Unit 1 Science and Scientists Discover Useful Structures 名词性从句讲义-2022-2023学年高中英语人教版2019选择性必修第二册

语法专项复习——名词性从句一、四种类别主语从句：Whathesaidwasright.他说的话是对的。宾语从句：Hesaidthathewouldgowithme.他说他要和我一起去。表语从句：Thereasonforhisabsenceisthathewasill.他缺席是因为病了。同位语从句(说明该抽象名词的具体内容)：Wordcamethathewonthegame.传来了他获胜的消息。二、连接词1.连接词that的用法(1)that在名词性从句中不作任何成分，也没有意义，引导宾语从句时有时可以省略，引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时不能省略。*动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可省略。Hesaid(that)thebookwasveryinterestingandthatallthechildrenliketoreadit.(2)that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语的常见句型有：①It+be+形容词(necessary/right/likely/unlikely/wrong/important/certain等)+that从句ItisunlikelythatIshouldacceptsuchanofferasthat.我不可能接受那样的提议。②It+be+名词(短语)(apity/ashame/asurprise/nowonder等)+that从句Itisapitythatyourcompositionhassomanyspellingmistakes.很可惜，你的作文有这么多拼写错误。③It+be+过去分词(said/reported/decided/suggested/well-known等)+that从句ItisdecidedthatthemeetinghasbeenputofftillnextMonday.已决定会议推迟到下星期一举行。④It+不及物动词(短语)(seem/appear/happen/matter/turnout/occurto/makenodifference等)+that从句Itturnsoutthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo.事实上，大脑需要像肌肉一样得到锻炼。(3)it作形式宾语的宾语从句一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有find,feel,think,consider,believe,make,appreciate,seeto,dependon等。Hehasmadeitclearthatthemeetingwillnotbepostponed.他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。2.连接词whether与if引导的名词性从句(1)whether与if引导名词性从句时，在句中不作任何成分，但有具体的含义，意为“是否”。(2)引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般用whether，不用if。whether与if引导宾语从句时大多数情况下可以互换，但下列情况用whether：①后面直接跟ornot时；Idon’tknowwhetherornotthereportistrue.我不知道这则报道是否真实。②用于介词后引导宾语从句时。Itdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。3.连接词asif/though引导的表语从句，常置于连系动词look,seem,sound,be,become等后面。Itlookedasifitwasgoingtorain.看起来天好像要下雨了。4.连接词because,why引导的表语从句。This/Thatiswhy...这/那是……的原因This/Thatisbecause...这/那是因为……Tomwasill.Thisiswhyhewasabsentfromclass.汤姆病了，这就是他请假的原因。Tomwasabsentfromclass.Thatwasbecausehewasill.汤姆请假了，那是因为他病了。*主语是reason时，表语从句用that引导，不用why或becauseThereasonI’mphoningyouisthatIwanttoinviteyoutoaparty.三、连接代词连接代词包括who,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等。连接代词在从句中既起连接作用，又充当主语、宾语、表语或定语成分。1.连接代词what的用法what引导名词性从句时有三个意思：一是表示“什么”，二是表示“多么”，三是表示“所……的事(物)”。Idon’tknowwhatheneeds.我不知道他需要什么。OnlythendidIrecognizewhatsillymistakesIhadmade.只是那时我才意识到我犯了多么愚蠢的错误。Chinaisnotwhatusedtobe.中国已经不是它过去的样子了。2.whoever意为“任何人”，表示无范围的选择，whichever意为“无论哪个/哪些”，表示有范围的选择Whatworriesusmostiswholetoutthesecret.最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.无论谁触犯法律都应该受到惩罚。Whicheverofusgetshomefirststartscooking.我们当中不管谁先到家，就开始做饭。四、连接副词引导名词性从句的连接副词有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever等，它们均在从句中作状语。Ihavenoideawhenshewillbeback.我不知道她何时回来。I’vebeenthinkingabouthowwecanwinthegame.我一直在思考我们如何能赢得比赛。Whereverhegoesmakeshisparentsworry.他无论去哪儿父母都担心。五、其他注意事项1.时态问题：主句的动词用过去时，从句谓语动词用过去的某种时态主句的动词用过去时，从句表示客观事实，格言，谚语等，从句谓语动词用一般现在时主句的动词用一般现在时，从句谓语可根据需要选用各种时态2.主语从句在句子中充当主语，句子的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数。(1)当主语中的表语是复数形式时，主句的谓语动词用复数。WhathegavemewerefiveEnglishbooks.(2)当同一个主语从句是由两个不同的引导词引导，表达的是同一件事时，谓语动词一般用单数。Whenandwhereweshouldholdthemeetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.(3)当主语是由两个由and连接的主语从句组成，表达的是两件不同的事时，谓语动词需用复数形式。Whenweshouldholdthemeetingandwhowillattendthemeetinghavenotbeendecidedyet.3.在表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等意思的名词性从句中，谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”Itisnecessarythatwe(should)keepthebalanceofdiet.保持饮食均衡是很必要的。Themanagerdemandsthateveryone(should)gotoworkontime.经理要求每人要按时上班。Myadviceisthatwe(should)makeanewplanatonce.我的建议是我们应该马上制订一个新计划。4.think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。Wedon’tthinkyouarehere.我们认为你不在这。Idon’tbelievehewilldoso.我相信他不会这样做。同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.(that引导同位语从句，不能省略)Haveyougottheidea(that)thisbookgivesyouoflifeinancientGreece?(that引导定语从句，可以省略）[练习]一、单句语法填空Thatthestudentwaslateforschoolagainmadetheteacherveryangry.Whetherhemanagedtofinishthecompositioninsuchashorttimeisstillamystery.Whentheywillstartandwheretheywillgohavebeendecided(decide)already.Whatsurprisedmemostwasthatsuchalittlegirlcouldplaytheviolinsowell.Youcan’tbelievewhatastupidboyheis.Whatisknowntousisthatheisafamousscientist.Thereasonwhyhewasabsentwasthathewasill.Hiscarbrokedown.Thatwaswhyhecamelate.Ifeelitagreathonortodeliverthisspeechtoallofyou.Whenthedelayedflightwilltakeoffdependsmuchontheweather.Itdoesn’tmatterwhether/ifyoupaybycashorcreditcardinthisstore.Themanagerputforwardasuggestionthatwe(should)have(have)anassistant.Withanoptimisticattitudeandastrongwill,wecanovercomewhateverdifficultieswemightmeet.Whicheverteamgainsthemostpointswins.Whatseemtobetwodeadtreesareblocking(block)theroad.Ibelieveyouhavedoneyourbestandthatthingswillimprove.Irecommendthathe(should)try(try)hisbesttopracticespeakingEnglisheveryday.Thereisnodoubtthatitisofgreathelptotheirstudyandfuturelife.Theonlywaytosucceedistohaveabeliefthatyouarebetterthananyoneelseonthesportsfield.Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.It’sashamethathehasmadesuchamistake.Theguyisnotwhathewastenyearsago.Theresultisthatwewonthegame.Iaskedherif/whethershehadabike.Therearesomanykindsofdictionariesintheshop,Ican’tdecidewhichoneIshouldbuy.TomorrowisTom’sbirthday.Haveyougotanyideawherethepartyistobeheld?Marywroteanarticleonwhytheteamhadfailedtowinthegame.Pleasetellmewho/whomyouarewaitingfor.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.Thehow-tobookcanbeofhelptowhoeverwantstodothejob.ThelasttimewehadgreatfunwaswhenwewerevisitingtheWaterPark.ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.Thenewsthat/whichhetoldmeyesterdayistrue.Ourphysicsteacheroncetoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.Whatwecan’tgetseemsbetterthanwhatwehave.Donotletanyfailuresdiscourageyou,foryoucannevertellhowcloseyoumaybetovictory.I’mnotsurewhichismorefrightened,meorthefemalegorilla(大猩猩)thatsuddenlyappearsoutofnowhere.Withouthissupport,wewouldn’tbewherewearenow.Thisiswhatmyfatherhastaughtme-toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.Janemovedaimlesslydownthetree-linedstreet,notknowingwhereshewasheading.Wisdomistothemindwhathealthistothebody.Aftermonthsofvoyage,Columbusarrivedinwhatlaterprovedanewcontinent.

Pleasegivethemagazinetowhomeveritbelongsto.Itisnotalwayseasyforthepublictoseewhatuseanewinventioncanbeoftohumanlife.Asmanyasfivecoursesareprovided,andyouarefreetochoosewhicheversuitsyoubest.Howeverwellpreparedyouare,youstillneedalotofluckinmountainclimbing.—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?—Yeah,butIhavenoideawhyhedidit;that’soneofhisfavouriteuniversities.Itisknowntousallthatthe2024OlympicGameswilltakeplaceinParis.SorryI’msolate,butyoucannotimaginewhatgreattroubleItooktofindyourhouse.Youmaydependonitthatallgoodswillbeshippedabroadintime.Afterschoolwewenttothereading-room,onlytobetoldthatitwasbeingdecorated(decorate).Georgesaidthathewouldcome(come)toschooltoseemethenextday,buthedidn’t.WhenAlicecametoherself,shedidnotknowhowlongshehadbeenlying(lie)there.Manyscientistssubscribedtotheviewthatitishumanactivitythathascausedglobalwarming.Whoeverwantstostayinahotelhastopaytheirownway.Whatisagainstmyprinciple,Ithink,istocheatintheexaminations.Thattheorymustbecloselyconnectedwithpracticeisabasicruleweshouldalwayskeepinmind.Itisknowntousallthattheoldscientist,forwhomlifewashardinthepast,stillworkshardinhiseighties.Areadingroomiswhereyoucanreadnewspaperandmagazinesaswellasbooks.TheLouvrePyramidinParisiswhataChinese-Americanarchitectconsideredasthegreatestchallengeandgreatestaccomplishment.二、用名词性从句完成下列句子。1.Thenewsthatthehousewasburntdown(那栋房子被烧毁)lastnightsurprisedeveryone.2.Whetherhehasbeenabroadornot(他是否出过国)doesn’tmakemuchdifference.3.Whoevercomeshere(任何人来这儿)willbewelcome.4.Noonecanbesurewhatmanwilllooklike(人类看上去将会是什么样)inmillionyears.5.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisiswhereIdisagree(我不同意之处)..6.众所周知，互联网把世界变成