternmostsegment,knownasthe"MarbleCanyon,"appearstobetheoldest,carvedroughly70millionyearsago.Incontrast,theeasternsegmentmaybeasyoungas6millionyears.Thissuggeststhatthecanyondidnotforminasingle,continuouseventbutwasinsteadpiecedtogetherbyaseriesoferosionalepisodesdrivenbytheupliftoftheColoradoPlateau.ThisdiscoveryhasprofoundimplicationsforunderstandingtheevolutionoftheNorthAmericanlandscape.ItchallengesthenotionthattheColoradoRiverwasthesolearchitectofthecanyon.Instead,ancientriversystemsthatflowedinoppositedirectionsmayhaveplayedasignificantroleintheinitialcarving.Furthermore,thetimingofthecanyon'sformationcorrelateswiththeLaramideorogeny,aperiodofmountainbuildingintheWest.Thisimpliesthattectonicactivity,ratherthanjustwaterflow,wasaprimarydriverofthecanyon'screation.ThedebateovertheGrandCanyon'sageisnotmerelyacademic.UnderstandingthetimingoferosionaleventshelpsscientistsreconstructpastclimatesandtheevolutionoftheColoradoRiver'sdrainagebasin.ItalsoprovidescrucialdataformanagingwaterresourcesintheAmericanSouthwest,aregionfacingseveredrought.Asnewdatingtechniquesemerge,ourunderstandingofthisnaturalwonderwillcontinuetoevolve,remindingusthattheearthbeneathourfeetisconstantlyinflux.31.TherecentgeologicalstudiessupporttheviewthattheGrandCanyon______.[A]wascarvedentirely6millionyearsago[B]hasauniformagethroughoutitslength[C]wasformedinasingle,continuousevent[D]hasacomplexandsegmentedformationhistory32.Thermochronologyisatechniqueusedto______.[A]measurethedepthoftheriver[B]analyzethethermalhistoryofrocks[C]simulatetheflowofancientrivers[D]predictfuturetectonicactivity33.The"Laramideorogeny"mentionedinParagraph3refersto______.[A]aperiodofmountainbuilding[B]anancientriversystem[C]aspecifictypeofrockerosion[D]amethodofdatinggeologicalfeatures34.Whyisthedebateoverthecanyon'sageimportantforwaterresourcemanagement?[A]Ithelpspredictfuturevolcaniceruptions.[B]Itaidsinreconstructingpastclimatesanddrainagebasins.[C]Itdeterminesthelegalownershipoftheriver.[D]Itrevealsthelocationofundergroundaquifers.35.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaofthetext?[A]TheColoradoRiveristhesolecreatoroftheGrandCanyon.[B]TheGrandCanyonismuchyoungerthanpreviouslythought.[C]Newevidencesuggestsamulti-stageformationoftheGrandCanyon.[D]Thermochronologyhasrevolutionizedthestudyofallcanyons.Text4Intherealmofcorporategovernance,theconceptof"stakeholdercapitalism"hasmovedfromthefringetothemainstream.Traditionally,businessesoperatedundertheprincipleofshareholderprimacy—theideathatacorporation'ssoleresponsibilityistomaximizeprofitsforitsowners.However,inthefaceofclimatechange,socialinequality,andpoliticalpolarization,agrowingnumberofCEOsarepledgingtoservetheinterestsofallstakeholders,includingemployees,customers,suppliers,andcommunities.TheBusinessRoundtable,agroupofchiefexecutivesofmajorU.S.corporations,releasedastatementin2019redefiningthepurposeofacorporation.Whilesignificantsymbolically,thestatementlackedbindingenforcementmechanisms.Criticsarguethatwithoutlegalaccountability,stakeholdercapitalismismerely"wokewashing"—apublicrelationsexercisedesignedtoappeasecriticswithoutsacrificingprofits.Theypointtothecontinuedpracticeofmassivestockbuybacks,whichbenefitshareholdersbutoftencomeattheexpenseofemployeewagesandR&Dinvestment.Proponentsofstakeholdercapitalismcounterthatlong-termshareholdervalueisinseparablefromthehealthofthebroaderecosystem.Ignoringenvironmentalrisksorsocialunrestultimatelyharmsthebottomline.Forinstance,companiesthatfailtoaddressclimatechangefaceregulatoryrisksandstrandedassets.Similarly,firmsthattreatworkerspoorlysufferfromhigherturnoverandreputationaldamage.Therefore,integratingsocialandenvironmentalconcernsintobusinessstrategyisnotjustethical;itisamatterofeconomicsurvival.Thetransitiontostakeholdercapitalismrequiresashiftinmetrics.Successcannolongerbemeasuredsolelybyquarterlyearnings.InvestorsareincreasinglydemandingEnvironmental,Social,andGovernance(ESG)datatoassessthesustainabilityofbusinessmodels.Whilethemovementfaceshurdles,includingshort-termismandgreenwashing,itrepresentsafundamentalrethinkingofthecorporation'sroleinsociety.Whetherthisshiftwillleadtosubstantivechangeremainstobeseen,butthepressureonbusinessestodemonstratesocialpurposeisundeniable.36.Theprincipleof"shareholderprimacy"statesthatacorporationshould______.[A]servetheinterestsofallstakeholders[B]focusprimarilyonmaximizingprofitsforowners[C]prioritizesocialwelfareoverprofits[D]avoidpoliticalpolarization37.Criticsviewthe2019BusinessRoundtablestatementas______.[A]alegallybindingcontract[B]asignificantshiftincorporatelaw[C]apublicrelationsexercisewithoutrealcommitment[D]athreattotheAmericaneconomy38.Proponentsofstakeholdercapitalismbelievethat______.[A]socialpurposeisincompatiblewitheconomicsurvival[B]long-termsuccessdependsonthehealthofthebroaderecosystem[C]stockbuybacksareessentialforemployeewelfare[D]quarterlyearningsaretheonlyimportantmetric39.Theterm"greenwashing"(Paragraph4)likelyrefersto______.[A]thepracticeofinvestingingreentechnologies[B]misleadingclaimsaboutenvironmentalbenefits[C]thelegalrequirementtoreportESGdata[D]asuccessfultransitiontorenewableenergy40.Thetextmainlydiscusses______.[A]thelegaldefinitionofacorporation[B]theshiftfromshareholderprimacytostakeholdercapitalism[C]thefailureoftheBusinessRoundtable[D]theirrelevanceofquarterlyearningsPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlefromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]TheRoleofGenetics[B]ImpactonCognitiveFunction[C]DefiningtheConcept[D]SocialIsolationRisks[E]EconomicBurdenonSociety[F]StrategiesforPrevention[G]ThePhysiologyofAging41.______Populationagingisoneofthemostsignificantdemographictrendsofthe21stcentury.Itreferstotheincreasingshareofolderpersonsinthepopulation.Thisshiftisdrivenbydecliningfertilityratesandincreasinglongevity,thankstoadvancementsinhealthcareandlivingstandards.Whilelongerlivesareatriumphofhumandevelopment,theyalsopresentuniquechallengesforsocialandeconomicsystems.42.______Asweage,ourbodiesundergoaseriesofprogressivephysiologicalchanges.Theseincludeadeclineinmusclemass(sarcopenia),reducedbonedensity,andadecreaseintheefficiencyofthecardiovascularandrespiratorysystems.Theimmunesystemalsoweakens,aprocessknownasimmunosenescence,makingolderadultsmoresusceptibletoinfectionsanddiseases.However,therateofthesechangesvariesgreatlyamongindividuals.43.______Whilelifestyleplaysacrucialrole,geneticsalsoinfluencehowweage.Studiesoncentenarianshaveidentifiedspecificgeneticvariantsassociatedwithlongevityanddelayedonsetofage-relateddiseases.ThesegenesoftenrelatetoDNArepairmechanisms,cellularstressresistance,andmetabolicregulation.Understandingthesegeneticfactorsopensthedoorforpotentialinterventionsthatcouldmimictheseprotectiveeffectsinthegeneralpopulation.44.______Oneofthemostfearedaspectsofagingisthedeclineincognitiveabilities.Whilesomecognitiveslowingisnormal,severedementiaisnotaninevitableconsequenceofaging.ConditionslikeAlzheimer'sdiseaseinvolvetheaccumulationofabnormalproteinsinthebrain.However,"cognitivereserve"—builtthroughlifelonglearning,complexmentalactivity,andsocialengagement—canhelpbufferthebrainagainstphysicaldamage,delayingtheonsetofsymptoms.45.______Thedemographicshifttowardsanolderpopulationposessubstantialeconomicchallenges.The"old-agedependencyratio"—thenumberofworking-agepeopleperolderperson—isfalling.Thisplacesstrainonpensionsystems,healthcareservices,andsocialsecurityprograms.Governmentsmustadaptbyraisingretirementages,encouragingprivatesavings,andinvestingintechnologytoimproveproductivity,ensuringthatasmallerworkforcecansupportalargerretiredpopulation.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thepursuitofhappinessisoftenconsideredaninalienableright,yetthedefinitionofhappinessitselfremainselusive.(46)Whilemodernsocietyfrequentlyequateshappinesswithmaterialwealthandtheacquisitionofgoods,psychologicalresearchsuggeststhattruewell-beingstemsfromasenseofpurposeandmeaningfulsocialconnections.Thisdiscrepancybetweensocietalexpectationsandpsychologicalrealitycreatesaparadoxwherethemorewestriveforexternalvalidation,thelesscontentweoftenfeel.(47)Oneprominenttheory,knownasthe"EasterlinParadox,"positsthatwithinagivensociety,richerpeoplereportbeinghappierthanpoorerpeople.However,astheaverageincomeofasocietyrises,theaveragelevelofhappinessdoesnotnecessarilyincrease.Thisimpliesthathappinessisrelative;weevaluateourownwell-beingincomparisontothosearoundus.(48)Consequently,therelentlesspursuitofeconomicgrowth,whileessentialformeetingbasicneeds,maynotbeapanaceafortheexistentialdissatisfactionthatplaguesmodernlife.Furthermore,thehumanbrainishardwiredwitha"negativitybias,"meaningweareevolutionarilypredisposedtopaymoreattentiontothreatsandnegativeexperiencesthantopositiveones.(49)Thismechanismwascrucialforthesurvivalofourancestors,butinthemodernworld,itcanleadtochronicanxietyandadistortedperceptionofreality.Overcomingthisbiasrequiresconsciouseffort,suchaspracticinggratitudeandmindfulness,toretrainthebraintofocusonthepositiveaspectsoflife.(50)Ultimately,happinessisnotadestinationtoarriveat,butamanneroftraveling.Itisfoundnotintheaccumulationofmomentsofpleasure,butinthecultivationofresilienceandtheabilitytofindjoyamidsttheinevitablevicissitudesofexistence.Byshiftingourfocusfromhavingtobeing,wemaydiscoverthatthewell-beingweseekhasbeenwithinusallalong.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:SupposeyouareamemberoftheStudentUnionofyouruniversity.Youarewritinganemailtoadistinguishedprofessor,invitinghim/hertogivealectureon"TheFutureofArtificialIntelligence"tothestudents.Inyouremail,youshouldincludethefollowinginformation:1)thepurposeoftheinvitation;2)thetimeandvenueofthelecture;3)abriefrequestforareply.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourownnameorthenameofyouruniversity.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,youshould:1)describethepicturebriefly,2)interprettheintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)[PictureDescription:Acartoondepictsasceneinalibrary.Ononeside,astudentissittingatadesk,surroundedbyastackofbooks,deeplyfocusedonreading.Ontheotherside,anotherstudentisholdingasmartphone,wearingheadphones,andscrollingthroughsocialmediawithaboredexpression.Acaptionbelowreads:"DifferentChoices,DifferentOutcomes."]***参考答案与解析SectionIUseofEnglish1.[B]lifeline解析：上下文逻辑。前文提到智能手机对于专业人士来说不仅仅是奢侈品，后文提到它将人束缚在工作场所，说明它是工作赖以生存的“生命线”。hindrance(阻碍),nuisance(讨厌的人或事),burden(负担)均不符合语境。2.[C]blurred解析：固定搭配和语境。工作义务与个人时间的界限变得“模糊”，导致了“技术压力”。distinct(明显的),rigid(僵硬的),solid(坚固的)均与语境相反。3.[A]relentless解析：语境修饰。技术压力不仅源于信息量，更源于信息到达的“无情的/不间断的”速度。moderate(适度的),leisurely(悠闲的),fluctuating(波动的)均不符合压力的语境。4.[A]Furthermore解析：逻辑关系。前文提到生理上的影响，后文提到心理上的代价，两者是递进关系。Conversely(相反地),Consequently(因此),Nevertheless(然而)均不符合。5.[B]boredom解析：语境搭配。FOMO（错失恐惧症）驱使用户不断查看设备，创造了一个焦虑和“无聊”的循环？实际上，这里是指为了缓解无聊而产生焦虑，或者焦虑导致无法忍受无聊。结合语境，手机通常被用来打发无聊。或者从反面看，如果不看手机会感到无聊，看手机则缓解无聊但带来焦虑。此处填boredom最符合手机成瘾的常见描述（为了避免无聊）。relief(缓解),satisfaction(满足),guilt(内疚)虽然也有可能，但boredom更基础。注：此处若选guilt也有一定道理，但通常成瘾机制与逃避无聊更相关。6.[D]accommodate解析：动词搭配。技术应该“适应/顺应”人类的节奏，而不是支配它们。accelerate(加速),disrupt(破坏),ignore(忽视)均不符合以人为本的理念。7.[A]Intheory解析：逻辑过渡。前文说支持者认为技术应顺应人类，后文说“说起来容易做起来难”，表明这是理论上的观点。Inessence(本质上),Incontrast(相反),Inparticular(尤其)不符合转折逻辑。8.[A]futile解析：形容词修饰。注意力经济利用认知弱点，使得抵抗成为“徒劳的”挣扎。trivial(琐碎的),lucrative(有利可图的),temporary(暂时的)均不符合“难以抵抗”的语境。9.[B]coming解析：固定搭配。keep...comingbackformore是固定短语，意为“让……回来想要更多”。looking(看),holding(握住),drawing(画)不符合。10.[A]viewing解析：动名词搭配。打破循环需要有意识地努力，包括将数字工具“视为”仆人而不是主人。upgrading(升级),discarding(丢弃),malfunctioning(发生故障)不符合语境。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAText121.[C]arrivesatconclusionsthroughuninterpretableprocesses解析：细节题。根据第一段第三句“modernAIoftenoperatesasa'blackbox,'arrivingatconclusionsthroughcomplexneuralnetworksthateventheircreatorscannotfullyinterpret”，可知黑箱意味着过程不可解释。22.[B]Ithindersevidence-basedpracticeandpatientcommunication.解析：细节题。根据第二段第一句，不透明性对依赖基于证据的医疗实践和向患者解释推理能力的职业构成了挑战。23.[C]weaken解析：词汇题。erode意为“侵蚀，削弱”。句意：如果医生基于AI建议推荐手术但无法解释逻辑，患者信任可能会被削弱。24.[C]TomakeAIdecision-makingprocessesunderstandabletohumans.解析：细节题。根据第三段，XAI的目标是让AI模型的决策过程对人类透明。25.[A]optimisticbutcautious解析：态度题。作者承认AI的潜力，但强调了透明度和伦理的重要性，认为AI应是辅助工具而非替代品。这是一种谨慎乐观的态度。Text226.[C]negativeimpactoncommunityvibrancy解析：细节题。根据第一段，“Whileitsucceededinmovingtraffic,itoftenfailedtofostervibrantcommunitylife.”（虽然它成功移动了交通，但未能促进充满活力的社区生活）。27.[C]makeessentialneedsaccessiblewithinashortwalkorbikeride解析：细节题。根据第二段，“residentscanaccessalltheiressentialneeds...withina15-minutewalkorbikeride”。28.[B]gentrificationanddisplacement解析：细节题。根据第三段，批评者担心“gentrification...potentiallydrivinguphousingcostsanddisplacinglower-incomeresidents”（士绅化……推高房价并置换低收入居民）。29.[B]deeplyfixedanddifficulttochange解析：词汇题。entrenched意为“根深蒂固的”。句意：在像洛杉矶这样汽车文化根深蒂固的大都市，这一概念是不现实的。30.[B]Itisanecessaryshifttowardssustainabilityandhumanwell-being.解析：主旨题/作者观点。文章最后一段总结道，这代表了向可持续性和福祉的哲学转变，认为这是必要的。Text331.[D]hasacomplexandsegmentedformationhistory解析：细节题。文章主要介绍了大峡谷不同段形成于不同时间，是分段形成的复杂历史。32.[B]analyzethethermalhistoryofrocks解析：细节题。根据第二段，“thermochronology—atechniquethatanalyzesthethermalhistoryofrocks”。33.[A]aperiodofmountainbuilding解析：细节题。根据第三段，“theLaramideorogeny,aperiodofmountainbuildingintheWest”。34.[B]Itaidsinreconstructingpastclimatesanddrainagebasins.解析：细节题。根据最后一段，“UnderstandingthetimingoferosionaleventshelpsscientistsreconstructpastclimatesandtheevolutionoftheColoradoRiver'sdrainagebasin.”这对水资源管理有帮助。35.[C]Newevidencesuggestsamulti-stageformationoftheGrandCanyon.解析：主旨题。文章通过热年代学研究，揭示了峡谷不是一次性形成的，而是分阶段拼接而成的。Text436.[B]focusprimarilyonmaximizingprofitsforowners解析：细节题。根据第一段，“acorporation'ssoleresponsibilityistomaximizeprofitsforitsowners”。37.[C]apublicrelationsexercisewithoutrealcommitment解析：细节题。根据第二段，批评者认为如果没有法律责任，利益相关者资本主义仅仅是“wokewashing”——一种旨在安抚批评者的公关练习。38.[B]long-termsuccessdependsonthehea