2025年GRE语文真题及答案解析

2025年GRE语文真题及答案解析

SECTION1

QuantitativeReasoningisnotincludedinthisverbalset.ThissectionconsistsofTextCompletion,SentenceEquivalence,andReadingComprehensionquestions.

1.Becausethearchaeologistshadfoundnoclearevidenceofpermanentsettlementatthesite,theyconcludedthattheprehistoricpeopleswhoutilizedtheareawerelikely______,movingfromplacetoplaceastheseasonsdictated.

A.agrarian

B.nomadic

C.sedentary

D.urban

E.itinerant

F.provincial

2.Thesenator’sspeechwasdeliberately______;sheavoidedtakingadefinitivestandonthecontroversialbill,preferringinsteadtousevaguelanguagethatcouldbeinterpretedinmultiplewaysbyherconstituents.

A.equivocal

B.pugnacious

C.didactic

D.ambiguous

E.lucid

F.bombastic

3.Whileearlycriticsofthenoveldismisseditsprotagonistasunsympatheticandone-dimensional,laterscholarshavecometoviewherasacomplexfigurewhose______actionsaredrivenbyaprofound,albeittwisted,senseofjustice.

A.altruistic

B.capricious

C.draconian

D.arbitrary

E.impetuous

F.vindictive

4.Theonce-robusttheoryofthe"healthbelt"hasbeguntolosecredibilityamongnutritionists,whopointoutthatthesupposedlongevityoftheregion'sinhabitantscouldbeattributedtofactorsotherthandiet,suchasgeneticsoraphysicallyactivelifestyle,thereby______thetheory'scentralpremise.

A.corroborating

B.undermining

C.substantiating

D.validating

E.weakening

F.bolstering

5.Eventhoughthedirector’spreviousfilmswereknownfortheirgrittyrealism,hislatestventureissurprisingly______,filledwithvibrantcolorsandanalmostwhimsicaldisregardforthelawsofphysics.

A.prosaic

B.surreal

C.mundane

D.quotidian

E.dreamlike

F.verisimilar

6.Themathematician’sproofwaselegantinitssimplicity,avoidingthe______calculationsthathadplaguedpreviousattemptstosolvethetheoremandinsteadrelyingonaconceptualbreakthrough.

A.labyrinthine

B.straightforward

C.convoluted

D.elementary

E.intricate

F.lucid

7.Theauthor’ssecondnovelismarkedbya______tonethatstandsinstarkcontrasttotheoptimismofherdebutwork;wherethefirstbookcelebratedthepossibilitiesofyouth,thesecondisasombermeditationonregretandloss.

A.buoyant

B.melancholic

C.sanguine

D.dolorous

E.ebullient

F.cynical

8.Fordecades,thechemicalindustryarguedthatthesafetyoftheirnewcompoundswas______untilprovenotherwise,astancethatenvironmentaladvocatessuccessfullychallengedwhennewlegislationreversedtheburdenofproof.

A.innocuous

B.deleterious

C.benign

D.toxic

E.harmless

F.noxious

9.Whilethemanager’sdecisiontolayofftenpercentoftheworkforcewasunpopular,itwasconsidered______bytheboardofdirectorsbecauseitsuccessfullyreturnedthecompanytoprofitabilityinlessthanayear.

A.vindicated

B.reprehensible

C.exonerated

D.condemned

E.justified

F.endorsed

10.Theprofessor’slectureswerenotoriously______;hewouldfrequentlywanderoffontangentsaboutobscurehistoricalfigures,leavingstudentsstrugglingtoconnecttheanecdotesbacktothemaintopic.

A.digressive

B.meandering

C.focused

D.discursive

E.linear

F.circuitous

Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Theconceptof"KeystoneSpecies,"introducedbyRobertPainein1969,revolutionizedthefieldofecologybyshiftingthefocusfrommerespeciesabundancetospeciesfunctionalimportance.Akeystonespeciesisonewhoseimpactonitscommunityorecosystemisdisproportionatelylargerelativetoitsabundance.Removingakeystonespeciesoftentriggersacascadeofecologicalchanges,leadingtoashiftinecosystemstructureandlossofdiversitythatisfarmoreseverethanwouldbepredictedbasedonthespecies'biomassalone.

Paine’soriginalworkfocusedonintertidalcommunities,whereheexperimentallyremovedthestarfishPisasterochraceus.Intheabsenceofthispredator,themusselMytiluscalifornianus,adominantcompetitorforspace,outcompetedotherinvertebratesandalgae,eventuallyformingamonoculture.Theresultwasadramaticdecreaseinspeciesdiversity.Thisexperimentdemonstratedthatthestarfish,thoughnotthemostnumerousorganismintheintertidalzone,wasessentialformaintainingbiodiversitybypreyingonthemusselsandpreventingcompetitiveexclusion.

However,theapplicationofthekeystoneconcepthasnotbeenwithoutcontroversy.Someecologistsarguethatthetermisappliedtooloosely,oftenconflating"dominantspecies"(whichareabundantandhavehighimpactduetonumbers)withtruekeystones(whichhavehighimpactduetoper-capitainteractionstrength).Furthermore,thekeystonestatusofaspeciescanbecontext-dependent;aspeciesmaybeakeystoneinoneenvironmentbutapassiveparticipantinanother.Despitethesedebates,thekeystoneconceptremainsapowerfulheuristicforconservationbiology.Itsuggeststhatconservationeffortsshouldprioritizespeciesthatplaycriticalrolesinecosystemstability,ratherthansimplyfocusingoncharismaticmegafaunaorthosethatareendangered.Protectingkeystonesisoftenseenasanefficientwaytopreservetheoverallintegrityandfunctionalityofanecosystem.

11.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.critiquetheexperimentalmethodsusedbyRobertPaineinhisstudyofintertidalzones.

B.explaintheconceptofkeystonespeciesanditssignificanceinecologicaltheoryandconservation.

C.arguethatdominantspeciesaremoreimportantthankeystonespeciesformaintainingbiodiversity.

D.describethespecificbiologicalinteractionsbetweenstarfishandmusselsinthePacificNorthwest.

E.advocatefortheremovaloftheterm"keystonespecies"frommodernecologicalvocabulary.

12.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthedifferencebetweena"dominantspecies"anda"keystonespecies"?

A.Dominantspeciesarealwayspredators,whereaskeystonespeciesareusuallyprey.

B.Dominantspeciesarerarebuthavehighimpact,whilekeystonespeciesareabundantbuthavelowimpact.

C.Dominantspecieshavehighimpactduetotheirabundance,whereaskeystonespecieshavehighimpactrelativetotheirabundance.

D.Dominantspeciesareessentialforecosystemstability,whilekeystonespeciesaremerelycharismatic.

E.Dominantspeciesareonlyfoundinterrestrialenvironments,whilekeystonespeciesareonlyfoundinaquaticenvironments.

13.TheauthormentionstheexperimentinvolvingPisasterochraceusandMytiluscalifornianusinorderto

A.provideanexampleofhowremovingadominantspeciescanincreasebiodiversity.

B.illustratethedefinitionofakeystonespeciesthroughempiricalevidence.

C.demonstratethatmusselsarethetruekeystonespeciesinintertidalzones.

D.refutetheideathatpredatorsarenecessaryforecosystemstability.

E.showthatexperimentalresultsinecologyrarelymatchtheoreticalpredictions.

Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Inthelatenineteenthcentury,theproliferationofnickelodeons—small,inexpensivemovietheaters—sparkedafiercedebateregardingthesocialimpactofthenewmediumoffilm.Reformers,oftenalignedwithProgressiveEramovements,viewednickelodeonswithsuspicion.Theyarguedthatthedark,cramped,andoftenunsanitaryconditionsofthesetheaterswerebreedinggroundsforviceanddisease.Moresignificantly,theyfearedthecontentofthefilmsthemselves.Therapid,visualnatureoffilm,theyclaimed,bypassedthecriticalfacultiesoftheimmigrantandworking-classaudienceswhoconstitutedthemajorityofnickelodeonpatrons.Unlikethetheaterorliterature,whichrequiredalevelofeducationandculturalliteracytoappreciate,filmwasseenasaseductiveandpotentiallydangerousinfluencethatcouldinciteimmoralbehaviororpoliticalunrest.

Inresponsetothesepressures,thefilmindustrybeganaprocessofself-censorshipanduplift.Industryleadersrealizedthattoavoidstrictgovernmentregulationandtoattractawealthier,middle-classclientele,theyhadtoimprovethereputationoftheirproduct.Thisledtotheconstructionoflarger,moreopulent"moviepalaces"inthe1910sand1920s,whichweredesignedtoresembletemplesoroperahouses,lendinganairofrespectabilitytothemovie-goingexperience.Simultaneously,producersbegantofavorlonger,narrative-drivenfilmsovertheshort,disjointedclipscommoninthenickelodeonera.Theselongerfilmsoftenadaptedliteraryclassicsorhistoricalepics,signalingamoveawayfromthesensationalismassociatedwiththeearlydaysofcinema.

However,somehistoriansarguethatthisnarrativeof"uplift"isoverlysimplistic.Theypointoutthatwhilethephysicalspaceschanged,thefundamentalappealofcinema—escapismandvisualspectacle—remainedthesame.Furthermore,the"reform"ofcontentwasasmuchabusinessstrategytomaximizeprofitsthroughbroaderdemographicappealasitwasacapitulationtomoralpressure.Themovetowardrespectabilitydidnoteliminatecontroversy;itmerelyshiftedit.Thenew,longerfilmswereoftensubjecttointensecensorshipbattlesregardingtheirdepictionsofcrime,sexuality,andviolence,suggestingthatthetensionbetweenfilmasartandfilmasacorruptinginfluencewasaninherentfeatureofthemedium,notjustagrowingpainofitsinfancy.

14.Thepassagesuggeststhattheshiftfromnickelodeonstomoviepalaceswasdrivenprimarilyby

A.atechnologicaladvancementinfilmprojectionthatrequiredlargervenues.

B.adesirewithinthefilmindustrytoimproveitssocialstandingandavoidregulation.

C.adeclineintheimmigrantpopulationthathadsupportedthenickelodeons.

D.governmentmandatesrequiringbettersanitationinpublicvenues.

E.therealizationthatshortfilmswerenolongerprofitabletoproduce.

15.Inthecontextofthepassage,the"uplift"ofthefilmindustryrefersto

A.thephysicalelevationofmoviescreenstoimprovevisibility.

B.theemotionalelevationoftheaudiencethroughinspirationalstories.

C.theindustry'seffortstomakecinemaappearmorerespectableandculturallyvaluable.

D.theincreaseduseofcraneshotstofilmscenesfromabove.

E.thefinancialriseofindependentfilmmakersduringthe1920s.

16.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthe"ProgressiveErareformers"mentionedinthefirstparagraph?

A.Theywereprimarilyconcernedwiththeeconomicexploitationoftheaterowners.

B.Theybelievedthatfilmlackedtheintellectualengagementrequiredofhigherartforms.

C.Theywerestrongsupportersofthetransitiontomoviepalaces.

D.Theypreferredshort,disjointedclipstolongernarrativefilms.

E.Theywerelargelycomposedoftheworking-classpatronsofnickelodeons.

SECTION2

ThissectioncontainsTextCompletion,SentenceEquivalence,andReadingComprehensionquestions.ThedifficultylevelishigherthanSection1.

17.Thephilosopher’scritiqueofmodernsocietywasso______thatitalienatedevenhismostardentsupporters;herefusedtocompromiseonanyofhisradicalprinciples,leadingtoareputationfordogmaticintransigence.

A.incisive

B.compromising

C.unyielding

D.flexible

E.accommodating

F.adamant

18.Whilethefirsthalfofthesymphonywascharacterizedbya______melodythatsoothedtheaudience,thefinalewasatumultuousexplosionofsoundthatleftthelistenersbreathless.

A.staccato

B.discordant

C.languid

D.placid

E.serene

F.jarring

19.Historianshavelongnotedthe______natureoftheancientempire’srecords;whiletheydetailmilitaryconquestsextensively,theyremainstrangelysilentregardingthedomesticlivesandeconomicstrugglesofthecommonpeople.

A.comprehensive

B.biased

C.impartial

D.multifaceted

E.partial

F.skewed

20.Thecandidate’sattemptto______hisearlierremarksonimmigrationfailedmiserably;voterssawthroughhissuddenreversalofpositionandrecognizeditasacynicalploytocourtthemoderatevote.

A.clarify

B.elucidate

C.gainsay

D.retract

E.repudiate

F.corroborate

21.Despitethe______advancementsinquantumcomputing,thetechnologyremainslargelytheoreticalforpracticalapplications,aserrorcorrectionandqubitstabilitycontinuetoposesignificantchallenges.

A.glacial

B.incremental

C.precipitous

D.exponential

E.rapid

F.meteoric

22.Thenovelistisrenownedforher______prose,whichweavestogetherobscurehistoricalreferences,densephilosophicalmusings,andlyricaldescriptionsofthenaturalworld.

A.opaque

B.pellucid

C.limpid

D.turgid

E.crystalline

F.abstruse

23.Theambassador’s______demeanorduringthecrisiswascreditedwithpreventingadiplomaticbreakdown;byremainingcalmandrefusingtobeprovokedbyinsults,shede-escalatedapotentiallyvolatilesituation.

A.truculent

B.equable

C.bellicose

D.placid

E.volatile

F.contentious

24.Criticsarguethattheadministration’sregulatorypolicyisessentially______,creatingafaçadeofstrictoversightwhileactuallyallowingcorporationstoregulatethemselveswithminimalinterference.

A.rigorous

B.toothless

C.stringent

D.impotent

E.exacting

F.lax

25.Thediscoveryofthemanuscriptwas______,sheddingnewlightonaperiodofhistorythathadlongbeenshroudedinmysteryduetoalackofcontemporarydocumentation.

A.inconsequential

B.momentous

C.trivial

D.significant

E.earth-shattering

F.negligible

26.WhiletheCEOpubliclychampionedthemergerasamergerofequals,privateemailsrevealeda______attitudetowardthesmallercompany,referringtoitasa"target"anda"bargain."

A.patronizing

B.collegial

C.condescending

D.respectful

E.Deferential

F.cooperative

27.Theartist’slaterworksareoftendismissedas______repetitionsofhisearlierstyle,lackingtheinnovativesparkandrawemotionalpowerthatdefinedhisyouth.

A.inspired

B.derivative

C.original

D.trite

E.inventive

F.banal

28.Thebiologist’sexplanationofthephenomenonwas______,relyingoncomplexgeneticterminologythatrendereditincomprehensibletoanyonewithoutaPhDinthefield.

A.lucid

B.arcane

C.esoteric

D.clear

E.accessible

F.recondite

Questions29through31arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

The"MozartEffect"referstoasetofresearchresultsindicatingthatlisteningtoMozart'smusic,particularlyhispianosonatas,mayinduceashort-termenhancementofspatial-temporalreasoning.Thephenomenonburstintopublicconsciousnessinthe1990safterastudypublishedinthejournalNaturereportedthatcollegestudentswholistenedto10minutesofaMozartsonatashowedasubsequentincreaseinIQtestscores,specificallyonthepaper-foldingandcuttingsubtest,comparedtothosewholistenedtorelaxationinstructionsorsilence.

Thisfindingwasquicklyseizeduponbypoliticiansandthemedia,leadingtoacrazewhereMozartwasplayedinschoolsandday-carecenters,andevenbytheGovernorofGeorgia,whoproposedabudgettoprovideeverynewborninthestatewithaclassicalmusicCD.However,thescientificcommunityremainedskeptical.Subsequentstudiesfailedtoconsistentlyreplicatetheoriginalfindings,andresearchersnotedthattheeffect,ifitexisted,wastransient,lastingonlyabout10to15minutes.

Furtheranalysissuggestedthatthe"MozartEffect"wasnotspecifictoMozartbutwaslikelyaresultof"arousalandmood."Thehypothesisisthatmusicthatwakesupthebrainandputsthelistenerinabettermoodproducesatemporaryimprovementinperformanceoncertaincognitivetasks.Inthisview,themusicofMozartissimplyparticularlyeffectiveatinducingthisoptimalstateofarousalandmood.Morerecentresearchhasproposedthatthecomplexityofthemusicmightbethekeyfactor;musicwithahighdegreeofstructuralcomplexitymayprimetheneuralpathwaysusedforspatial-temporalreasoning.

Despitethelackofrobustevidenceforalong-term,permanentincreaseinintelligence,theMozartEffecthashadalastingimpact.Ithighlightedtheimportanceofearlychildhoodenrichmentandthepotentialofmusicasatoolforcognitiveengagement.Whilethespecificclaimthat"Mozartmakesyousmarter"isscientificallyunfounded,thebroaderideathatmusiceducationcanhavepositivecognitiveeffectsissupportedbyagrowingbodyofevidence.Learningtoplayamusicalinstrument,forinstance,hasbeenlinkedtoimprovedmemory,attention,andexecutivefunction,benefitsthatarefarmoresubstantialandenduringthanthetemporaryboostprovidedbypassivelistening.

29.TheauthorofthepassagementionstheGovernorofGeorgiaprimarilyinorderto

A.provideanexampleofapoliticalleaderwhosupportsthearts.

B.illustratetheextenttowhichtheinitialMozartEffectresearchwasexaggeratedandmisapplied.

C.demonstratethattheMozartEffecthasbeenproventoworkinchildrenaswellasadults.

D.arguethatgovernmentfundingformusiceducationisawasteoftaxpayermoney.

E.contrastthepoliticalresponsetotheMozartEffectwiththeresponseofthescientificcommunity.

30.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthethirdparagraph("Furtheranalysissuggested...")?

A.ItrefutesthefindingsoftheoriginalNaturestudy.

B.Itoffersanalternativeexplanationforthephenomenondescribedinthesecondparagraph.

C.Itsummarizesthelong-termbenefitsofmusiceducation.

D.Itcriticizesthemedia'sroleinpromotingtheMozartEffect.

E.ItprovidesevidencethatMozart'smusicissuperiortoothertypesofclassicalmusic.

31.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttherelationshipbetweenlisteningtomusicandcognitiveperformance?

A.ListeningtoMozartpermanentlyincreasesspatial-temporalreasoningabilities.

B.Thecognitivebenefitsoflisteningtomusicarelimitedtotasksinvolvingpaper-folding.

C.Passivelisteningtocomplexmusicmaytemporarilyimprovecognitiveperformanceduetoarousalandmood.

D.Learningtoplayaninstrumenthasfewercognitivebenefitsthanlisteningtomusic.

E.OnlymusicfromtheClassicalperiodcaninduceastateofoptimalarousal.

Questions32through34arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Inthestudyofcelestialmechanics,theconceptofthe"three-bodyproblem"hasbeenapersistentsourceoffrustrationandfascination.Whilethetwo-bodyproblem(predictingthemotionoftwobodiesinteractingviagravity)wassolvedanalyticallybyIsaacNewtoninthePrincipia,theadditionofathirdbodyintroducesalevelofcomplexitythatgenerallydefiesaclosed-formsolution.Inotherwords,thereisnosimpleformulathatcanpredictthepositionsofthreebodiesindefinitelyintothefuturebasedsolelyontheirinitialpositionsandvelocities.

Thechaoticnatureofthethree-bodyproblemwasfamouslydemonstratedbyHenriPoincaréinthelate19thcentury.WhileattemptingtowinaprizesponsoredbyKingOscarIIofSwedenforasolutiontotheproblem,Poincarédiscoveredthatsmalldifferencesininitialconditionscouldleadtovastlydifferentoutcomes.Thissensitivitytoinitialconditionsisthehallmarkofwhatwouldlaterbecalledchaostheory.Poincaré'srealizationthattheorbitsofthreebodiesarenotperiodicorstable,butpotentiallyerratic,markedafundamentalshiftinphysics.Itshowedthatdeterminismdoesnotimplypredictability;theuniversecouldbegovernedbystrictlawsyetstillbehaveinwaysthatarefundamentallyunpredictableoverlongtimescales.

Inmoderntimes,thethree-bodyproblemisapproachedthroughnumericalintegration—usingcomputerstocalculatethepositionsofbodiesstep-by-stepovertime.Whilethisallowsforaccuratepredictionsoverfiniteintervals,thechaoticnatureofthesystemmeansthaterrorsaccumulateexponentially.Eventually,anysimulationwilldivergefromreality.Thishasprofoundimplicationsforourunderstandingofthesolarsystem,whichisessentiallyanN-bodyproblem(whereNislarge).Whiletheplanetsappearstableonhumantimescales,overmillionsofyears,theirorbitscannotbepredictedwithcertainty.Thestabilityofthesolarsystemisnotguaranteedbyasimpleformula,butisratherastatisticallikelihoodthathasbeentestedthroughsimulations.

32.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.provideastep-by-stepguidetosolvingthethree-bodyproblem.

B.contrastthescientificcontributionsofNewtonandPoincaré.

C.explainthetheoreticalchallengesandimplicationsofthethree-bodyproblemincelestialmechanics.

D.arguethatthesolarsystemisinherentlyunstableandwilleventuallycollapse.

E.advocateforincreasedfundingforcomputersimulationsinastronomy.

33.Accordingtothepassage,Poincaré’sworkwassignificantbecauseit

A.providedaclosed-formsolutiontothethree-bodyproblem.

B.provedthatNewton’slawsofgravitywereincorrect.

C.illustratedthatdeterministicsystemscanstillbeunpredictable.

D.wasthefirstuseofnumericalintegrationinphysics.

E.demonstratedthatthesolarsystemisactuallyatwo-bodyproblem.

34.Theauthorimpliesthatnumericalintegration,whileuseful,hasasignificantlimitation:

A.Itcannotbeappliedtosystemswithmorethanthreebodies.

B.Itrequiresinitialconditionsthatareimpossibletomeasureaccurately.

C.Itistoocomputationallyexpensivetobepracticalforlong-termpredictions.

D.Errorsinthecalculationgrowovertime,limitingtheaccuracyoflong-termpredictions.

E.Itcanonlypredictthemotionofstars,notplanets.

Questions35through37arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

TheeconomichistoryofthelateRomanRepublicisdominatedbythetransformationoftheItaliancountrysidefromalandscapeofsmall,independentfarmstoonedominatedbylargeestatesknownaslatifundia.Thisshiftwasdrivenbyseveralfactors,includingtheinfluxofslavesandwealthfromconqueredterritories,andthedemandsofanexpandingmilitary.

Traditionally,RomanagriculturewasbasedontheagerRomanus(Romanpublicland),whichwasoccupiedandfarmedbycitizen-soldiers.ThesefarmersformedthebackboneoftheRepublic'smilitary;theyownedtheirownlandandfoughtwhencalledupon.However,asRomeexpandedthroughthePunicWarsandintotheEasternMediterranean,vastnumbersofprisonersofwarweresoldintoslavery.Wealthylandowners,equippedwithcapitalandcheapslavelabor,begantobuyoutorpushouttheirsmallerneighbors.Thelatifundiawerehighlyefficientatproducingcashcropslikewineandoliveoilforexport,buttheyreliedentirelyonslavelaborandreducedthenumberoffree,land-owningcitizens.

Thesocialconsequencesofthiseconomicshiftwereprofound.ThedisplacedfarmersflockedtoRome,formingalarge,impoverished,andrestlessurbanproletariat.Atthesametime,thetraditionalmilitaryrecruitmentbasewaseroded;menwithoutlandcouldnotmeetthepropertyqualificationforarmyservice.ThiscrisiscontributedtotheturbulentpoliticsofthelateRepublic,epitomizedbytheGracchibrothers'attemptsatlandreform.TiberiusGracchusproposedalimitontheamountofpubliclandoneindividualcouldholdandtheredistributionofsurpluslandtothepoor.Hisassassinationin133BCEmarkedthebeginningoftheendoftheRepublic'sstability.

Historiansdebatetheextenttowhichthelatifundiawerethesolecauseofthisdecline.SomearguethatthelatifundiaweresimplyamoreefficienteconomicmodelandthatthesocialunrestwasduetotheinabilityoftheRomanstatetoadaptitspoliticalinstitutionstotherealitiesofalargeempire.OtherspointtotheresilienceofthesmallfarmerincertainregionsofItaly.Nevertheless,thecorrelationbetweentheriseofslave-basedestatesandthedeclineofthecitizen-farmerclassisacentralthemeinunderstandingthefalloftheRepublic.

35.TheauthorsuggeststhatthelatifundiacontributedtothedeclineoftheRomanRepublicprimarilyby

A.producinglow-qualityagriculturalproductsthathurttheeconomy.

B.creatingaclassoflandlesspoorandunderminingthetraditionalmilitaryrecruitmentbase.

C.convincingtheRomanSenatetoabandonthepolicyofexpansion.

D.inspiringtheGracchibrotherstostageamilitarycoup.

E.makingRometoodependentonforeigngrainimports.

36.Inthepassage,the"Gracchibrothers"arementionedasexamplesof

A.wealthylandownerswhoexpandedthelatifundia.

B.militaryleaderswhoconquerednewterritories.

C.reformerswhoattemptedtoaddressthesocialillscausedbythelatifundia.

D.historianswhodocumentedthefalloftheRepublic.

E.slaveswholedarebellionagainsttheRomanstate.

37.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheRomanlatifundiaissupportedbythepassage?

A.Theywereprimarilyownedbythedisplacedfarmersmovingtothecity.

B.Theywerelessefficientthansmallfarmsatproducingcashcrops.

C.Theyreliedonalaborforceofcitizen-soldiers.

D.Theywerearesultoftheavailabilityofslavelaborandcapitalfromconquests.

E.TheywereprohibitedbyRomanlawuntilthetimeofTiberiusGracchus.

***

ANSWERKEYANDEXPLANATIONS

1.B,E

Analysis:Thesentencestatesthatarchaeologistsfoundnoevidenceof"permanentsettlement"andconcludedthepeoplemoved"fromplacetoplaceastheseasonsdictated."Weneedwordsthatdescribealifestyleofmovingaround.

ChoiceB:Nomadicmeansmovingfromplacetoplace.Thisfitsperfectly.

ChoiceE:Itinerantmeanstravelingfromplacetoplace,especiallyforwork.Inananthropologicalcontext,itfitsthedescriptionofseasonalmovement.

Whyothersarewrong:

Agrarian(A)relatestofarming,oftenimplyingsettledlanduse.

Sedentary(C)meansremaininginoneplace(theoppositeoftheclue).

Urban(D)relatestocities(permanentsettlements).

Provincial(F)relatestoaregionornarrowmindset,notmovement.

2.A,D

Analysis:Thesenatoravoideda"definitivestand"andused"vaguelanguage."Weneedwordsthatmeanunclearorhavingtwomeanings(toavoidtakingastand).

ChoiceA:Equivocalmeansopentomorethanoneinterpretation;ambiguous.Thismatches"vaguelanguage."

ChoiceD:Ambiguousmeansopentomorethanoneinterpretation;havingadoublemeaning.Thisisadirectsynonymfortheclue.

Whyothersarewrong:

Pugnacious(B)meansargumentative(sheavoidedstandingout).

Didactic(C)meansintendedtoteach/lecture.

Lucid(E)meansclear(theoppositeoftheclue).

Bombastic(F)meanshigh-soundingbutwithlittlemeaning(notquiteright