2026年雅思《阅读》写作真题

2026年雅思《阅读》写作真题第一部分：阅读文章一TheArchitectureofTermiteMoundsandBiomimeticDesignA.Fordecades,architectsandengineershavelookedtonatureforinspiration,apracticeknownasbiomimicry.Whiletheaerodynamicefficiencyofthekingfisher’sbeakorthestrengthofspidersilkarewell-documentedexamples,oneofthemoststrikinginstancesofbiomimeticarchitecturedrawsfromafarlessglamoroussource:thetermite.Specifically,thetermitemoundfoundontheplainsofAfricahasprovidedablueprintforsustainableclimatecontrolinbuildings.Thesemoundsarenotmerelypilesofdirt;theyarecomplexventilationsystemscapableofmaintainingaconstantinternaltemperaturedespitetheextremefluctuationsoftheexternalenvironment.B.ThetermitespeciesMacrotermesmichaelsenibuildstoweringmoundsthatcanreachuptoseveralmetersinheight.Insidethesestructures,thetermitescultivateafungusgarden,whichistheirprimaryfoodsource.Thisfungusrequiresaveryspecificenvironmenttothrive—typically30°Candhighhumidity.Thechallengeissignificant:theexternalairtemperatureinregionslikeZimbabwecanswingfromanear-freezing2°Catnighttoasweltering40°Cintheday.Remarkably,withoutanymechanicalassistance,thetermiteskeeptheinternaltemperatureofthemoundstabletowithinonedegreeofthetarget.C.Foralongtime,scientistsbelievedthattermitemoundsfunctionedthroughpassivestackventilation,similartoachimney.Warmairproducedbythefungusandthetermiteswasthoughttoriseupacentralchimneyandexitthroughventsinthetopofthemound,whilecoolerairwasdrawninfromloweropenings.However,thistheoryfailedtoexplainhowthemoundscouldmaintaincoolingduringthehottestpartofthedaywhenthetemperaturegradientwouldbeinsufficienttodriveastrongupdraft.The"chimney"modelwaseventuallydisprovenbydetailedmeasurementsandfluiddynamicsmodeling.D.Thebreakthroughcamewhenresearchers,includingengineerRupertSoarandbiologistScottTurner,utilizedadvancedscanningtechnologytocreate3Dmodelsofthemounds.Theydiscoveredthatthemoundactsnotjustasachimney,butasabreathinglung.Thestructureisriddledwithacomplexnetworkoftinypores,particularlyonthenorthandsouthsideswherethesunhits.Thekeytothesystemliesinthediurnalcycleofwindspeed.Duringtheday,thewindisstrong,drivingairthroughtheupperventsandcreatingapressuredifferentialthatsucksairthroughtheporouswalls.Atnight,whenthewinddiesdown,theflowreverses,drawingairinfromthetopandpushingitoutthroughthesides.Thisconstantexchangepreventsthemoundfromoverheatingandreplenishesoxygen.E.Thisdiscoveryofthe"EternalFlame"ofwind-drivenventilationhadimmediateimplicationsforhumanarchitecture.ThemostfamousapplicationistheEastgateCentreinHarare,Zimbabwe,designedbyarchitectMickPearceandengineeredbyArup.Completedin1996,thislargeofficecomplexwasbuiltwithoutaconventionalair-conditioningsystem.Instead,itmimicsthetermitemound'spassivecoolingstrategies.Thebuildingusesasystemofchimneysandlow-levelintakeventsthatcapturethewind.Theairiscooledbybeingdrawnacrosshollowfloorslabs,whichabsorbheatduringthedayandreleaseitatnight.F.TheresultsattheEastgateCentrehavebeenimpressive.Thebuildinguses90%lessenergythanaconventionalbuildingofsimilarsizeinHarare.Itsavestheownersover$3.5millioninenergycosts,withapaybackperiodofonlyfiveyearsfortheextraengineeringcosts.Moreover,thesystemispopularwithoccupantsbecauseitavoidsthedryingeffectandnoiseoftraditionalairconditioning.ThesuccessofEastgatehasinspiredsimilarprojectsaroundtheworld,includingthePortcullisHouseinLondonandvariouseco-friendlyresidentialdesignsseekingtoreducethecarbonfootprintofthebuiltenvironment.G.However,translatingnature'sblueprintsisnotwithoutitschallenges.Termitemoundsarebuiltorganicallyovertime,constantlyadjustedbytheinsectsinresponsetochangingconditions.Humanbuildings,bycontrast,arestaticstructures.Engineersmustcalculatethefixeddimensionsforventsandductsbasedonhistoricalclimatedata,whichmaybecomelessaccurateasglobalweatherpatternsshift.Furthermore,theaestheticofbiomimeticbuildingsoftenrequiresashiftinpublicexpectation,movingawayfromtheglass-and-steelboxesthatdominatemodernskylines.Despitethesehurdles,thetermitemoundremainsapotentsymbolofhowsustainabledesigncanbeachievedbyworkingwith,ratherthanagainst,naturalforces.Questions1-6DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis1.Termitemoundsareconsideredsimplepilesofearthbymostbiologists.2.ThefunguscultivatedbyMacrotermesmichaelsenirequiresatemperatureofexactly30°C.3.The"chimney"theorysuccessfullyexplainedhowmoundsstayedcoolduringthenight.4.RupertSoarandScottTurnerutilizedfluiddynamicsmodelingtodisproveprevioustheories.5.TheEastgateCentreinHararewasthefirstbuildingtousepassivecooling.6.TheEastgateCentresavesmorethan$3.5millioneverytenyearsinenergycosts.Questions7-13Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.7.Theinternaltemperatureofthetermitemoundremainsstabledespiteexternal__________.8.Thefungusgardenservesasthetermites'primary____________.9.Researchersdiscoveredthatthemoundfunctionslikeabreathing____________.10.Theporouswallsofthemoundarelocatedprimarilyonthenorthandsouthsideswherethe____________strikes.11.AttheEastgateCentre,airiscooledbybeingdrawnacrosshollowfloor____________.12.TheEastgateCentreuses90%lessenergythana____________buildingofsimilarsize.13.Unliketermitemounds,humanbuildingsare____________structures.文章二ThePsychologyofDecisionFatigueA.Makingdecisionsisafundamentalpartofthehumanexperience,fromthetrivialchoicesofwhattowearforbreakfasttolife-alteringcareermoves.However,agrowingbodyofpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatwillpoweranddecision-makingabilityarefiniteresources.Thisphenomenon,knownas"decisionfatigue,"referstothedeterioratingqualityofdecisionsmadebyanindividualafteralongsessionofdecisionmaking.Asthedaywearsonandthenumberofchoicesaccumulates,thementalenergyrequiredtoweighoptionsandinhibitimpulsesdepletes,leadingtoeitherimpulsivechoicesoracompleteavoidanceofdecision-making—essentially,decisionparalysis.B.Theconceptisrootedinthepsychologicaltheoryof"egodepletion,"proposedbyRoyBaumeisterinthelate1990s.Baumeister’sexperimentsfamouslyinvolvedparticipantswhowereaskedtoresisteatingradisheswhilechocolatechipcookiesweretemptingthemnearby,comparedtoagroupallowedtoeatthecookies.Subsequently,bothgroupsweregivenanunsolvablegeometricpuzzle.The"radishresisters"—thosewhohadexertedself-control—gaveuponthepuzzlesignificantlyfasterthanthecookieeaters.Thissuggestedthatself-controldrawsuponalimitedpoolofmentalenergythat,onceexhausted,leaveslesscapacityforothertasksrequiringwillpower.C.Inthecontextofdecision-making,thisdepletionmanifestsinpredictableways.Oneofthemostcitedreal-worldexamplescomesfromastudyofjudicialrulingsinIsrael.Researchersanalyzedover1,000paroleboarddecisionsmadebyexperiencedjudgesovera50-dayperiod.Thefindingswerestriking:prisonersappearedfirstinthemorningorimmediatelyafterafoodbreakreceivedparoleabout65%ofthetime.However,asthesessioncontinuedandthejudgesmademorerulingswithoutabreak,thelikelihoodofafavorabledecisiondroppedtonearlyzerobytheendofthesession.Itwasn'tthatthejudgesbecamecrueler;theysimplybecamementallyexhausted,makingthedefault,easierdecision—whichistodenyparoleandmaintainthestatusquo.D.Thisphenomenonhasprofoundimplicationsforconsumerbehavior.Retailershavelongunderstoodthatshoppersaremoresusceptibletoimpulsebuyswhentheyarecognitivelydrained.Thisiswhysupermarketsplacecandyandmagazinesatthecheckoutcounters.Afterspendinganhournavigatingaisles,comparingprices,andselectingingredients,theshopper's"decisionmuscle"istired.Theeffortrequiredtoresistatreatattheregisterissimplytoohigh,leadingtoapurchasethatwasnotoriginallyintended.Similarly,cardealershipsoftenstructurenegotiationstostartwiththepriceofthevehicle,followedbyfinancing,andfinallyadd-ons,exhaustingthebuyer'sresolvebeforetheygettothefinal,smallerdecisions.E.However,recentresearchhasaddednuancetothetheory.Somepsychologistsarguethatdecisionfatigueisnotjustaboutrunningoutofenergy,butalsoaboutthemotivationtocontinuemakingchoices.A2019studysuggestedthatthebrainseeksabreakfromthehighcognitiveloadofdecision-makingnotbecauseit"runsout"offuelinabiologicalsense,butbecausethesubjectivecostofcontinuingseemstoohigh.Whenparticipantswereofferedasmallincentive(likeamonetaryreward)tokeepmakingdecisions,theywereoftenabletopushpastthefatigue,indicatingthatthe"resource"mightbemoreflexiblethanpreviouslythought.F.Despitethesedebates,thepracticalstrategiesformitigatingdecisionfatigueremainvaluableforindividualsandorganizations.Oneeffectivestrategyis"decisionbatching,"wheresimilardecisionsaregroupedtogetherandhandledataspecifictime.Forinstance,checkingemailsonlyatsettimesratherthancontinuouslythroughoutthedayreducestheconstantmicro-decisionsofwhethertorespondimmediatelyorlater.Anotherstrategyistoautomateroutinedecisions.BarackObama,duringhispresidency,famouslyworeonlygrayorbluesuitstoeliminatethetrivialdecisionofwhattowear,preservinghismentalenergyformoreconsequentialmatters.G.Organizationsarealsoredesigningworkflowstoaccountforcognitivelimits.Hospitals,forexample,arerestructuringshiftpatternstoensurethatcriticaldiagnosticdecisionsarenotmadeattheveryendofalong,exhaustingshift.Techcompaniesaresimplifyinguserinterfacestoreduce"choiceoverload"—theparalysisthatoccurswhenusersarepresentedwithtoomanyoptions.Byunderstandingthebiologicalandpsychologicalconstraintsofthehumanmind,wecandesignsystemsthatsupportbetterdecision-making,ensuringthatwhenchoicesreallymatter,wehavethementalcapacitytomakethemwell.Questions14-19ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphs,A-G.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.14.Adescriptionofanexperimentinvolvingfoodandself-control.15.Ananalysisofhowretailersexploitdecisionfatigue.16.Areferencetoapoliticalfigurewhosimplifiedhiswardrobe.17.Astudyexaminingtherelationshipbetweenthetimingofparolehearingsandtheiroutcomes.18.Analternativetheorysuggestingdecisionfatigueisrelatedtomotivationratherthanjustenergy.19.Thedefinitionofdecisionfatigueanditsprimarysymptoms.Questions20-23Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions20-23)andthelistofpeoplebelow.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson,A,B,orC..Writethecorrectletter,A,B,orC,inboxes20-23onyouranswersheet.ListofPeopleA.RoyBaumeisterB.BarackObamaC.Israelijudges20.Proposedthetheoryofegodepletion.21.Demonstratedadeclineinfavorablerulingsasthenumberofdecisionsincreased.22.Usedclothingstandardizationtoconservementalenergy.23.Conductedexperimentsinvolvingradishesandcookies.Questions24-26Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.24.Accordingtothepassage,decisionfatiguecanleadtoA.improvedanalyticalskills.B.impulsivechoicesordecisionparalysis.C.increasedphysicalenergy.D.betterriskassessment.25.Whyarecandyandmagazinesplacedatcheckoutcounters?A.Theyarethemostprofitableitemsinthestore.B.Customersspecificallylookforthemattheendofshopping.C.Totargetshopperswhoarementallyexhaustedfrompreviousdecisions.D.Toencouragechildrentoasktheirparentsfortreats.26.Whatis"decisionbatching"?A.Makingalldecisionsatthestartoftheday.B.Groupingsimilardecisionstobehandledataspecifictime.C.Avoidingmakingdecisionsuntiladeadlineapproaches.D.Askingacolleaguetomakedifficultdecisionsforyou.文章三TheEvolutionandImpactofWritingSystemsA.Writingisoneofthemostsignificantculturalinventionsinhumanhistory,markingthetransitionfromprehistorytohistory.Itallowedfortherecordingofevents,thecodificationoflaws,andthepreservationofknowledgeacrossgenerations.Theearliestwritingsystems,however,lookedvastlydifferentfromthealphabetsweusetoday.Theywerenotdesignedtorepresentthesoundsofspeechdirectly,butrathertorepresentobjects,ideas,orsyllables.Understandingtheevolutionofthesesystemsprovidesinsightintohowhumancognitionandsocietyhavedeveloped.B.ThefirstknownwritingsystememergedinMesopotamiaaround3400BCE:Cuneiform.InitiallydevelopedbytheSumerians,Cuneiformbeganasaseriesofpictographs—simpledrawingsrepresentingobjectslikebarley,cattle,orfish.Overtime,thesedrawingsbecamemoreabstractandsimplifiedastheywerepressedintoclaytabletswithareedstylus.Theimpressionslookedlikewedge-shapedmarks,hencethename"cuneiform"(Latinfor"wedge-shaped").Thesystemwascomplex,comprisinghundredsofdistinctsignsthatcouldrepresentwords,syllables,orevendeterminatives(unpronouncedsymbolsthatclarifiedthecategoryofaword,suchasdistinguishingawoodenobjectfromametalone).C.Around3200BCE,adifferentwritingsystemappearedinEgypt:Hieroglyphs.LikeearlyCuneiform,Egyptianhieroglyphsincludedpictographicelements.However,theEgyptiansystemwasamixoflogograms(signsrepresentingwholewords)andphonograms(signsrepresentingsounds).Asinglehieroglyphcouldstandforabird,thesoundthebird'snamestartedwith,oracombinationofboth.Thisflexibilitymadethesystemincrediblydifficulttodecipherformillennia.ThebreakthroughcamewiththediscoveryoftheRosettaStonein1799,whichcontainedthesametextinGreekscript,Demoticscript,andHieroglyphs,allowingscholarslikeJeanChampolliontounlockthecode.D.WhileCuneiformandHieroglyphswereflourishingintheNearEastandNorthAfrica,acompletelyindependentwritingsystemdevelopedinancientChinaaround1200BCEduringtheShangDynasty.ThiswastheprecursortomodernChinesecharacters.UnliketheevolutionofMesopotamianscriptfrompictographstoabstractsigns,Chinesecharactersretainedtheirpictographicandideographicnaturetoamuchhigherdegree.Thesystemislogographic,whereeachcharacterrepresentsamorpheme(thesmallestunitofmeaning).Althoughthenumberofcharactershasfluctuated,aliteratepersontypicallyneedstoknowseveralthousandcharacters,makingtheliteracybarrierhighcomparedtoalphabeticsystems.E.Thefirsttruealphabet,representingindividualconsonants(andlatervowels),wasdevelopedbySemitic-speakingpeoplesintheLevantaround1800BCE.ThisProto-SinaiticscriptwasinfluencedbyEgyptianhieroglyphsbutadaptedthemtorepresentsoundsratherthanconcepts.Forexample,thehieroglyphfor"house"(bayt)becametheletter"bet,"whicheventuallybecameour"B."Thisinnovationdrasticallyreducedthenumberofsignsneededfromhundredstoroughlytwodozen.ThePhoenicians,maritimetraders,spreadthisalphabetthroughouttheMediterranean.TheGreekslateradaptedthePhoenicianalphabetbyaddingsymbolsforvowels,creatingthefoundationforthealphabetsusedinEuropeandtheWesternworldtoday.F.Theinventionofthealphabethadprofounddemocratizingeffectsonliteracy.LearninghundredsofCuneiformsignsorthousandsofChinesecharactersrequiredyearsofrigoroustraining,restrictingliteracytoaprofessionalclassofscribes.Incontrast,thealphabetcouldbelearnedinamatterofweeksormonths.Thisaccessibilityfacilitatedthespreadofliteracyamongmerchants,soldiers,andeventuallythegeneralpublic.Italsoenabledtheriseofphoneticanalysis,allowingscholarstoanalyzethestructureoflanguageitself,whichlaidthegroundworkformodernlinguistics.G.Inthemodernera,theevolutionofwritingcontinues.Thetransitionfromprintingpressestodigitalscreenshaschangedhowwereadandwrite.Somelinguistsarguethatthebrevityrequiredbytextmessagingandsocialmediaisleadingtoanewformofwrittenregister,characterizedbyabbreviationsandemojisthatfunctionsomewhatlikelogograms.However,theunderlyingstructureofthealphabetremainsremarkablyresilient.Despitepredictionsthatvoicerecognitionandvideowouldrendertextobsolete,writingremainsthedominantformofcommunicationontheinternet,provingtheenduringpowerofthisancienttechnology.Questions27-31ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsA-Gfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-viii,inboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsi.Thedemocratizationofliteracythroughthealphabetii.ThecomplexityanddeciphermentofEgyptianscriptiii.TheindependentdevelopmentofChineselogogramsiv.Thetransitionfromoraltorecordedhistoryv.Thelimitationsofpictographicrepresentationvi.TheoriginsofthefirstalphabetintheLevantvii.Thefutureofwritinginthedigitalageviii.TheevolutionofSumerianCuneiform27.ParagraphA28.ParagraphB29.ParagraphC30.ParagraphD31.ParagraphEQuestions32-36DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage3?Onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis32.Cuneiformsignswerealwaysusedtorepresentsyllables.33.TheRosettaStonecontainedthreedifferentscripts.34.Chinesecharactersevolvedfromabstractsignsintopictographs.35.TheProto-SinaiticscriptwasentirelyindependentofEgyptianinfluence.36.ThePhoenicianswereresponsibleforspreadingthealphabetthroughouttheMediterranean.Questions37-40Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Theinventionofthealphabetwasasignificantmilestonebecauseitreducedthenumberofsignsneededtorepresentlanguage.WhileearliersystemslikeCuneiformrequiredtheknowledgeofhundredsofsigns,thealphabetusedsignstorepresentsounds.TheGreeksfurtherimprovedthesystembyaddingsymbolsfor37__________.Thismadeliteracymuchmoreaccessible,movingitbeyondtheexclusivedomainof38__________.Today,writingcontinuestoevolvewithtechnology,thoughsomelinguistsnotethatdigitalcommunicationofteninvolves39__________andemojis.Despitethesechanges,thealphabetremainsthedominantformofcommunicationonthe40__________.第二部分：写作WritingTask1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.Thechartsbelowshowthepercentageofelectricityproducedbydifferentsourcesinaspecificcountryin1995and2005.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.Writeatleast150words.[ChartDescription:Thefirstchartisapiechartfortheyear1995.Itshows:Coal60%,Nuclear25%,Gas10%,Oil5%.Thesecondchartisapiechartfortheyear2005.Itshows:Coal30%,Nuclear35%,Gas25%,Oil5%,Renewables5%.]WritingTask2Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistask.Writeaboutthefollowingtopic:Somepeoplebelievethatthebestwaytosucceedinlifeistohaveauniversityeducation.Otherssaythatthisisnolongertrueandthatpracticalexperienceorvocationaltrainingismoreimportant.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeorexperience.Writeatleast250words.***答案与解析第一部分：阅读答案及解析文章一：TheArchitectureofTermiteMoundsandBiomimeticDesign1.FALSE解析：原文A段提到“Thesemoundsarenotmerelypilesofdirt;theyarecomplexventilationsystems...”，说明它们不仅仅是土堆，而是复杂的通风系统。题目说“被大多数生物学家认为是简单的土堆”，与原文矛盾。2.TRUE解析：原文B段提到“Thisfungusrequiresaveryspecificenvironmenttothrive—typically30°Candhighhumidity.”，题目表述与原文一致。3.NOTGIVEN解析：原文C段提到了“烟囱”理论，并说它无法解释白天最热的时候如何保持冷却，但并未明确提及它在夜间冷却方面的表现是否成功。原文只说“failedtoexplainhowthemoundscouldmaintaincoolingduringthehottestpartoftheday”，并未提及夜间。4.FALSE解析：原文D段提到“Thebreakthroughcamewhenresearchers,includingengineerRupertSoarandbiologistScottTurner,utilizedadvancedscanningtechnologytocreate3Dmodels...”，他们是利用扫描技术制作3D模型从而发现新机制，虽然原文C段提到了流体动力学模型被用来推翻旧理论，但D段强调的是Soar和Turner的突破在于扫描技术和3D模型。题目说他们利用流体动力学模型推翻了之前的理论，表述不够准确，或者说是混淆了信息。更严谨的解析是：原文说“chimneymodelwaseventuallydisprovenbydetailedmeasurementsandfluiddynamicsmodeling”，并没有说是Soar和Turner利用流体动力学模型推翻的，而是他们利用扫描技术发现了新机制。因此选FALSE。5.NOTGIVEN解析：原文E段提到TheEastgateCentre是受白蚁丘启发的著名案例，但并没有说它是“第一座”使用被动冷却的建筑。文中没有信息支持它是“第一座”。6.FALSE解析：原文F段提到“Itsavestheownersover$3.5millioninenergycosts”，这里指的是节省了350万美元，但并没有说是在“每十年”节省这么多。这是一个时间跨度的错误理解。7.fluctuations解析：原文B段提到“...despitetheextremefluctuationsoftheexternalenvironment.”，题目中空格处需要填入fluctuation的名词形式fluctuations。8.food解析：原文B段提到“Insidethesestructures,thetermitescultivateafungusgarden,whichistheirprimaryfoodsource.”。9.lung解析：原文D段提到“Theydiscoveredthatthemoundactsnotjustasachimney,butasabreathinglung.”。10.sun解析：原文D段提到“Thestructureisriddledwithacomplexnetworkoftinypores,particularlyonthenorthandsouthsideswherethesunhits.”。11.slabs解析：原文E段提到“Theairiscooledbybeingdrawnacrosshollowfloorslabs...”。12.conventional解析：原文F段提到“Thebuildinguses90%lessenergythanaconventionalbuildingofsimilarsizeinHarare.”。13.static解析：原文G段提到“Humanbuildings,bycontrast,arestaticstructures.”。文章二：ThePsychologyofDecisionFatigue14.B解析：B段详细描述了RoyBaumeister关于抵抗吃萝卜而诱惑吃巧克力的实验。15.D解析：D段讨论了零售商如何利用决策疲劳，例如在收银台摆放糖果。16.F解析：F段提到了巴拉克·奥巴马只穿灰色或蓝色西装来简化决策。17.C解析：C段描述了关于以色列法官假释裁决的研究，分析了裁决时间与结果的关系。18.E解析：E段提到了一种替代理论，认为决策疲劳不仅是因为能量耗尽，还与继续决策的动机有关。19.A解析：A段给出了决策疲劳的定义及其主要症状（冲动选择或决策瘫痪）。20.A解析：RoyBaumeister在B段被提及提出了“自我损耗”理论。21.C解析：C段的以色列法官研究表明，随着决策数量的增加，有利裁决的概率下降。22.B解析：F段提到奥巴马通过标准化着装来保存脑力。23.A解析：B段明确提到Baumeister的实验涉及萝卜和饼干。24.B解析：原文A段定义决策疲劳时说：“...leadingtoeitherimpulsivechoicesoracompleteavoidanceofdecision-making...”。25.C解析：原文D段解释说，在收银台摆放糖果是针对那些在之前的购物决策中已经“mentallyexhausted”（精神疲惫）的顾客。26.B解析：原文F段定义“decisionbatching”为“...wheresimilardecisionsaregroupedtogetherandhandledataspecifictime.”。文章三：TheEvolutionandImpactofWritingSystems27.iv解析：A段主要讲述了文字的发明标志着从史前到历史的过渡，以及记录事件的重要性。28.viii解析：B段详细描述了苏美尔楔形文字的起源和演变。29.ii解析：C段讨论了埃及象形文字的复杂性以及罗塞塔石碑在破解其含义中的作用。30.iii解析：D段讲述了中国独立发展的汉字系统及其表意文字特征。31.vi解析：E段讲述了第一个字母表在黎凡特地区的起源。32.FALSE解析：原文B段提到：“Thesystemwascomplex,comprisinghundredsofdistinctsignsthatcouldrepresentwords,syllables,orevendeterminatives...”，说明它不仅代表音节，还代表单词或限定符。题目说“总是用来代表音节”，过于绝对。33.TRUE解析：原文C段提到：“...whichcontainedthesametextinGreekscript,Demoticscript,andHieroglyphs...”。34.FALSE解析：原文D段提到：“UnliketheevolutionofMesopotamianscriptfrompictographstoabstractsigns,Chinesecharactersretainedtheirpictographicandideographicnature...”，说明汉字保留了象形特征，而不是从抽象符号演变为象形文字（题目方向反了）。35.FALSE解析：原文E段提到：“ThisProto-SinaiticscriptwasinfluencedbyEgyptianhieroglyphs...”，说明它受到了埃及象形文字的影响，并非完全独立。36.TRUE解析：原文E段提到：“ThePhoenicians,maritimetraders,spreadthisalphabetthroughouttheMediterranean.”。37.vowels解析：原文E段提到：“TheGreekslateradaptedthePhoenicianalphabetbyaddingsymbolsforvowels...”。38.scribes解析：原文F段提到：“...restrictingliteracytoaprofessionalclassofscribes.”，而在字母表发明后，识字率不再局限于抄写员。39.abbreviations解析：原文G段提到：“...characterizedbyabbreviationsandemojis...”。40.internet解析：原文G段最后一句提到：“...writingremainsthedominantformofcommunicationontheinternet...”。第二部分：写作参考范文WritingTask1参考范文Thetwopiechartscomparethesourcesofelectricitygenerationinaparticularcountryoveraten-yearperiod,between1995and2005.In1995,thedominantsourceofpowerwascoal,whichaccountedfor60%ofthetotalelectricityproduction.Thiswasfollowedbynuclearpowerat25%,andgasat10%.Oilcontributedthesmallestshare,representingonly5%ofthetotal.By2005,thelandscapeofelectricityproductionhadshiftedsignificantly.Therelianceoncoalhaddroppeddramaticallybyhalf,fallingto30%.Conversely,nuclearpowersawanincrease,risingtobecometheprimarysourceat35%.Theuseofgasalsoexperiencedasubstantialrise,morethandoublingtoreach25%.Theproportionofoilremainedconstantat5%.Additionally,anewsource,renewables,appearedinthe2005chart,contributing5%tothetotalenergymix.Overall,thecountrymovedawayfromaheavydependenceoncoaltowardsamorediversifiedenergyportfolio.Nuclearpowerreplacedcoalastheleadingsource,whilegasandrenewablesgainedprominence.O