外教社中国概况（英文版）课件

UNDERSTANDINGCHINAEdited

by

Cheng

AiminTranslated

by

Guosheng

Y.chenBo

Ai

John

UrbanHolly

WangCHAPTER

1GeographyContentsA

look

at

China

from

the

WorldⅠChina's

Natural

EnvironmentⅡFamous

Chinese

CitiesⅢTour

in

ChinaⅣA

look

at

China

from

the

WorldⅠ123China's

Geographical

LocationAdministrative

Divisions

in

ChinaPopulation

and

Ethnicity1.China's

Geographical

LocationLocated

in

Eastern

Asia9.6

million

square

kilometers

The

third

largest

country

inthe

worldChina’s

border

is

about22,800

kilometers

long

andChina

has

14

neighboringcountries.When

the

sun

rises

on

the

east

coast,

the

peopleon

the

Pamirs

in

the

west

are

still

fast

asleep.Cultural

NotesZengmu

ShoalZengmu

Shoal

is

the

southernmost

part

of

the

Chineseborder,

located

in

the

South

China

Sea

as

part

of

the

NanshaIslands.

China

has

sovereignty

over

these

islands.Taiwan

IslandIt

is

China’s

largest

island,

located

on

the

south

side

ofthe

continental

shelf

of

the

East

China

Sea.23

provinces4

municipalities5

ethnic

autonomous

regions2

special

administrative

regions.Beijing

is

the

country's

capital

and

theseat

of

the

Central

People's

Government.2.

Administrative

Divisions

in

China3.

Population

and

Ethnicity3.1China’s

Population

The

most

populous

countryin

the

world.

Urban

population

has

grownrapidly.3.2

Chinese

Ethnic

GroupsThere

are

56

ethnic

groups

livingand

practicing

a

policy

of

nationalequality,

solidarity

and

mutualassistance.Rich

national

culturelCultural

NotesThe

Miao

embroideryIn

2006,

the

Miao

embroidery

was

listed

as

a

NationalIntangible

Cultural

Heritage.“Nadamu”

Traditional

Mongolian

FairThe

“Nadamu”

Fair

is

a

traditional

Mongolian

nationalfestival.

“Nadamu”

means

“entertainment”,

“game”

inMongolian.

It

is

the

grand

event

for

the

Mongolian

people.China’s

Natural

EnvironmentⅡChina’s

Topography

and

LandformsThe

Mountains

in

ChinaThe

Rivers

in

ChinaFeatu1.China’s

Topography

and

Landforms1.1

China’s

Topographical

Featuresvast

territory

of

complexterrain.more

mountains

than

flat

land.high

in

the

west

and

low

in

the

east.

resLandform

Types

in

ChinaMountain

RangePlateausBasinsPlainsHillsCultural

NotesThe

Loess

PlateauChina’s

third

largest

plateau,

located

in

the

northwesternpart

of

China,

is

the

largest

loess

distribution

area

in

theworld.

The

surface

is

rugged

with

many

ravines,

plants

arescarce,

and

soil

erosion

is

serious.The

Tarim

BasinThe

largest

inland

basin

in

China

and

in

the

world.“Tarim”

means

“flowing

into

the

tributaries

of

the

lake

andthe

desert”

in

the

Uyghur

language.2.

The

Mountains

in

China2.1

The

Himalayasare

the

highest

mountain

inthe

world,

consisting

of

manyparallel

ranges.Qomolangma,

the

main

peak,is

8,844.43

meters

above

sealevel

and

is

the

highestmountain

in

the

world.“Qomolangma”,which

means“Mother

Earth”in

Tibetan.How

were

the

Himalayas

formed?The

Indian

Ocean

plate

slowly

squeezedthe

Asian

continent

tothe

south.And

thenorth

part

of

the

crustrose

upwards.Plateau

sceneryThe

air

is

very

thin.Largest

area

of

ice

and

snow.Complex

geological

structure2.2

The

Qinling

RidgeIt

runs

fromGansu

provincein

the

west,

passes

throughShaanxi,

and

reaches

Henanin

the

east.A

large

tall

“windshield”Mount

Taibai

is

themain

peak

of

the

Qinling

Ridge.Cultural

NotesYarlung

Zangbo

RiverIt

is

one

of

the

highest

rivers

in

China.

Its

upper

reachesin

the

alpine

region

provide

a

natural

animal

paradise.Sima

Qian

and

His

RecordsSima

Qian

(145

BC-?)

was

a

historian

in

the

Western

Han

Dynasty

of

China.

His

Records

of

the

Grand

Historian

isthe

first

general

history

of

China.3.

The

Rivers

in

ChinaChina

has

vast

territories

with

many

far-reaching

rivers

that

carry

great

volumesof

water.3.1The

Yangtze

RiverThe

Long

River,

also

known

as

theYangtze

River,

originates

from

the

“Roofof

the

World”

—

the

Tanggula

Mountainson

the

Qinghai-Tibet

Plateau.The

length

of

the

Yangtze

River

is

morethan

6,300

kilometers,

making

it

the

thirdlargest

river

in

the

world.There

are

famous

gorges

such

as

the

TigerLeaping

Gorge

and

the

Three

Gorges,

andthe

natural

landscape

is

beautiful.The

upper

reachesof

the

Yangtze

RiverThe

middle

reachesof

the

Yangtze

RiverThe

middle

and

lowerreaches

of

the

Yangtze

River

.3.2

The

Yellow

RiverThe

Yellow

River

is

the

motherriver

of

the

Chinese

nation

andbears

witness

to

the

origin

of

theChinese

civilization.The

upper

reaches

of

the

Yellow

River

are

smoothand

there

are

many

lakes.The

middle

reaches

of

the

Yellow

River

pass

throughmountain

valleys

with

rapid

water

flow

and

abundant

waterresources.The

middle

and

lower

reaches

of

the

Yellow

River

aremainly

plains

and

hills,

where

the

rivers

are

wide

and

thewater

flow

is

slow.When

the

Yellow

River

passes

through

the

Loess

Plateau,

itcarries

a

lot

of

sediment,

which

gives

the

river

a

“yellow”

color.Legend

of

the

Yellow

Riverthe

Yellow

EmperorDa

Yu

Led

Peoplein

Curbing

FloodsNuwa

Made

ManCultural

NotesThe

Three

Gorges

of

the

Yangtze

Riverfrom

the

west

of

Chongqing

to

the

east

of

Yichang

inHubei

Province,

is

a

magnificent

canyon

of

mountains

andrivers

known

as

one

of

the

“Top

Ten

Scenic

Spots

in

China”.The

Yellow

EmperorXuanyuan

Shi

is

the

emperor

of

ancient

Chinese

legendsand

the

ancestor

of

the

Chinese

nation.The

Great

YuThe

leader

of

the

ancient

tribe,

who

inherited

hisfather’scareer,

used

the

method

of

grooming

to

eventuallysubdue

the

flood.Famous

Chinese

CitiesⅢ123BeijingShanghaiHong

KongFetures1.

Beijingthe

capital

of

the

People’s

Republic

of

China.international

exchange

center,the

center

oftechnological

innovation,political

center,

culturalcenter.the

capital

of

China’s

six

dynastiescontemporary

capitalTian’anmen

Squarethe

landmark

of

BeijingTian’anmen

Square

is

one

of

Beijing’s

mostimportant

landmarks,

and

its

image

isincorporated

into

the

design

of

the

NationalEmblemJ.the

Great

Hall

of

the

People.The

National

People’sCongress

of

China

is

held

here.Chairman

Mao

Memorial

HallChairman

Mao

Memorial

Hall

is

located

on

thesouthern

side

of

the

Monument

to

the

People’sHeroes

in

the

Tian’anmen

Square.the

Forbidden

City

covers

an

area

of

about

720,000

squaremeters.

the

royal

palace

of

the

Ming

and

Qingdynasties.the

Summer

Palaceone

of

the

largest

and

best

preservedimperial

gardens

in

China.“Imperial

Garden

Museum”.the

Temple

of

HeavenThere

are

two

existing

Temples

ofHeaven

in

China,

and

the

other

is

in

Xi’an.the

Great

WallThe

Great

Wall

is

wide

enough

at

the

topfor

five

horses

or

ten

men

to

walk

side

by

side.modern

cityNational

StadiumNational

Grand

TheatreBeijing

SouthRailway

Stationthe

ChineseAcademy

of

Sciences.Peking

Universitygreat

strength

in

science

and

technologyTsinghuaUniversitya

characteristic

citytraditional

courtyards“hutong”“Siheyuan”Cultural

NotesThe

Capital

of

Six

DynastiesBeijing

was

the

capital

of

the

six

dynasties

of

Yan,

Liao,Jin,

Yuan,

Ming

and

Qing.

The

Three

Grand

Halls

of

the

ForbiddenCityThe

three

grand

halls

refer

to

the

Taihe

(SupremeHarmony)

Hall,

the

Zhonghe

(Central

Harmony)

Hall,

and

the

Baohe

(Preserving

Harmony)

Hall

in

the

Forbidden

City.2.Shanghai“the

Paris

of

theOrient”China’s

largest

port

city

China’s

largest

industrial

andcommercial

city

well-developed

science

andtechnology

center“Shanghai’s

history

andcIunlttheur19e3”0s

and

1940s,

various

foreign

commercial

organizations

gathered

here

tomake

the

Bund

develop

into

an

Asian

financial

center,

the

world’s

third

largestfinancial

center,

and

the

“Oriental

Wall

Street.”the

old

City

God

Templethe

Yuyuan

Gardenthe

traditional

Chinesearchitectural“Longtang”“If

there

were

no

‘longtang’,there

would

be

no

Shanghai,even

no

Shanghai

people.”ModernShanghaiShanghai

in

the

new

century

is

arepresentative

of

modernization,internationalization,

and

fashion.She

warmly

welcomes

friends

fromall

over

the

world!Cultural

Notes“Shanghai

Beach”The

first

foreign

concession

was

established

on

adeserted

beach

in

the

original

Shanghai

county

—

HuangpuBeach,

later

known

as

the

Bund.

The

old

Shanghai

had

highly

developed

sea

transport,

which

made

use

of

the

beachas

the

docking

facility,

so

the

old

Shanghai

is

also

called“Shanghai

Beach”.3.

Hong

Konglocated

in

Southern

China,

and

is

China’s“South

Gate”

to

the

world.an

important

trading

center,internationalfinancial

center,

and

shipping

center

in

Asiaand

the

Pacific.Hong

Kong

consists

of

Hong

Kong

Island,the

Kowloon

Peninsula,

the

New

Territories,and

nearby

islands.A

free

portOne

of

the

world’sthree

natural

harborsTourism

industry“Shopper’s

Paradise”.A

place

where

Chinese

and

Western

cultures

blendtogether.“Food

Capital”.Beautiful

sightsBauhinia

SquareTaiping

MountainCultural

NotesHong

Kong’s

ReturnDuring

the

First

Opium

War,

the

Chinese

Qinggovernment

was

defeated

and

signed

an

unequal

treaty

withthe

United

Kingdom,

which

began

to

colonize

Hong

Kong.In

1982,

the

British

government

and

the

government

of

thePeople’s

Republic

of

China

began

negotiations

on

the

futureof

Hong

Kong

that

lasted

more

than

two

years.

It

wasdecided

that

the

British

government

would

return

HongKong’s

sovereignty

to

China

in

1997.

On

July

1,

1997,

Chinaestablished

a

Special

Administrative

Region

in

Hong

Kong

to

exercise

its

sovereignty

and

power.Tour

in

ChinaⅣ12A

Natural

JourneyA

Cultural

Journey1.

A

Natural

JourneyChina’s

land

area

is

vast

andthe

natural

geographicalenvironments

have

obviousdifferences,

which

makes

upthe

very

different

scenic

spots.Magnificent

mountains,

riversand

lakes,

countlesswaterfalls,

and

diverseweather

have

created

thebeautiful

landscape

of

China.F

a

m

o

u

s1

.

1 T

h

e F

i

v

eM

o

u

n

t

a

i

n

s“Wuyue”the

East

Mountain

Taishanthe

West

Mountain

Huashan

the

South

MountainHengshan

the

North

MountainHengshan

the

Central

MountainSongshanTaishanthe

first

of

the

Five

Famous

Mountains

the

highest

mountain

in

the

eastern

part

of

theCentral

Plains.Huashanpart

of

the

Qinling

Mountains

the

steepest

and

reputed

as“the

world’s

mostdangerous

mountain”

The

narrowest

ridge

is

onlyone

meter

wideNorth

Mountain

Hengshan

the

first

natural

barrier

to

theplainsof

Inner

Mongolia.“18

sceneries”.cultural

relics

and

historic

sitesSouth

MountainHengshanA

famous

Taoist

andBuddhist

holy

place

in

China.

“the

Natural

BotanicalGarden”SongshanWorld

Geology

ParkShaolin

TempleCultural

NotesEmperor

ShunShun,

the

legendary

leader

of

the

ancient

Huaxia

tribe,later

was

known

as

Emperor

Shun.1.2

Xinjianglocated

in

the

western

part

ofChinacovers

an

area

of

1.66

million

squarekilometers“three

mountainssqueezing

two

basins”Northern

Xinjiang

is

rich

inmineralssouthern

Xinjiang’sagriculture

is

well

developedsnowymountainsbasinsbeautiful

natural

sceneryGobilakesbeautiful

natural

sceneryThe

Flame

MountainIs

the

stone

here

really

red?the

Flame

Mountainis

a

naturallyformed

red

sandstone

mountain,thecolor

of

the

red

stone

on

themountain

is

eye-catching,but

it

is

too

hot

here.silver

lakesred

mountainsgreen

valleysendless

whitecotton

fieldsXinjiang

is

a

colorfulpaintingCultural

NotesYaochi

(Jade

Pool)In

ancient

Chinese

myths

and

legends,

there

is

Yaochion

the

Kunlun

Mountains,

which

is

the

place

where

theWestern

Queen

Mother

lived.The

Sayram

LakeAt

an

altitude

of

over

2,000

meters

on

the

top

of

theKeguqin

Mountain

in

Xinjiang

is

very

deep,

wide,

and

clear.Every

July,

there

will

be

a

lively

and

grand

“Nadamu”

Fairheld

at

the

lake,

and

people

from

Mongolian,

Uyghur,

Kazakh

and

other

ethnic

groups

come

here

to

celebrate

thefestival.1.3

Tibeta

beautiful

and

mysterious

place

in

the

southwest

the

roof

of

the

world

—

the

Qinghai-TibetPlateau

the

world’s

highest

peak

—Qomolangmathe

world’s

largest

and

deepest

canyon—

the

Yarlung

Zangbo

Grand

CanyonLhasaThe

capital

of

TibetAutonomous

Region

and

thepolitical,

economic,

cultural.“City

of

Sunlight”.Many

places

of

interest

andhistoric

significance

here,

suchas

the

Potala

Palace

and

theDazhao

Temple.The

Potala

Palace

is

a

tall

andmagnificent

palace

built

on

themountains.ShigatseCultural

NotesThe

Potala

PalaceAt

the

beginning

of

the

7th

century,

the

Tubo

KingSongtsan

Gampo

unified

Tibet.

When

he

courted

the

TangDynasty

princess

Wencheng

and

proposed

to

her,

he

builtpalaces

on

the

mountains

for

her

to

live

in.

In

the

middle

ofthe

9th

century,

the

palace

was

destroyed

by

the

civilianuprising

until

the

reconstruction

of

the

Potala

Palace

in

1645.Later,

it

was

expanded

several

times

before

it

became

itscurrent

size.l

o

c

a

t

e

d i

n t

h

e n

o

r

t

h

e

r

n p

a

r

tP

r

o

v

i

n

c

ea

valley

with

a

total

length

of

more

than

50kilometersan

average

elevation

of

over

2,000

meters.o

f S

i

c

h

u

a

n1.4JiuzhaigouHow

did

the

Jiuzhaigou

landscape

come

intoexistence?The

beauty

of

Jiuzhaigou

is

mainly

distributed

in

Shuzhenggou,

then

Zechawagouand

Rizegou.1.5

Zhangjiajie

located

in

Zhangjiajie

City,northwestHunan

Provincethe

first

National

Forest

Park

inChinaThe

Wulingyuan

ScenicAreacomposed

of

Zhangjiajie

NationalForest

Park,

Suoxiyu,

Tianzishanand

other

scenic

spots.“a

miniature

fairyland

with

enlargedbonsai”.2.

A

Cultural

JourneyChina’s

land

area

is

vast

andthe

natural

geographicalenvironments

have

obviousdifferences,

which

makes

upthe

very

different

scenic

spots.Magnificent

mountains,

riversand

lakes,

countlesswaterfalls,

and

diverseweather

have

created

thebeautiful

landscape

of

China.unique

human

culturalscenery2.

A

Cultural

Journey2.1

The

GreatWalla

military

defense

projectbuilt

in

ancient

China.first

built

in

the

Springand

Autumn

PeriodIn

war

time,

the

guards

would

light

fireworks

on

theGreat

Wall

to

convey

the

message

of

the

enemy’sinvasion.In

the

post-war

period

of

stability,

the

Great

Walltook

on

the

task

of

economic

and

cultural

exchanges.Now,the

Great

Wall

is

seen

in

people’s

eyes

as

atourist

attraction.“the

Thousand-Mile

LongWall”the

total

length

of

theexisting

Great

Wall

inChina

is

21,196.18kilometers.Cultural

NotesYumenguan

(Jade

Gate

Pass)Yumenguan

is

located

in

Gansu

Province.

It

was

built

inthe

period

when

Emperor

Wudi

of

the

Han

Dynasty

openedthe

road

to

the

Western

Regions.

It

was

named

after

theancient

transportation

of

jade

through

this

place.The

Juyongguan

Great

WallThe

Juyongguan

Great

Wall

is

60

kilometers

away

fromBeijing.

It

is

one

of

the

important

passes

of

the

Great

Walland

the

gateway

to

Beijing

from

the

north.

Its

terrain

i