浙江大学研究生英语基础技能考试题库及答案

浙江大学研究生英语基础技能考试题库及答案PartIListeningComprehension(30marks)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.[Note:Sinceaudiocannotbeplayed,thescriptsandquestionsareprovidedbelowastextforthepurposeofthiswrittenexaminationformat.]Conversation1M:I’mreallystrugglingwiththedataanalysispartofmythesis.ThesoftwareismorecomplicatedthanIanticipated.W:Whydon’tyousignupfortheworkshopthelibraryisoffering?ItcoversSPSSandRbasicsspecificallyforgraduatestudents.Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?Conversation2W:HaveyoufinishedreadingthearticleforProfessorZhang’sseminar?Ifoundtheargumentsonurbanplanningquiteprovocative.M:Iskimmedthroughit,butIgotstuckonthesectionregardingzoninglaws.Itwasincrediblydense.Q:Whatdoesthemanimplyaboutthearticle?Conversation3M:Iheardyou’regoingtotheinternationalconferenceinTokyonextmonth.That’sexciting!W:Yes,butI’mstillwaitingfortheapprovalofmytravelgrantapplication.Withoutit,Iwon’tbeabletoaffordtheaccommodation.Q:Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewoman?Conversation4W:ThedeadlineforthepapersubmissionisnextFriday.IfeellikeI’mrunningoutoftime.M:Youstillhaveaweek.Justfocusonthemethodologysectionfirst,andtheresultswillfollownaturally.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?Conversation5M:Ican’tfindthereferencebookfortheHistoryofSciencecourseanywhereinthelibrary.W:Didyoucheckthereservesection?Theprofessorputallthecorereadingsontwo-hourloan.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?Conversation6W:Thecafeteriafoodhasreallyimprovedthissemester.Thesaladbarisamazing.M:Isupposeso,butIstillmissthetraditionalChinesedishestheyusedtoserveinthemainhall.Q:Whatistheman’sattitude?Conversation7M:Ineedtogetmytranscripttranslatedforthescholarshipapplication.W:Youcangototheadministrativebuilding,room204.Theyofferofficialtranslationandnotaryservicesforasmallfee.Q:Wheredoestheconversationmostlikelytakeplace?Q1toQ7Choices:A)Heshouldconsulthissupervisor.B)Heshouldattendaworkshop.C)Heshouldchangehisresearchtopic.D)Heshouldbuyanewcomputer.A)Itwastoolong.B)Itwasdifficulttounderstand.C)Itwasirrelevanttotheseminar.D)Itwaspoorlywritten.A)Shehasalreadyboughtthetickets.B)Shedoesn’twanttogoanymore.C)Herattendancedependsonfunding.D)Sheislookingforaroommate.A)Thewomanshouldaskforanextension.B)Thewomanshouldworkontheresultsfirst.C)Thewomanshouldstartwiththemethodology.D)Thewomanhasplentyoftimeleft.A)Thebookislost.B)Thebookisinthereservesection.C)Themanshouldbuythebook.D)Thelibraryisclosed.A)Heisindifferent.B)Heissatisfied.C)Heisnostalgic.D)Heiscritical.A)Inabookstore.B)Inaclassroom.C)Inanadministrativeoffice.D)Inarestaurant.Conversation8(LongConversation)M:Alice,haveyoulookedatthefeedbackfromthepeerreviewforourgroupproject?W:Yes,Ihave.Overall,it’spositive,buttheypointedoutasignificantflawinourexperimentaldesign.M:Really?Ithoughtourcontrolgroupwaswell-established.W:Theymentionedthatthesamplesizewastoosmalltodrawanystatisticallysignificantconclusions.Theysuggestedwedoublethenumberofparticipants.M:That’sgoingtobetough.Weonlyhavetwoweeksleftbeforethefinalpresentation.W:Iknow.Maybewecanfocusonthequalitativeanalysisinsteadoftryingtogathermorequantitativedata.Wehavetonsofinterviewtranscriptswehaven'tfullyanalyzedyet.M:Thatmightbeabetterpivot.Itplaystoourstrengthsinnarrativeanalysis.Let’sdraftaresponsetothereviewersexplainingourshiftinmethodology.Q8:Whatwasthemainissueidentifiedinthepeerreview?Q9:Whatistheman’sinitialconcernregardingthefeedback?Q10:Whatsolutiondoesthewomanpropose?Q8toQ10Choices:A)Thecontrolgroupwasinvalid.B)Thesamplesizewasinsufficient.C)Theconclusionwastoobroad.D)Themethodologywasoutdated.A)Thepresentationistoosoon.B)Thereviewersaretoostrict.C)Thecontrolgroupisweak.D)Thequalitativedataismissing.A)Toextendthedeadline.B)Toignorethefeedback.C)Toswitchtoqualitativeanalysis.D)Todroptheproject.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Passage1Theconceptof"emotionalintelligence"orEQhasgainedtractioninacademiccirclesoverthepasttwodecades.UnlikeIQ,whichmeasurescognitiveabilities,EQreferstotheabilitytoidentify,understand,andmanageone'sownemotions,aswellastheemotionsofothers.ResearchindicatesthathighEQiscorrelatedwithbetterleadershipperformanceandconflictresolutionskills.Ingraduatestudies,studentswithhighEQtendtonavigatethestressofacademiclifemoreeffectivelyandbuildstrongercollaborativenetworks.However,criticsarguethatEQisdifficulttomeasureobjectivelyandcanbeculturallybiased.Q11:Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?Q12:Accordingtothepassage,whatisabenefitofhighEQforgraduatestudents?Q13:WhatisthemajorcriticismofEQmentioned?Passage2Deeplearning,asubsetofartificialintelligence,hasrevolutionizedfieldsfromcomputervisiontonaturallanguageprocessing.Byutilizingneuralnetworkswithmultiplelayers,algorithmscanlearnpatternsfromvastamountsofdatawithoutexplicitprogramming.Recently,researchersataleadingtechinstitutedevelopedamodelthatcanpredictproteinfoldingstructureswithremarkableaccuracy.Thisbreakthroughhasprofoundimplicationsfordrugdiscoveryanddiseasetreatment.However,thecomputationalpowerrequiredtotrainthesemodelsremainsasignificantbarrierforwidespreadadoptioninsmallerinstitutions.Q14:Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?Q15:Whatisthesignificanceofthenewmodelmentionedinthepassage?Q16:WhatlimitsthewidespreaduseofdeeplearningaccordingtoQ16:Whatlimitsthewidespreaduseofdeeplearningaccordingtothetext?Q11toQ16Choices:A)ThedefinitionofIQ.B)Theconceptofemotionalintelligence.C)Thehistoryofpsychology.D)Theimportanceofcognitiveabilities.A)Theygetbettergrades.B)Theyfinishtheirthesisfaster.C)Theymanagestressandcollaborationbetter.D)Theyavoidconflictsentirely.A)Itisnotusefulinleadership.B)Itishardtomeasureobjectively.C)ItisthesameasIQ.D)Itisnotrelevanttoacademicsuccess.A)Thehistoryofcomputerprogramming.B)Thelimitationsofneuralnetworks.C)Theimpactofdeeplearningonvariousfields.D)Thecostofhardware.A)Itcancurediseases.B)Itcanpredictproteinstructures.C)Itcanreplacedoctors.D)Itcanwritecode.A)Lackofdata.B)Lackofexplicitprogramming.C)Highcomputationalpowerrequirements.D)Lackofresearchers.PartIIReadingComprehension(40marks)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Therapidurbanizationofthe21stcenturyhasbroughtaboutunprecedentedchallengestocityplannersandenvironmentalists.Asmillionsflocktometropolitanareasinsearchofbetteropportunities,theinfrastructureofthesecitiesisoftenstretchedtoitsbreakingpoint.Oneofthemostpressingissuesisthemanagementofwaste.Traditionalmethodsofwastedisposal,suchaslandfillingandincineration,arenolonger(1)_______duetotheirdetrimentalimpactontheenvironment.Consequently,thereisagrowingconsensusontheneedforacirculareconomy,asystemaimedatminimizingwasteandmakingthemostofresources.Inacirculareconomy,resourcesarekeptinuseforaslongaspossible,themaximumvalueisextractedfromthemwhilstinuse,thenproductsandmaterialsarerecoveredandregeneratedattheendofeachservicelife.Thisapproachstandsinstarkcontrasttothetraditionallineareconomy,whichfollowsa'take-make-dispose'model.Transitioningtoacircularmodelrequires(2)_______changesinproductionandconsumptionpatterns.Itdemandsthatdesignersconsidertheentirelifecycleofaproduct,fromrawmaterialextractiontoend-of-liferecovery.However,theshiftisnotwithoutobstacles.Economic(3)_______oftenfavorthestatusquo,asvirginmaterialsarefrequentlysubsidized,makingrecyclinglesscompetitiveintheshortterm.Furthermore,consumerbehaviorisdeeplyingrained;theconvenienceofsingle-useitemsishardtoresist.Toovercomethesehurdles,governmentsmustimplementrobustpoliciesthat(4)_______sustainablepractices.Thiscouldincludetaxesonsingle-useplasticsorincentivesforcompaniesthatuserecycledmaterials.Educationalsoplaysa(5)_______role.Consumersneedtobeawareoftheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirpurchases.Whenpeopleunderstandthelong-termbenefitsofacirculareconomy,theyaremorelikelytosupportit.Ultimately,thesuccessofthisparadigmshiftdependson(6)_______betweenpolicymakers,businesses,andthepublic.Itisacomplexproblemthatrequiresamultifacetedsolution,butthepotentialrewards—acleanerplanetandamore(7)_______future—arewellworththeeffort.A)sustainableB)incentivesC)fundamentalD)viableE)pivotalF)collaborationG)barriersH)promoteI)drasticJ)subtleK)ecosystemL)economicM)constraintsN)discourageO)resilienceSectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneThe"gigeconomy"describesalabormarketcharacterizedbytheprevalenceofshort-termcontractsorfreelanceworkasopposedtopermanentjobs.WhileplatformslikeUber,Airbnb,andTaskRabbithaveprovidedflexibilityandindependenceformillionsofworkers,theyhavealsosparkedaheateddebateregardinglaborrightsandsocialsecurity.Proponentsarguethatthegigeconomyempowersindividualstobetheirownbosses.Workerscanchoosewhen,where,andhowmuchtheywork.Thisautonomyisparticularlyappealingtostudents,caregivers,orthoseseekingasupplementaryincome.Moreover,digitalplatformsreducetransactioncostsandmatchsupplywithdemandwithunprecedentedefficiency,leadingtolowerpricesforconsumersandnewmarketsforserviceproviders.However,criticspointtotheprecariousnatureofgigwork.Becauseworkersareoftenclassifiedasindependentcontractorsratherthanemployees,theyaretypicallydeniedbenefitssuchashealthinsurance,paidsickleave,andretirementplans.Thislackofasafetynetmeansthatasuddenillnessoradownturnindemandcanleadtofinancialruin.Furthermore,thealgorithmicmanagementemployedbytheseplatformscancreateasenseofsurveillanceandpressure,asworkersareconstantlyratedandmonitoredbyboththesystemandthecustomers.Thelegallandscapeisstrugglingtokeeppace.Variousjurisdictionshaveattemptedtoreclassifygigworkersasemployees,entitledtofullbenefits,buttheseeffortsareoftenmetwithresistancefromtechcompanieswhoarguethatsuchaclassificationwoulddestroythebusinessmodelthatprovidesflexibilityinthefirstplace.Asthegigeconomymatures,findingabalancebetweenflexibilityandsecurityremainsthecentralchallenge.Q17:Whatisthedefiningcharacteristicofthegigeconomy?Q18:Accordingtoproponents,whatisamajoradvantageofthegigeconomy?Q19:Whatisthemaincriticismmentionedregardinggigwork?Q20:Whydotechcompaniesresistreclassifyingworkersasemployees?Q17toQ20Choices:A)Long-termemploymentcontracts.B)Government-regulatedwages.C)Short-termcontractsorfreelancework.D)Highbarrierstoentry.A)Higherwagescomparedtotraditionaljobs.B)Theabilitytoworkflexiblehours.C)Guaranteedhealthinsurance.D)Opportunitiesforcareeradvancement.A)Itistoodifficulttoenter.B)Itlacksjobsecurityandbenefits.C)Itcauseshighinflation.D)Itreducesconsumerprices.A)Theydonotwanttoprovideflexibility.B)Theybelieveitwouldruintheirbusinessmodel.C)Theycannotaffordthelegalfees.D)Theyprefertohirefull-timestaff.PassageTwoTheconceptof"entropy"iscentraltothesecondlawofthermodynamics,whichstatesthatthetotalentropyofanisolatedsystemcanneverdecreaseovertime.Insimpleterms,entropyisoftendescribedasameasureofdisorderorrandomness.Inaclosedsystem,energytendstodisperse,andstructurestendtodecayintoastateofequilibrium.Thishasprofoundimplicationsnotonlyforphysicsbutalsoforphilosophyandinformationtheory.Inthe19thcentury,thephysicistRudolfClausiuscoinedthetermtoexplainwhycertainprocessesareirreversible.Forexample,heatflowsspontaneouslyfromahotobjecttoacoldone,neverthereverse.Thisdirectionalitydefinesthe"arrowoftime."Ifentropyalwaysincreases,itprovidesaphysicaldistinctionbetweenthepast(lowerentropy)andthefuture(higherentropy).However,theapplicationofentropytoinformationtheory,pioneeredbyClaudeShannon,shiftedtheperspective.Here,entropyrepresentstheuncertaintyortheaverageinformationcontentofamessage.Themoreunpredictableamessage,thehigheritsentropy,andthus,themoreinformationitconveysoncedecoded.Thislinkbetweenthermodynamicentropyandinformationentropysuggestsadeepconnectionbetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofcomputation.Sometheoristshaveevenspeculatedthattheuniverseitselfcouldbeviewedasagiantcomputerprocessinginformation.Theheatgeneratedbyacomputer,whichisessentiallywasteenergy,isaphysicalmanifestationoftheincreaseinentropyrequiredtoeraseinformation—aconceptknownasLandauer'sprinciple.Thisblurringoflinesbetweenthetangibleandtheabstractcontinuestodriveresearchinquantumcomputingandblackholephysics,wherethefateofinformationremainsatantalizingpuzzle.Q21:Whatdoesthesecondlawofthermodynamicsstateaboutentropy?Q22:Howdoesthetextdefinethe"arrowoftime"?Q23:Whatdoesentropyrepresentininformationtheory?Q24:WhatisLandauer'sprinciplerelatedto?Q21toQ24Choices:A)Italwaysdecreasesinaclosedsystem.B)Itremainsconstantinanisolatedsystem.C)Itcanneverdecreaseovertimeinanisolatedsystem.D)Itincreasesonlywhenworkisdone.A)Thespeedoflight.B)Thedirectionoftimefromlowertohigherentropy.C)Themovementofparticles.D)Theexpansionoftheuniverse.A)Thespeedofdatatransmission.B)Thesecurityofacode.C)Theuncertaintyorinformationcontentofamessage.D)Thecomplexityofacomputerprogram.A)Thespeedoflightinavacuum.B)Theheatgeneratedbyerasinginformation.C)Thecreationofblackholes.D)Thetransmissionofquantumdata.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestionsbriefly.Youranswersshouldbeconciseandtothepoint.TheadventofCRISPR-Cas9technologyhasrevolutionizedgeneticengineering.Unlikeprevioustools,CRISPRisprecise,cheap,andeasytouse.ItfunctionsbyutilizingaguideRNAtotargetaspecificDNAsequence,andtheCas9enzymetocuttheDNAatthatlocation.Thisallowsscientiststodisablegenesorinsertnewgeneticmaterialwithhighaccuracy.Whilethemedicalpotentialisimmense—rangingfromcuringgeneticdiseasestocreatingdrought-resistantcrops—theethicalimplicationsareequallysignificant.Thepossibilityofcreating"designerbabies"oralteringthehumangermline(changesthatareheritable)raisesseriousethicalconcerns.In2018,theannouncementofthebirthoftwingirlswhosegeneshadbeeneditedtoresistHIVsparkedinternationaloutrageandcallsforamoratoriumonheritablehumangenomeediting.Proponentsarguethatwithproperregulation,thetechnologycanalleviatehumansuffering.OpponentsfearthatweareopeningaPandora'sbox,leadingtounforeseenconsequencesandexacerbatingsocialinequalities.Thescientificcommunityiscurrentlyworkingtoestablisharobustethicalframeworktoguidetheuseofthispowerfultool.Q25:WhatarethetwomaincomponentsoftheCRISPR-Cas9system?Q26:Whydidthebirthofthegene-editedtwinscauseinternationaloutrage?Q27:WhatisthemainargumentoftheopponentsofCRISPRtechnologymentionedinthetext?PartIIIVocabularyandStructure(20marks)Directions:Thereare20incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.28.Theuniversity'sBoardofRegents_______thenewbudgetproposaldespitestrongoppositionfromthestudentunion.A)ratifiedB)repelledC)recessedD)renounced29.Thenovelprovidesa_______critiqueofthesocialhypocrisyprevalentintheVictorianera.A)subtleB)brittleC)fragileD)crisp30.His_______tothepresidencywasmarkedbyapromisetoreformthehealthcaresystem.A)ascentB)accessC)assayD)asset31.Theresearchers_______thedatafromvarioussourcestoformacomprehensiveconclusion.A)aggregatedB)aggravatedC)allocatedD)alienated32.Itishighly_______thatthecommitteewillreachadecisionbeforethedeadline.A)improbableB)imperviousC)imperativeD)impartial33.Theartist'sworkwas_______bythevibrantcolorsanddynamicshapesfoundinnature.A)illustratedB)illuminatedC)imitatedD)inspired34.Thenewpolicywasimplementedwithsuch_______thatmanyemployeeswereconfusedaboutthenewprocedures.A)hasteB)hastyC)hastinessD)hasten35.Thecontractis_______forsixmonths,afterwhichitcanberenewed.A)validB)vacantC)vagueD)vain36.Thereisagrowing_______amongthepublicregardingthesafetyofnuclearenergy.A)sentimentB)sentimentalityC)sensationD)sense37.Theprofessorwarnedthestudentsnotto_______fromthemaintopicoftheiressays.A)divergeB)deriveC)detachD)detail38.Theeconomic_______causedbythepandemichasledtowidespreadunemployment.A)turmoilB)turnoverC)turnipD)turnup39.Toachievesuccess,onemustbepersistentandnotbediscouragedby_______.A)setbacksB)setoffsC)setupsD)setouts40.Thedocumentaryprovidedafascinating_______intothelivesofindigenoustribesintheAmazon.A)glimpseB)glanceC)gleamD)glare41.Thesuspect_______thecrime,claiminghewasathomeatthetimeoftherobbery.A)deniedB)refusedC)rejectedD)declined42.Thegovernmenthaslauncheda_______toreduceplasticwasteintheoceans.A)campaignB)championC)caravanD)cannon43.Herspeechwasso_______thattheaudiencewasmovedtotears.A)poignantB)pointedC)porousD)portable44.The_______oftheancientcitywasdiscoveredbyarchaeologistsburiedunderthesand.A)relicB)siteC)ruinD)remains45.Weneedtotake_______measurestoprotecttheendangeredspecies.A)effectiveB)efficientC)affectiveD)effusive46.Thetwocompanieshaveenteredintoa_______todevelopanewelectricvehicle.A)collaborationB)collisionC)collectorD)colonel47.Pleaseensurethatallreferencesarecited_______accordingtotheAPAstyleguide.A)accuratelyB)accuratelyC)accuracyD)accuratePartIVTranslation(20marks)SectionADirections:TranslatethefollowingEnglishparagraphintoChinese.Therapidadvancementofartificialintelligencehassparkedaglobaldebateonitsethicalimplications.WhileAIholdsthepromiseofrevolutionizingindustriesfromhealthcaretotransportation,italsoposessignificantrisks.Issuessuchasalgorithmicbias,dataprivacy,andthepotentialforjobdisplacementareattheforefrontofthisdiscussion.Asweintegratethesetechnologiesintoourdailylives,itisimperativetoestablisharobustethicalframeworkthatensurestransparency,accountability,andfairness.WemuststeerthedevelopmentofAIinadirectionthatbenefitshumanityasawhole,ratherthanexacerbatingexistinginequalities.SectionBDirections:TranslatethefollowingChineseparagraphintoEnglish.随着中国经济的持续增长，环境保护已成为一个紧迫的议题。过去几十年里，快速的工业化虽然带来了繁荣，但也造成了严重的污染和资源枯竭。近年来，政府已经实施了严格的法规来遏制污染，并大力推动绿色能源的发展。公众的环保意识也在显著提高，越来越多的人开始采取可持续的生活方式。只有通过经济发展与环境保护的平衡，我们才能实现高质量的发展。PartVWriting(20marks)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed40minutestowriteanessayonthetopicTheRoleofCriticalThinkinginGraduateStudies.Youshouldwriteatleast250wordsbutnomorethan300words.Youressaymustbebasedonthefollowinginstructions:1.Explaintheimportanceofcriticalthinking.2.Discusshowcriticalthinkingappliestoresearchandacademiclife.3.Providesuggestionsonhowtocultivatecriticalthinkingskills.AnswerKeyandExplanationsPartIListeningComprehension1.B)Heshouldattendaworkshop.[Explanation:ThewomanexplicitlysuggestssigningupfortheworkshopcoveringSPSSandRbasics.]2.B)Itwasdifficulttounderstand.[Explanation:Themansayshe"gotstuck"andthesectionwas"incrediblydense,"implyingdifficulty.]3.C)Herattendancedependsonfunding.[Explanation:Shesayssheiswaitingforgrantapprovalandwithoutit,shecan'taffordaccommodation.]4.C)Thewomanshouldstartwiththemethodology.[Explanation:Themanadvisesfocusingonthemethodologysectionfirst.]5.B)Thebookisinthereservesection.[Explanation:Thewomanasksifhecheckedthereservesectionwherecorereadingsareplaced.]6.C)Heisnostalgic.[Explanation:Themansayshe"missesthetraditionalChinesedishes,"indicatingnostalgia.]7.C)Inanadministrativeoffice.[Explanation:Theydiscusstranscripttranslationandnotaryservices,typicallyfoundinadminbuildings.]8.(Basedontext)B)Thesamplesizewasinsufficient.[Explanation:Thepeerreviewpointedoutthesamplesizewastoosmall.]9.(Basedontext)A)Thepresentationistoosoon.[Explanation:Themanmentionstheyonlyhavetwoweeksleft.]10.(Basedontext)C)Toswitchtoqualitativeanalysis.[Explanation:Thewomansuggestsfocusingonqualitativeanalysisofinterviewtranscripts.]11.B)Theconceptofemotionalintelligence.[Explanation:ThepassageintroducesanddefinesEQ.]12.C)Theymanagestressandcollaborationbetter.[Explanation:ThepassagestateshighEQstudentsnavigatestressbetterandbuildstrongernetworks.]13.B)Itishardtomeasureobjectively.[Explanation:Criticsargueitisdifficulttomeasureobjectively.]14.C)Theimpactofdeeplearningonvariousfields.[Explanation:ThepassagediscusseshowdeeplearninghasrevolutionizedfieldslikevisionandNLP.]15.B)Itcanpredictproteinstructures.[Explanation:Thetextmentionsthemodelcanpredictproteinfoldingstructures.]16.C)Highcomputationalpowerrequirements.[Explanation:Thetextstatescomputationalpowerisasignificantbarrier.]PartIIReadingComprehensionSectionA1.D)viable[Context:Traditionalmethodsarenolongerviable/sustainableduetoenvironmentalimpact.]2.I)drastic[Context:Transitioningrequiresdrastic/fundamentalchanges.]3.L)economic[Context:Economicconstraints/incentivesoftenfavorthestatusquo.]4.H)promote[Context:Governmentsmustimplementpoliciestopromotesustainablepractices.]5.E)pivotal[Context:Educationplaysapivotal/keyrole.]6.F)collaboration[Context:Successdependsoncollaborationbetweenpolicymakers,businesses,andpublic.]7.A)sustainable[Context:Acleanerplanetandamoresustainablefuture.]SectionBPassageOne17.C)Short-termcontractsorfreelancework.[Explanation:Thefirstsentencedefinesthegigeconomybyshort-termcontracts.]18.B)Theabilitytoworkflexiblehours.[Explanation:Proponentsargueitempowersindividualstochoosewhenandwheretowork.]19.B)Itlacksjobsecurityandbenefits.[Explanation:Criticspointtothelackofsafetynetslikehealthinsuranceandpaidleave.]20.B)Theybelieveitwouldruintheirbusinessmodel.[Explanation:Techcompaniesargueclassificationasemployeeswoulddestroythemodelprovidingflexibility.]PassageTwo21.C)Itcanneverdecreaseovertimeinanisolatedsystem.[Explanation:Thesecondlawstatestotalentropyofanisolatedsystemcanneverdecrease.]22.B)Thedirectionoftimefromlowertohigherentropy.[Explanation:Thetextdefinesthearrowoftimeasthedistinctionbetweenpast(lowerentropy)andfuture(higherentropy).]23.C)Theuncertaintyorinformationcontentofamessage.[Explanation:Ininformationtheory,entropyrepresentsuncertaintyoraverageinformationcontent.]24.B)Theheatgeneratedbyerasinginformation.[Explanation:Landauer'sprinciplelinkstheheatgenerated(wasteenergy)totheincreaseinentropyrequiredtoeraseinfo.]SectionC25.GuideRNAandCas9enzyme.26.Becausethegeneswereeditedtobeheritable(alteringthehumangermline),raisingethicalconcerns.27.TheyfearitopensaPandora'sboxwithunforeseenconsequencesandexacerbatessocialinequalities.PartIIIVocabularyandStructure28.A)ratified.[Ratifymeanstoformallyapprove/sanctionatreatyoragreement.]29.A)subtle.[Subtlemeansdelicateorpreciseastobedifficulttoanalyze;indirect.]30.A)ascent.[Ascentmeanstheactionofrisingtoahigherposition.]31.A)aggregated.[Aggregatemeanstoformawholefromdifferentparts.]32.A)improbable.[Improbablemeansnotlikelytohappen.]33.D)inspired.[Inspiredmeansfilledwiththeimpulsetocreate.]34.A)haste.[Hasteisanounmeaninggreatspeedinaction.]35.A)valid.[Validmeanslegallyorofficiallyacceptable.]36.A)sentiment.[Sentimentreferstoavieworattitudetowardasituation.]37.A)diverge.[Divergemeanstoseparateorgoinadifferentdirection.]38.A)turmoil.[Turmoilmeansastateofgreatdisturbance/disorder.]39.A)setbacks.[Setbacksarereverseso