衔接点28 阅读理解常考四类题型追踪之推理题、主旨大意题（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义）（解析版）

衔接点28阅读理解四类题型追踪之推理+主旨大意题初中视角高中展望篇幅长度：单篇约200-300词，结构清晰。题材范围：以日常生活、故事、应用文（通知、邮件）为主，语言直白，少专业术语。语言难度：词汇以课标1600词为主，长难句少，多简单句或并列句。题型侧重：以细节理解题为主（占比60%-70%），如：直接问答、事实判断、数字查找。篇幅长度：单篇约300-400词，部分高考真题可达450词以上，段落逻辑复杂（对比、转折频繁）。题材范围：拓展至科技说明文、议论文、文化批判、文学节选等，含较多专业词汇（如科技类术语、社会科学概念）。语言难度：词汇量提升至3000+（课标词汇+超纲词），长难句密集（复合句、非谓语结构、插入语）。衔接引导初中阶段考查形式：要求学生能够通过阅读理解短文大意，获取主要信息，并能做出正确判断，以应用文或说明文为主，细节题居多。高中阶段考查形式：阅读材料在句长方面有所提升，句子变长变难，整体阅读难度加大。题含细节题、推理题、词义猜测、主旨大意等。【初中阅读理解考点聚焦】一、四大核心考点细节理解（占比最高）：定位5W1H、数字、正误信息，考原文信息查找，陷阱多为张冠李戴、篡改数据。推理判断（难点拉分）：推断人物情绪、作者态度、文章出处、隐含文意，答案不能直接照搬原文。主旨大意：概括段意/全文主旨、选标题、判断写作目的，避坑以偏概全、范围过大。词义猜测：依托转折、并列、举例、因果上下文猜生词、熟词僻义与代词指代。二、常考文体侧重记叙文：情节、情感、主旨；应用文：信息检索；说明文：特征数据；议论文：观点态度。三、常规设题类型细节题、推理题、主旨标题题、词义指代题。三．推理判断题要求根据上下文逻辑推断隐含信息（如作者意图、事件发展趋势），占比约20%，常见题干：Whatcanweinfer...?[示例](节选)Amongdifferentartstylesofdoughfigurinesalloverthecountry,DoughFigurineLang,createdbyLangShao’an,isanartunique(独特的)toBeijing.ThesubjectofDoughFigurineLangismainlyaboutdescribingtherealtraditionallifeofBeijingers.MianrenLanghastopskillsintheartofmakingdoughfigurines.________Youshouldbecalm,carefulandquick.Ifyourhandmovescarelessly,youwillmakemistakes.Sokeepcalm.Thenyoushouldfindtherightplacetostickthenoseandotherpartson.Youmustbequick,orelse,thedoughgetsdryanduseless.37．Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbeputinthe________.A．Itneedsmanystepstofinishawonderfuldoughfigurine.B．Tomakeadoughfigurine,youshouldmasterthebasicskills.C．Anartistofdoughfigurinesshouldbecreativeineverystep.D．Youshouldmakealotofpreparationsbeforemakingadoughfigurine.【答案】37．B【导语】本文介绍了面人艺术的历史和特点，以及北京的一种独特的面人艺术形式——面人郎。37．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Youshouldbecalm,carefulandquick.Ifyourhandmovescarelessly,youwillmake…Youmustbequick,orelse,thedoughgetsdryanduseless.”可知，这一段主要讲述了制作面人需要掌握的技巧。故选B。四．主旨大意题需总结文章中心思想或段落大意，常出现在首末段，题干关键词：mainidea,purpose,besttitle。[示例](节选)Howaredriverlesscarssafer?Firstly,driverlesscarscanhelpmanagetraffic.Byusingcommunicationtechnologiesto“talk”toeachother,driverlesscarsfindthebestroads.Informationsuchasdistance（距离）betweencars,trafficandtimeissenttothecars.Thismeansfewerchancesofthesecarsrunningintoeachother.Secondly,theuseofdriverlesscarsmeansfeweraccidentswillhappenbecauseofhumanmistakes.Forexample,accidentscausedbylittlesleepordrunkdrivingwillbeavoided.Finally,thedriverlesstechnologyofthefuture,isexpectedtobemorereliable（可靠）thanahumandriver.40．WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?A．Thecauseofroaddeaths. B．Themanagementoftraffic.C．Thesafetyofdriverlesscars. D．Thedevelopmentofdriverlesstechnology.【答案】40．C【导语】本文主要介绍了无人驾驶汽车技术。40．段落大意题。根据“Howaredriverlesscarssafer?”可知，第4段主要是关于“无人驾驶汽车的安全”。故选C。【高中考点聚焦】课标解读考点聚焦：“信息加工能力”，即能否对文中信息进行分析、推理、概括，形成深层理解。题型侧重：深层理解题占比提升：推理题（infer,imply）、主旨题（mainidea）、词义猜测题、作者态度题合计占比50%以上。细节题考查更隐蔽：答案需整合多个句子信息，或通过同义替换呈现（如题干用“accelerate”，原文用“speedup”）。能力要求：分析篇章结构（如总分总、对比论证），理解段落间逻辑关系（因果、让步、例证）。推断作者隐含意图，概括抽象主旨（如从具体案例提炼社会现象本质）。高中主流常规阅读题型（全国卷高考标准题型）阅读理解四选一（A/B/C/D四篇，常规阅读）标准设问分类：细节题：Whatcanwelearnabout...?Accordingtothepassage...推理题：Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat...;Whatdoesthewriterimply...主旨题：Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Besttitle;What’sthepurposeofthepassage?词义句意题：Theunderlinedword/sentencemeans...态度题：Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards...?初高中阅读核心差异总结难度层级初中：表层信息为主，推理浅显，句子简短直白；高中：长难句密集，长难篇章，侧重深层逻辑与思辨，同义替换是常态。考查重心初中：信息查找能力；高中：逻辑思维、批判性解读、文化理解、语篇整体分析。设题陷阱初中陷阱直白；高中选项强干扰，易混项需要比对原文证据，依靠逻辑排除。考点清单考点三：阅读理解推理判断题一）：推断隐含意义(1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；(2)整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。[示例1](节选)Itiseasyforustoknowthedifferencebetweenourfriendsandourenemies.Butcanotheranimalsdothesame?Elephantscan!Theycanusetheirsenseofvisionandsmelltotellthedifferencebetweenpeoplewhoposeathreatandthosewhodonot.InKenya,researchersfindthatelephantsreactdifferentlytoclothingwornbymenoftheMaasaiandKambaethnicgroups.YoungMaasaimenspear(刺)animalsandthusposeathreattoelephants;KambamenarcmainlyfarmersandarenotadangertoelephantsTheresearchersbelievethattheelephants’emotionalreactionsareduetotheirdifferentsensesofthesmellsandthesights.Smellingapotentialdangermeansthatathreatisnearbyandthebestthingtodoisrunawayandhide.Seeingapotentialthreatwithoutitssmellmeansthatriskislow.Therefore,insteadofshowingfearandrunningaway,theelephantsexpresstheirangerandbecomeaggressive.8．WhatcharacterdoestheauthorwanttoexpressaboutelephantsA．Clever. B．Friendly. C．Dangerous. D．Naughty.【答案】8．A8．推理判断题。根据第一段“Itiseasyforustoknowthedifferencebetweenourfriendsandourenemies.Butcanotheranimalsdothesame?Elephantscan!(我们很容易知道朋友和敌人之间的区别。但其他动物也能做到吗？大象可以！)”可知，大象也可以分辨出朋友和敌人，所以它们非常聪明。故选A。[示例2](节选)SamanthaGotwaltandBlaydeReich,twoseniorMechanicalEngineeringmajorsatYorkCollegeinthegroup,bothfoundtheworktobequitefascinating.AccordingtoSamantha,theideacamefromaYorkCollegeprofessor,whohasworkedwithdrones,andwantedtogetstudentsinvolvedwithaprojectbeneficialtothecommunity.“Wereallywanttohelpfarmingandagriculture.It’ssuper-importanttoAmericaandoureconomy,”Blaydesays.“Wewanttohelpthesmallerfarmers,andoneofthebenefitsisnothavingtospendtheirmoneyonfertilizerandpesticides(杀虫剂).”Theideaistodesignandbuildadronethatwilltakevideoimageryofthefieldstodeterminewhatisneededtoproducethebestcrop,whilesavingmoneyandsparingtheenvironmentbyreducingpollutantsintherunoffwater.Ideally,thatdatagainedwillhelpthefarmersbetterdeterminewhatchemicalstheyneed—andwhattheydon’tWhatcanbestdescribethestudents?A．Responsibleandcreative. B．Experiencedandgenerous.C．Brilliantandgrateful. D．Reliableandrealistic.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中的““Wereallywanttohelpfarmingandagriculture.It’ssuper-importanttoAmericaandoureconomy,”Blaydesays.“Wewanttohelpthesmallerfarmers,andoneofthebenefitsisnothavingtospendtheirmoneyonfertilizerandpesticides(杀虫剂).”(“我们真的想帮助务农和农业。这对美国和我们的经济来说非常重要”，布莱德说。“我们想帮助小农户，其中一个好处是不必把钱花在化肥和杀虫剂上。”)”可推知，他们是有责任心的，结合第三段中“Theideaistodesignandbuildadronethatwilltakevideoimageryofthefieldstodeterminewhatisneededtoproducethebestcrop,whilesavingmoneyandsparingtheenvironmentbyreducingpollutantsintherunoffwater.(这个想法是设计和建造一架无人机，该无人机将拍摄田地的视频图像，以确定生产最佳作物所需的条件，同时通过减少径流水中的污染物来节省资金并保护环境。)”可推知，他们是有创造力的。故选A项。二）：推断写作意图(1)记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开；(2)应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言；(3)说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句；(4)议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。[示例1](节选)Iwrotemyfirstshortstoryattheageoften.Backthen,magazineswouldhaveabackpagefullofadsforeverything,oneofwhichcalledforcontributions.So,Itookapenandmynotebookandwroteastory.Ihavenomemoryofwhatthestorywasabout.Iseemtorememberitwassixorsevenpageslonginmyschoolboyhandwriting.WhenIputitintoastandardenvelope,itbroketheenvelope.Mymomstrengtheneditandputanextrastamponit“justtobesafe”.Iputitinthemailboxandwaited.Andwaited!Finally,itcame.Theresponse,“Weareconfidentthatwecanfindasuitablepublisher(出版商)foryourhighlyattractivestory.Pleasesendus$50byreturnpostandwecangetstartedtoday.”Myexcitementdisappeared.Thatmomentmarkedtheendofmycreativewriting.Iputmypenandnotebookawayanddidn’twriteanotherItookheradviceandneverlookedback.Inmyeyes,I’masuccessfulwriter.I’vehadmanystoriesandarticlesappearinpublicationsIadmire,andI’veearnedafewawardsovertheyears.Idon’tbelieveinanythingthatstopsawriterwriting—Ithinkit’sanexcuse.7．Whydoestheauthorwritethetext?A．Tointroducedifferentwaysofwritingstories.B．Todescribehislongandwindingjourneyofwriting.C．Toteachreadershowtodealwithfailureinwriting.D．Toshowthedifficultyofbecomingasuccessfulwriter.【答案】7．B7．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Iwrotemyfirstshortstoryattheageoften.(我十岁时写了我的第一篇短篇小说。)”、第二段中“Thatmomentmarkedtheendofmycreativewriting.Iputmypenandnotebookawayanddidn’twriteanotherwordthatwasn’tpartofschoolworkfor15years.(那一刻标志着我创造性写作的结束。我把笔和笔记本收起来，在接下来的15年里，除了学校作业，我一个字也没写。)”、第四段中“Iwas46yearsoldwhenmywifeandIwerehavingaconversationonedayaboutregrets.ItoldherIalwaysthoughtthatIwantedtobeawriter.(我46岁的时候，有一天我和妻子在谈论遗憾。我告诉她，我一直以为我想成为一名作家。)”以及第五段中“Itookheradviceandneverlookedback.Inmyeyes,I’masuccessfulwriter.(我采纳了她的建议，再也没有回头。在我看来，我是一个成功的作家。)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者从十岁开始写作，经历了一段漫长的中断后，在妻子的鼓励下重新开始写作，并最终成为一名成功作家的经历，由此可推知，作者写这篇文章是为了描述他漫长而曲折的写作之旅。故选B项。[示例2](节选)Don’tbringmeat,meatproducts,milkanddairyproductsfromnon-EUcountriestoFinland!AbanonpersonalimportsappliestomeatanddairyproductsbroughtintoFinlandbytravelersororderedandsentthroughthepost.Thebanappliestofoodstuffsintendedforpersonalconsumptionorasgiftsandtopetfood.Ifyouhavefoodproductsofanimaloriginwithyou,throwtheminawastecontainerinthepointofentryorcontactCustoms!Whomisthisnoticeintendedfor?A.FoodimportersinFinland.B.TravelerstoFinland.C.CitizensinEUcountries.D.Medicalstafffromnon-EUcountries.【答案B[解析]写作意图类推断题。该应用文是芬兰食品管理局发出的一封共同抵御动物疾病，特别是非洲猪瘟的通知，并对人们进行了建议和指引。本题要求判断文章所面向的读者群体，这是一篇由政府官方管理机构发出的通知，综合全文，特别是第一段末尾部分“…eveniftheyarepackedforpersonalconsumptionorintendedasgifts.Travelerslikeyouplayanimportantroleinpreventingthespreadofanimaldiseases.”提到，即使你是私人肉制品消费或是把相关动物产品买来当礼物，也有传播动物疾病的风险，像你这样的（普通）旅行者在防控动物疾病传播中扮演了十分重要的角色，所以这篇文章是写给来芬兰旅游的人（travelers）看的，故选B。三）：推断观点态度(1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。[示例1](节选)However,whilesomeseemtobelostinthedesiretosucceed,otherstakeanoppositeattitude.Inaculturewhichvaluesonlythewinnerandpaysnoattentiontotheordinaryplayers,theystronglyblamecompetition.Amongthemostvocalareyoungsterswhohavesufferedundercompetitivepressuresfromtheirparentsorsociety.Teachingtheseyoungpeople,Ioftenobserveinthemadesiretofail.Theyseemtoseekfailurebynottryingtowinorachievesuccess.Bynottrying,theyalwayshaveanexcuse:“Imayhavelost,butitdoesn’tmatterbecauseIreallydidn’ttry.”Whatisnotusuallyadmittedbythemselvesisthebeliefthatiftheyhadreallytriedandlost,thatwouldmeanalot.Suchalosswouldbeameasureoftheirworth.Clearly,thisbeliefisthesameasthatofthetruecompetitorswhotrytoprovethemselves.Botharebasedonthemistakenbeliefthatone’sself-respectreliesonhowwelloneperformsincomparisonwithothers.Bothareafraidofnotbeingvalued.Onlyasthisbasicandoftentroublesomefearbeginstodissolvecanwediscoveranewmeaningincompetition.4．Whichpointofviewmaytheauthoragreeto?A．Fearoffailureshouldberemovedincompetition.B．Competitionshouldbeencouraged.C．Winningshouldbealife-and-deathmatter.D．Everyeffortshouldbepaidback.【答案】4．A4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Onlyasthisbasicandoftentroublesomefearbeginstodissolvecanwediscoveranewmeaningincompetition.(只有当这种基本且经常令人烦恼的恐惧开始消散时，我们才能在竞争中发现新的意义)”可知，作者认为在竞争中应该消除对失败的恐惧，才能发现竞争的新意义。由此推知，作者可能同意的观点是“竞争中应该消除对失败的恐惧”。故选A项。[示例2](节选)Ourownexperienceworkingtogetheronhealth，development，andenergythelasttwentyyearshasbeenoneofthemostrewardingpartsofourlives.Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．Theauthorbelievesthelivesofthepoorestwillgetbetter.B．Muchmoreprogresswillbemadeinthenearfuture.C．Theworkonhealthisthemostvaluableexperience.D．People’seffortshavebeenmateriallyrewarded.答案A[解析]推理判断题。根据本段最后提到的“Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.”知穷人的生活将会变更好。四）：推断文章出处和目标读者(1)广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；(2)报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主；(3)杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；(4)产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；(5)药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；(6)网络：文体不限，找到clickhere，download，up­load，link，mouse,surf等网络标志语。[示例1](节选)ItisapopularviewpointthattimespentonlineisbadforourhealthbecausesurfingtheInternetorcheckingourphonessometimestakesusawayfromactivitieswhichareconsideredhealthier,suchasplayingsportsorsocializing.Asthedigitaleconomydevelops,suchbehaviorisoftenlinkedtoreducedwell-being.However,anewglobalstudyhasfoundasurprisinganswer:TheInternetmightbegoodforyou.TheUniversityofOxfordresearchersstudieddataonthepsychological(心理的)well-beingofover2millionpeopleacross168countriesbetween2006and2021.Theylookedat8indicators(标志)ofwell-beingamongtheindividuals,whowereaged15to99,includinglifesatisfaction,dailynegativeandpositiveexperiencesandphysicalhealth.Theresearchersappliedwell-beingindicatorstotesttherelationshipbetweenInternetuseandwell-beingoutcomes.TheyfoundthatInternetaccesswasrelatedtopositivewell-beingamongsomepeople18．Inwhichpartofanewspapercanyoureadthepassage?A．SportandHealth. B．EconomyandLife.C．FoodandCulture. D．TechnologyandSociety.【答案】18．D18．推理判断题。根据第一段“ItisapopularviewpointthattimespentonlineisbadforourhealthbecausesurfingtheInternetorcheckingourphonessometimestakesusawayfromactivitieswhichareconsideredhealthier,suchasplayingsportsorsocializing.Asthedigitaleconomydevelops,suchbehaviorisoftenlinkedtoreducedwell-being.(人们普遍认为，上网时间对健康有害，因为浏览互联网或查看手机有时会让我们远离被认为更健康的活动，比如运动或社交。随着数字经济的发展，这种行为常被认为与幸福感下降相关)”和第二段“Theresearchersappliedwell-beingindicatorstotesttherelationshipbetweenInternetuseandwell-beingoutcomes.TheyfoundthatInternetaccesswasrelatedtopositivewell-beingamongsomepeople.(研究人员运用幸福感指标来检验互联网使用与幸福感结果之间的关系。他们发现，互联网接入与部分人群的积极幸福感相关)”可知，全文围绕互联网使用与心理健康的关系、社交媒体对年轻人影响展开，属于“科技与社会”范畴。故选D项。[示例2](节选)Pak50·57minutesagoWhynotgiveitatry?Perhapsyoushouldtakelessonsonamusicalinstrument.ThelatemusicianDennisBrainissaidtohaveaskedafellowtrainpassengertoturnoffhisradio.Whenhisrequestwasrefused，hetookouthisFrenchhorn(号)andstartedtopractise.Taodas·29minutesagoIdidreadmynewspaperoutloudonatrain，anditturnedoutwell.Theguytookitingoodpart，andwechattedhappilyallthewaytoEdinburgh.Sophie76·13minutesagoIhavenottriedreadingmynewspaperoutloudonatrain，but，severalyearsago，IreadsomechaptersfromHarryPottertomyboredandnoisychildren.SeveralpassengersseemedtoappreciatewhatIdid.Whereisthepassagemostprobablytakenfrom?A．Awebpage.B．Anewspaper.C．Anovel. D．Areport.答案A[解析]文章出处题。根据文章的写作风格以及每个帖子的时间提示可知，应该最有可能来自于网页。考点四：阅读理解主旨大意题一）、段落大意题每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句，有时也会在中间。在阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置。[示例1]Thefirstthingwenoticeaboutnewpeoplearetheirfaces.Thenexttimeweseethesepeople,werememberthembecauseweremembertheirfaces.Thisseemslikeasimpleprocess.However,scientistsfoundthatitisnotsuchasimpleprocess.Thesectionofthebrainthatisresponsibleforfacerecognitionseemstoworkdifferentlyfordifferentpeople.Somepeoplehavegreatdifficultyrememberingandrecognizingfaces,whileothersalmostneverforgetafaceThefirstparagraphismainlyabout___________________________.thewaytoimproveone’sface-recognitionskillsthefactthatsomepeoplehaveface-recognitionproblemsthesimpleprocessofthebraintorecognizeothers’facestheimportanceoffacerecognitioninhumancommunication【答案】.B【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Somepeoplehavegreatdifficultyrememberingandrecognizingfaces,whileothersalmostneverforgetaface.”（有些人很难记住和辨认面孔，而另一些人几乎永远不会忘记面孔。）可知，第一段主要想说明，事实上，有些人有面部识别问题。故选B项。二）、文章大意题每一篇文章都有其大意，获取大意的方法是找主题句。主题句通常在文章的首段或尾段，但是有时候也出现在文章中间段落。阅读的过程中应该对每段的主题句给予特别的关注。[示例1](节选)TodecidehowtogetaroundinBeijingrequiresweighingcostandconvenience.Atraditionalbusmeasuresupwellinbothcriteria.SincelastyearI’vegivenupdrivingandtakenthebustoworkeveryday,whichhasarousedquiteabitofcuriosityamongcolleaguesbecausebusridingisstillararityinmyoffice.Myeasyexplanationaboutthechangeisthatafternavigatingthestreetsinoneofthemostcongestedcapitalsintheworldformorethanadecade,I’mtiredofdriving,andtakingthebusallowsmetothinkbeforemyworkstarts.Ialsoliketobegivenaridehomeafteralong,roughday.Abustripcosts0.4yuanor6—7centswiththeuseofastoredvaluecard,whichisalmostfreeifyouconsideraCokecostsfivetimesthatormore.Beijinghasafixedsubwayfarewithunlimitedtransfersof2yuanpersingle-tripticket.Iwouldtakethemorecomfortablesubway,ifitwasclosertomyhomeandworkplace.4．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A．TopersuadethecitizensinBeijingtochoosepublictransports.B．TodescribehowterriblethetrafficandairinBeijingare.C．Topresentanddefendhischoiceincommuting.D．Tocomparedifferentmethodsoftransportations.【答案】4．C【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者结合自身经历，通过对比开车和选择公共交通的优缺点，解释自己选择后者通勤的原因，并回应同事的质疑。4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“SincelastyearI’vegivenupdrivingandtakenthebustoworkeveryday,whichhasarousedquiteabitofcuriosityamongcolleaguesbecausebusridingisstillararityinmyoffice.(从去年开始，我放弃了开车，每天都坐公交车上班，这引起了同事们的不小的好奇，因为在我的办公室坐公交车还是很少见的)”、第二段中“Myeasyexplanationaboutthechange(我对这种变化的简单解释)”、第五段中“Perhapseverybodywouldbemoreconvinced(也许每个人都会更相信)”可知，全文围绕作者为何选公共交通展开，包括省钱、放松、健康益处等，其主要目的是解释并辩护其通勤选择。故选C项。[示例2](节选)Toooften,wemeasureourworthnotbytheresultsweachieve,butbyhowmuchofourtimewespend.Welivecrazylives,atleastinpart,becauseitmakesusfeelgoodaboutourselves.Whatdoesthepassagemainlyconcernedwith?A.Themeasurementofwealthinthecurrentsociety.B.Theevolutionofpeople’sattitudetowardsbusyness.C.Thehiddenreasonsandeffectsofpeople’sbusyness.D.Thesolutiontoprioritizingthecrucialtasksinbusyness.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段Toooften,wemeasureourworthnotbytheresultsweachieve,butbyhowmuchofourtimewespend.Welivecrazylives,atleastinpart,becauseitmakesusfeelgoodaboutourselves.“很多时候，我们衡量自己的价值不是看我们取得了什么成果，而是看我们花了多少时间。我们过着疯狂的生活，至少在一定程度上是因为它让我们自我感觉良好。”可知，本文讲述的是人们忙碌背后的原因和影响。故选C。三）、标题归纳题标题归纳类题目应该注意其醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时抓住文章的首段和每一段的首尾句以及一些贯穿整篇文章始终的关键词。干扰项特点：以偏概全；.断章取义；主题扩大；张冠李戴；无中生有。[示例1](节选)RussellCassevah,whohasastrongloveforLego,hasfoundtheperfectwayofspreadingjoy,onelittleblockatatime.Cassevahstartedanationwidemission(使命)tobringjoytochildreninhospitals.Hisnon-profitorganization,LittleBricksCharity,bringssetsofLEGO,andsmiles,tochildren’shospitals.Throughhisnon-profitorganization,CassevahhasfoundhispurposeinlifeCassevahhasprovidedsmilesandjoyformanychildrenfacingchallengingsituations.WitheachLEGOsethedelivers,heaimstospark(激发)creativityandimaginationthatcanhopefullystillbepartoftheyoungpatients’livesandminds.14．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．MakingadifferenceblockbyblockB．MeetingchildreninhospitalsC．LettingchildrenloveLEGOsD．Passingloveonebyone【答案】14．A14．主旨大意题。通过阅读文章可知，文章第一段首句“RussellCassevah,whohasastrongloveforLego,hasfoundtheperfectwayofspreadingjoy,onelittleblockatatime.(RussellCassevah对乐高有着强烈的热爱，他找到了一种完美的方式来传播快乐，一次一块乐高积木地传播快乐)”以及文章末尾段落中“WitheachLEGOsethedelivers,heaimstosparkcreativityandimaginationthatcanhopefullystillbepartoftheyoungpatients’livesandminds.(在每次交付一套乐高积木时，他都希望能激发孩子们的创造力和想象力，希望能让这些创造力和想象力仍能融入到这些小患者们的生活中和思维中)”可知，全文围绕Cassevah通过一次一小块乐高积木向儿童病患传递快乐和改变展开，选项A“Makingadifferenceblockbyblock(通过一块块乐高积木创造改变)”贴合主题，可以作为最佳标题。故选A项。[示例2](节选)ButDisney’sstoryactuallystartedtwodecadesearlierwithwhatWaltDisneycalled"Daddy’sDay".OnSaturdaysinthe1930sand1940s,DisneywouldtakehistwodaughterstoridetheGriffithParkmerry-go-round,whichthey’denjoywhilehesatonabenchdreamingofwaysforfamiliestohavefuntogether.Disneydislikedtheamusementparkstheyoftenvisited,seeingthemasdirty,unimaginativeplacesrunbyrudeemployees.Disneylandopenedthen.The5,000expectedguestsincreasedto28,154,thankstofaketickets.Afterthemadnessofopeningday,Disneyandhisnewparkwerecriticizedinthepress.Themediapredictedaquickandearlyend.Butthepublicdidn’tlisten.Visitorsarrivedinlargegroups,andwithinweeksDisneylandwasasuccess.Oversixtyyearslater,Disneyland’spopularitycontinuestogrow,withtotaloverallattendancetopping700millionandshowingnosignsofslowingdown.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.Disneyland:HowItAllBegan B.Disneyland:AnOvernightSuccessC.Disneyland:HowItDeveloped D.Disneyland:AParkwithaLongHistory【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中句子“ButDisney’sstoryactuallystartedtwodecadesearlierwithwhatWaltDisneycalled"Daddy’sDay".”（但实际上，迪士尼的故事始于20年前沃尔特·迪士尼所谓的“爸爸节”。）和倒数第二段第一句“Disneylandopenedthen.”迪士尼开业了可知，整篇文章都在写迪士尼是如何开始并建成的故事。所以短文的最佳标题为“迪士尼乐园:一切是如何开始的”。故选A项。一·说明文(A)MASTEROFDISGUISEOctopusesarefamousfortheirroundbodies,bigeyes,andeightarms.Therearemanydifferenttypesofoctopuses,butallarealikeinoneway:Theyaremasters’ofdisguise.Octopusescanchangetheirappearanceinlessthanasecondtolooklikerocks,plants,orevenotheranimals.Howdotheydothis?Anoctopuscandisguiseitselfinthreeways.Oneisbyusingcolor.Anoctopus’sskinhasspecialcellscalledchromatophores.Thesecellsarefilledwithyellow,brown,andredpigment.Whenanoctopusmovesitsmusclesacertainway,thecellsbecomelargeandproducecolorfulspotsandotherpatternsonitsskin.Chromatophores(色素体)canalsoreflectlight.Inbluelight,forexample,anoctopus’sskinwilllookblue.Inwhitelight,itsskinwilllookwhite.Withthesecells,anoctopuscanproducemanydifferentskincolorsandpatterns.Anoctopuscanalsochangeitsskintexture.Whentheoctopusmovesitsmuscles,itsskincangofromsmoothtospiky.Itmightthenlooklikeaplant,orcoral.Anotherwayanoctopusdisguisesitselfisbychangingitsshape.Some,forexample,rolltheirbodiesintoballssotheylooklikerocks.Onetypeofoctopuscanchangeitsformtolooklikeotherseacreatures—especiallydangerousones,suchasseasnakes.Whyareoctopusessogoodatdisguisingthemselves?Theyhavetobe.Theoceanisnotasafeplaceforthem.Becausetheyhavenobonesintheirbodies,octopusesarelikelargepiecesofmeat.Manypredatorswanttoeatthem—andtheycaneatthemwhole.Tosurvive,octopuseshavedevelopedtheamazingabilitytochangetheirappearanceveryquicklyinordertohidefrompredators.1．Whatwouldbethebestalternativetitleforthispassage?A．TheMindofanOctopus B．HowanOctopusHidesC．OctopusesintheOceanEcosystem D．TheSecretLivesofOctopuses2．WhichofthesesentencesisNOTtrue?A．Chromatophoresarelight-reflectingcells.B．Chromatophorescanchangeinsize.C．Chromatophoresproduceananimal’sskintexture.D．Chromatophorescontaindifferentpigments.3．Inparagraph3,theauthorsuggeststhatsomecorals________.A．canchangetheircolor B．canrollthemselvesintoballsC．havespikyoutersurfaces D．candisguisethemselvesasoctopuses4．OctopuseshaveexcellentDISGUISEabilities.Fromthis,wecaninferthat________.A．Octopusesareatthetopoftheoceanfoodchain.B．Octopusesusetheircamouflage(伪装)mainlyforhuntingotheranimals.C．Camouflageisacrucialsurvivalstrategyforoctopusesinadangerousoceanenvironment.D．Octopusescanchangetheircolorandtextureonlywhentheyareinimmediatedanger.【答案】1．B2．C3．C4．C【导语】主要介绍章鱼是伪装高手，详细讲解章鱼变色、改变皮肤质地、变换外形三种伪装方式及进化出伪装能力的生存原因。【详解】1．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Therearemanydifferenttypesofoctopuses,butallarealikeinoneway:Theyaremastersofdisguise.Octopusescanchangetheirappearanceinlessthanasecondtolooklikerocks,plants,orevenotheranimals.Howdotheydothis?(章鱼种类繁多，但它们有一个共同点：都是伪装大师。章鱼能在不到一秒钟的时间里改变外形，伪装成岩石、植物，甚至其他动物。它们是怎么做到的呢？)”可知，全文围绕章鱼伪装的三种方法展开介绍，因此“章鱼如何隐藏自己”可以概括文章核心内容，适合作为替换标题。2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Anoctopus’sskinhasspecialcellscalledchromatophores.Thesecellsarefilledwithyellow,brown,andredpigment.Whenanoctopusmovesitsmusclesacertainway,thecellsbecomelargeandproducecolorfulspotsandotherpatternsonitsskin.Chromatophorescanalsoreflectlight.(章鱼的皮肤里有一种名为色素细胞的特殊细胞。这些细胞含有黄色、棕色与红色色素。当章鱼以特定方式收缩肌肉时，细胞会膨胀变大，在皮肤表面形成彩色斑点与各式纹路。色素细胞还能够反射光线。)”可知，色素体负责变色，改变皮肤质地依靠肌肉而非色素体，所以，C项表述错误。3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Whentheoctopusmovesitsmuscles,itsskincangofromsmoothtospiky.Itmightthenlooklikeaplant,orcoral.(章鱼活动肌肉时，它的皮肤能从光滑变得凹凸多刺，这时它看上去就会像一株植物或是珊瑚。)”可知，章鱼变多刺后形似珊瑚，由此能推断部分珊瑚外表带有尖刺。4．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Theoceanisnotasafeplaceforthem.Becausetheyhavenobonesintheirbodies,octopusesarelikelargepiecesofmeat.Manypredatorswanttoeatthem—andtheycaneatthemwhole.Tosurvive,octopuseshavedevelopedtheamazingabilitytochangetheirappearanceveryquicklyinordertohidefrompredators.(海洋对它们来说不是一个安全的地方。因为它们身体里没有骨头，章鱼就像大块的肉。许多捕食者想要吃掉它们，并且可以完整地把它们吃下。为了生存，章鱼进化出了快速改变外表的惊人能力，以此躲避捕食者。)”可知，海洋环境危险，伪装是章鱼赖以生存的关键手段。(B)IcomefromCambridge,abeautifulcityintheeastofEngland.ItisontheRiverCamandhasapopulationofabout120,000.Myhometownisespeciallyfamousforitsuniversity.Manyfamouspeoplestudiedhere,suchasIsaacNewtonandCharlesDarwin.Therearelotsofoldbuildingsandchurchestovisit.Studentsandtouristsenjoytripsalongtheriverbyboat.Cambridgeisabout99kilometresfromLondon.LondonisinthesouthofEnglandanditisontheRiverThames.Ithasapopulationofmorethaneightmillion,soitisbiggerandbusierthanCambridge.Itisabout2,000yearsold,anditisfamousfortheElizabethTower,BuckinghamPalaceandTowerBridge.Englanditselfispartofanisland,andyouarealwaysnearthesea.Thesmallvillagesandbeachesonthecoastarepopularforholidays.Touristslikethea