初中英语语法复习讲义与练习题

初中英语语法复习讲义与练习题亲爱的同学们，英语语法是构建语言这座大厦的基石，掌握好语法，能让我们的表达更准确、更流畅，也能帮助我们更好地理解他人的语言。这份讲义旨在带领大家系统梳理初中阶段核心的语法知识点，并通过针对性的练习加以巩固。请大家耐心研读，认真思考，相信付出必有回报。一、名词(Nouns)名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词。1.1名词的分类*专有名词(ProperNouns):表示特定的人、地方、机构或事物的名称，首字母通常大写。*例：Tom,Beijing,theGreatWall,September*个体名词(CountableNouns):可以个体计数的名词，有单数和复数形式。*例：book(books),student(students)*集体名词(CollectiveNouns):表示由若干个体组成的集合体。*例：family,class,team(这类名词有时作单数，有时作复数，取决于强调整体还是个体)*物质名词(UncountableNouns-MassNouns):表示无法分为个体的物质或材料。*抽象名词(UncountableNouns-AbstractNouns):表示抽象概念、情感、品质等。*例：happiness,knowledge,time,friendship(一般只有单数形式)1.2名词的数(Number)*单数(Singular):表示一个人或事物。*复数(Plural):表示两个或两个以上的人或事物。*规则变化:*一般情况下加-s:book→books,cat→cats*以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-es:bus→buses,box→boxes,watch→watches,dish→dishes*以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es:city→cities,baby→babies(注意：元音字母+y结尾的名词直接加-s:boy→boys,toy→toys)*以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f/fe为v再加-es:leaf→leaves,knife→knives(少数直接加-s:roof→roofs,belief→beliefs)*以o结尾的名词，有生命的加-es:potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,hero→heroes；无生命的加-s:photo→photos,radio→radios,zoo→zoos(也有例外，需个别记忆)*不规则变化:(需重点记忆)*man→men,woman→women,child→children,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,mouse→mice,sheep→sheep,deer→deer,fish→fish(强调种类时可用fishes)1.3名词所有格(PossessiveCase)名词所有格表示所属关系，意为“……的”。*有生命的名词:*单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词，直接加’s:Tom’sbook,thechildren’stoys,Women’sDay*以s结尾的复数名词，直接加’:theteachers’office,thestudents’books*无生命的名词:通常用“of+名词”结构:thedooroftheroom,thenameoftheschool*双重所有格:afriendofmyfather’s(我父亲的一个朋友)---Exercise1:NounsI.写出下列名词的复数形式。1.city______2.baby______3.leaf______4.knife______5.photo______6.child______7.foot______8.sheep______II.根据句意，用所给名词的适当形式填空。1.Therearetwo______(library)inourschool.2.Mymotherboughtsome______(potato)and______(tomato)yesterday.3.Look!The______(child)areplayinghappilyinthepark.4.Ihavethree______(box)of______(book).5.Thisis______(TomandJerry)room.(共同拥有)6.Theseare______(Tom)and______(Jerry)bags.(分别拥有)---二、代词(Pronouns)代词是用来代替名词或名词词组的词，以避免重复。2.1人称代词(PersonalPronouns)表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”。有人称、数和格的变化。*主格(SubjectForm):作句子的主语。I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they*例：Sheisagoodstudent.Weloveourcountry.*宾格(ObjectForm):作句子的宾语（动词宾语或介词宾语）。me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them*例：Mymotherlovesme.Givethebooktoher.2.2物主代词(PossessivePronouns)表示所属关系。*形容词性物主代词(PossessiveAdjectives):置于名词前，作定语，相当于形容词。my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their*例：Thisismypen.HernameisLucy.*名词性物主代词(PossessivePronouns):相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，可独立使用，作主语、宾语或表语。mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs*例：Thispenismine.(相当于mypen)Yoursisonthedesk.Ilikehers.2.3反身代词(ReflexivePronouns)表示“某人自己”。*myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves*用法：*作宾语，表示动作的承受者是主语本身：HetaughthimselfEnglish.(他自学英语。)*作表语：Iamnotmyselftoday.(我今天不舒服/不在状态。)*作同位语，加强语气：Imyselfdidit.(我自己做的。)*常用短语：enjoyoneself(玩得开心),helponeselfto(随便吃/用),byoneself(独自地),hurtoneself(伤到自己)2.4指示代词(DemonstrativePronouns)表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”。*this(这个，单数，近指),that(那个，单数，远指),these(这些，复数，近指),those(那些，复数，远指)*用法：*作主语、宾语、表语或定语。*Thisisabook.Thatisapen.*Ilikethese,notthose.*Thesebooksaremine.*注意:打电话时，常用this介绍自己，用that询问对方：Hello!ThisisTomspeaking.IsthatMary?2.5不定代词(IndefinitePronouns)不明确指代某个人或事物的代词。初中阶段常见的有：*some,any,no,none,many,much,few,little,afew,alittle,each,every,both,either,neither,all,another,other,others,theother,theothers,one*some&any:some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。但在表示请求、建议，并期望得到肯定回答的疑问句中用some。*Ihavesomebooks.Idon’thaveanybooks.Doyouhaveanybooks?Wouldyoulikesometea?*many&much:many修饰可数名词复数，much修饰不可数名词。*few&afew;little&alittle:few和afew修饰可数名词复数；little和alittle修饰不可数名词。afew/alittle表示肯定含义“有一些，有一点”；few/little表示否定含义“几乎没有”。*Hehasafewfriends.(他有几个朋友。)Hehasfewfriends.(他几乎没有朋友。)*Thereisalittlewaterintheglass.(杯子里有点水。)Thereislittlewaterintheglass.(杯子里几乎没水了。)*each&every:each强调个体，可指两个或两个以上；every强调整体，指三个或三个以上，只能修饰名词作定语，不能单独使用。*Eachstudenthasabook.(每个学生都有一本书。)Everystudenthasabook.*both(两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither(两者都不):*Bothofthemareright.EitherisOK.Neitherofthemisright.*all(三者或三者以上都),none(三者或三者以上都不):*Allthebooksaremine.Noneoftheanswersis/arecorrect.*other,others,theother,theothers,another:*other+名词复数=others:Somestudentsarereading,others(otherstudents)arewriting.*theother(两者中的另一个):Ihavetwopens.Oneisred,theotherisblue.*theothers(其余所有的):Thereare50studentsinourclass.20areboys,theothersaregirls.*another(三者或三者以上中的另一个，后接单数名词):Idon’tlikethisone.Pleaseshowmeanother.---Exercise2:PronounsI.用适当的人称代词、物主代词或反身代词填空。1.Thisismysister.______nameisLily.______isastudent.2.Myparentsareteachers.______workinamiddleschool.Ilove______verymuch.3.Thelittlegirlcandress______(she)now.4.—Isthisyourpen?—No,______isblue.Thisis______(Tom).5.Weenjoyed______(we)atthepartylastnight.II.选择适当的不定代词填空(some,any,many,much,few,little,afew,alittle,each,every,both,either,neither,all)。1.Thereis______milkinthefridge.Let’sbuysome.2.______ofthetwinsaregoodatEnglish.3.—Whichbookdoyouprefer?—______.Ithinktheyarebothboring.4.______studentshouldfollowtheschoolrules.5.Ihave______friendsinthiscity,soIoftenfeellonely.6.Couldyougiveme______water?I’mthirsty.7.Thereare______peopleintheparkonweekends.8.Heknows______abouttheaccidentbecausehewasn’tthere.---三、冠词(Articles)冠词是一种虚词，放在名词前面，帮助说明名词的含义。分为不定冠词(a,an)和定冠词(the)两种。零冠词指名词前不加冠词的情况。3.1不定冠词(a,an)*基本含义:表示某一类人或事物中的“一个”，泛指。*a与an的区别:a用于辅音音素开头的单词前；an用于元音音素开头的单词前。(注意：是音素，不是字母)*abook,auniversity(ju:是辅音音素开头),aone-waystreet(w是辅音音素开头)*anapple,anhour(h不发音，our是元音音素开头),anhonestboy(h不发音)*用法:*表示“一个”，但数的概念不如one强烈：Ihaveapen.*表示一类人或事物：Ahorseisausefulanimal.(代表整个类别)*用于第一次提到的人或事物：Thereisaboyintheroom.Theboyisreading.*用于某些固定搭配中：alotof,havearest,takeawalk,inahurry,forawhile3.2定冠词(the)*基本含义:表示特定的人或事物，特指。*用法:(以下为初中阶段核心用法，需重点掌握)*特指上文提到过的人或事物：Ihaveacat.Thecatisblack.*特指双方都知道的人或事物：Openthedoor,please.*用在世界上独一无二的事物前：thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld*用在序数词、形容词最高级前：thefirstlesson,thetallestboy*用在乐器名称前：playthepiano,playtheviolin(注意：球类运动前不加the:playbasketball,playfootball)*用在江河湖海、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前：theYangtzeRiver,theHimalayas,thePacificOcean*用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前：theGreatWall,theUnitedStates,theSummerPalace*用在某些形容词前，表示一类人：theold(老年人),theyoung(年轻人),therich(富人),thepoor(穷人)(作主语时，谓语动词用复数)*用在姓氏复数前，表示“……一家人”或“……夫妇”：theGreens(格林一家人/夫妇)*用在某些固定搭配中：inthemorning/afternoon/evening,atthesametime,bytheway,intheend3.3零冠词(ZeroArticle)名词前不加冠词的情况。*用法:*复数可数名词和不可数名词表示泛指时：Booksareourgoodfriends.Waterisnecessaryforlife.*专有名词前(人名、地名、国名等，由普通名词构成的专有名词除外)：Tom,Beijing,China*星期、月份、季节、节日前(中国传统节日前通常加the，如theSpringFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival)：onMonday,inMarch,insummer,Children’sDay,ChristmasDay*三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏前：havebreakfast/lunch/dinner,playfootball,playchess*学科名称前：IlikeEnglishandMath.*称呼语、头衔前(作表语、同位语时)：Mr.Wang,PresidentXi,DoctorLi(但若头衔在专有名词前，且表示特指，则需加the:thePresidentXi)*某些固定搭配中：atschool,inhospital(生病住院),athome,bybus,onfoot,inbed,gotoschool,inclass---Exercise3:Articles在下列空白处填入适当的冠词(a,an,the)，不需要的填“/”。1.Ihave______book.______bookisveryinteresting.2.Sheis______universitystudent.Herfatheris______honestman.3.______sunrisesin______eastandsetsin______west.4.Weusuallyhave______breakfastat7:00in______morning.5.Hecanplay______piano,buthecan’tplay______basketball.6.______Greensaregoingtovisit______GreatWallnextweek.7.______summerishotterthan______springinth