湖南省株洲市部分学校2025-2026学年高二下学期期末考试生物试题（文字版含答案）

2026年上学期高二期末联合考试生物学注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第Ⅰ卷选择题一、选择题：本题共12小题，每小题2分，共24分。在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。1.制备单克隆抗体时，需经两次筛选才能获得产特定抗体的杂交瘤细胞。下列关于该过程的叙述正确的是A.第一次筛选利用选择培养基，目的是去除未融合的B淋巴细胞和骨髓瘤细胞B.第二次筛选利用抗原-抗体杂交原理，需要先对待筛选的样本进行克隆化培养C.向小鼠注射特定的抗原后，从小鼠的骨髓提取所需的B淋巴细胞D.杂交瘤细胞体外培养时需通入95%的空气和5%的CO₂，目的是促进其呼吸作用2.甲状旁腺激素（PTH）水平是人类多种疾病的重要诊断指标。研究者制备单克隆抗体用于快速检测PTH，有关制备过程的说法错误的是A.需要使用动物细胞培养和动物细胞融合技术B.用PTH免疫小鼠，从其脾中获得产生特定抗体的B淋巴细胞C.将等量的B淋巴细胞和骨髓瘤细胞混合，经诱导融合的细胞即为杂交瘤细胞D.利用抗原-抗体结合的原理对杂交瘤细胞筛选，且需要筛选多次3.普通甜椒的种子经太空漫游后播种，再经过选择、培育，得到了果型增大、产量更高的太空椒。下列分析中不正确的是A.普通甜椒与太空椒之间的差异属于变异B.太空射线导致普通甜椒的遗传物质发生变化C.太空射线导致的变异一定是有利变异D.太空椒的产量也会受到环境因素的影响4．甲病是由等位基因A、a控制，乙病由等位基因B、b控制，两对基因所在同源染色体发生非姐妹染色单体的互换将导致重组类型配子的产生，其中重组配子占所有配子的比例为1/10（不考虑X、Y的同源区段）。下列叙述正确的是<imgsrc="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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.逆转座子是一类可以通过“复制—粘贴”方式在基因组上发生跳跃的DNA元件，R2是低等真核生物中广泛存在的一种逆转座子。它们专一性地“寄生”在编码核糖体28SrRNA的DNA（28SrDNA）中，借助宿主基因的启动子，合成自身的mRNA和蛋白质并组装形成R2复合物，即“复制”过程。R2复合物可再次识别宿主28SrDNA上的专一位点，通过核酸酶切开DNA双链，再通过逆转录酶合成cDNA，将R2基因序列重新整合到宿主基因组上，即“粘贴”过程，完成“增殖”。下列有关说法错误的是A.R2的“复制—粘贴”过程会发生磷酸二酯键的断裂和形成B.核糖体的化学成分为RNA和蛋白质，逆转座子的化学本质是DNAC.R2的“复制—粘贴”全过程发生在细胞核中D.宿主基因的启动子发生甲基化会影响基因的转录过程8.如图所示在最适温度和其他条件一定的情况下，反应物浓度对酶所催化的化学反应速率的影响。下列叙述错误的是

A.A点随着反应物浓度的增大，反应速率增大B.B点的反应速率达到最大，此时酶活性最大C.若温度升高5℃，则曲线上升的幅度会变小D.若B点加入少量的同种酶，则反应速率会变大9.在我国南方，芥菜等蔬菜在霜冻后食用品质更佳。研究发现，植物在低温环境下会产生抗逆反应，如将细胞中的淀粉水解成葡萄糖。下列分析错误的是A.抗逆反应体现了植物对低温环境的适应B.抗逆反应引起细胞膜流动性增强、酶活性升高C.该变化导致细胞液浓度升高，细胞液不易结冰D.抗逆反应导致细胞中结合水与自由水比值增大10.为衡量甲、乙两种植物的竞争能力，在同一地点将甲、乙两种植物种子按照不同的比例混合种植，计算收获时的种子数比值，结果如图所示。若只考虑M与N的关系所反映的两者之间的竞争能力，下列说法错误的是

A.长时间的种间竞争可能导致生态位的分化B.为保证收获到甲的种子，播种比例不应小于aC.M=b，预测在未来乙植物将逐渐淘汰甲植物D.M=c时，甲乙两种植物收获的种子数一定相等11．玉米茎尖分生组织细胞中的R蛋白，可同时结合组蛋白去乙酰化酶H和转录抑制因子E蛋白，抑制开花基因表达。叶原基细胞中的Z蛋白可通过胞间连丝运输到茎尖分生组织，与R蛋白结合并使其降解，启动玉米向开花转变。下列叙述错误的是A．Z蛋白的作用体现了细胞膜进行细胞间信息交流的功能B．推测敲除Z蛋白基因和E蛋白基因均会延迟开花转变C．组蛋白乙酰化水平增加促进开花基因表达属于表观遗传D．玉米开花实例表明基因与性状不是简单的一一对应关系12．人体颈动脉窦内存在压力感受器，可感受血管外壁所受到的机械牵张刺激，进而使机体对血压进行调节，这种反射称为压力感受性反射。压力感受器的牵张程度可用窦内压来表示，如图是正常人和高血压患者窦内压与动脉血压的关系曲线。下列说法正确的是

A．颈动脉窦中的压力感受器可直接感受动脉血压的变化B．窦内压距离调定点越远，机体纠正此时的血压、使其向调定点变动的能力越强C．高血压患者的压力调定点升高后，丧失了保持血压相对稳定的能力D．穿着高领紧脖毛衣可能使心脏的整体活动强度下降，平均动脉压下降二、选择题：本题共4小题，每小题4分，共20分。在每小题给出的选项中，有1个或多个选项符合题目要求。全部选对的得4分，部分选对的得2分，有选错的得0分。13．安莎霉素主要用于治疗结核分枝杆菌导致的肺部感染。该抗生素是一种采自深海的赖氨酸缺陷型放线菌所产生的。为筛选出能产安莎霉素的菌种，科研工作者用紫外线对采自深海的放线菌进行诱变与选育，实验的部分流程如下图所示。下列叙述正确的是注：原位影印可确保在一系列平板培养基的相同位置上接种并培养出相同菌落。A.经过A处理，试管中只有少数放线菌可产生安莎霉素 B.在①中进行扩大培养时，接种后需对培养基进行灭菌处理 C.②和④是完全培养基，③是缺赖氨酸的不完全培养基 D.D菌落不能产生安莎霉素，而E菌落能产生安莎霉素14.生活史是指生物在一生中所经历的生长、发育和繁殖等的全部过程。下图为某哺乳动物生活史示意图，下列叙述正确的是A.①过程雌雄配子随机结合，导致基因自由组合，从而出现基因型不同的个体B.②③过程均有细胞的分裂、分化、衰老与凋亡C.②过程中细胞的形态变化在雌雄个体中表现一致D.过程①和④有利于同一双亲的后代呈现出多样性15.昆虫不育技术通过大量释放经辐射绝育的雄性昆虫与野生雌性交配，降低害虫的种群数量。研究人员利用该技术对某果园内的食心虫种群进行防控，并研究绝育雄虫释放量与种群λ的关系，结果如下图所示。下列说法错误的是A.该技术可改变种群的出生率，属于生物防治B.绝育雄虫释放量越大，λ值一定越小C.绝育雄虫释放量大于a时，食心虫种群数量开始下降D.释放大量绝育雄虫会显著降低食心虫种群的K值16.图1为人体痒觉和痛觉的神经传导通路，抓挠产生的疼痛在一定程度上可以缓解痒觉；图2为兴奋传导与传递的实验装置，X=Y。下列相关叙述错误的是

A.痒觉和痛觉均在大脑皮层中产生，产生两种感觉的过程属于非条件反射B.抓挠产生的疼痛在一定程度上可以缓解痒觉，表明c神经元释放的神经递质最可能是抑制性神经递质C.由于图2中的X=Y，所以刺激b点两个电流计指针都不会偏转D.先后刺激图2中的a点和b点并观察两个电流计的指针偏转情况，可验证兴奋在突触上的传递是单向的第Ⅱ卷非选择题三、非选择题：共5道小题，满分60分。17．（10分）为探究外源油菜素内酯（EBR）缓解高温胁迫抑制黄瓜幼苗光合作用的机理，将生长状况一致的黄瓜幼苗随机均分为4组，培养7天后测定相关指标，实验处理及结果相对值如表所示。气孔导度为气孔的开放程度；Rubisco是光合作用固定CO₂的酶。组号处理净光合速率叶绿素含量气孔导度胞间CO₂浓度Rubisco酶活性A常温，蒸馏水19.006.830.2826532.5B高温，蒸馏水11.235.770.1129520.1C高温，0.1μmol/LEBR溶液16.996.210.1927825.8D高温，1.0μmol/LEBR溶液18.796.650.2627031.2注：常温为25℃/20℃，昼/夜；高温为38℃/30℃，昼/夜。（1）黄瓜幼苗光合作用过程中，捕获和转化光能的物质是

，叶绿体吸收的光能有两个方面的用途是

。（2）据表分析，高温胁迫导致净光合速率下降的主要原因

（填“是”或“不是”）气孔因素，可由表中测定的

指标作为判断依据。（3）与B组相比，C组气孔导度增大而胞间CO₂浓度减小的主要原因是\underline{\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad18.(11分)为探究外来物种入侵的原因，研究者在加拿大一枝黄花（SC）入侵地以其入侵不同阶段的植物群落为研究对象，对本土植物物种常见优势种的生态位变化进行了定量分析，如下表所示，请回答下列问题。表：不同入侵梯度样地中常见本土植物的生态位宽度本土植物物种SC入侵梯度（株数/m²）05~711~13>18①野老鹳草0.67530.48640.39550.1991②禺毛茛0.20.38270.39970.4894③天胡荽0.29820.34760.38160.4503④蛇含委陵菜0.38750.47270.48690.5878⑤细柄草0.69790.68640.78850.8715⑥白茅0.76950.54380.4660.3839⑦雀稗0.88760.46480.2810.1993（1）区别不同群落的重要特征是

，可用丰富度反映其数量。要研究某物种在群落中的生态位，通常要研究其所处的空间位置、占用资源的情况以及

等。（2）由表中数据可得，随SC入侵密度逐渐增加，

（填表中序号）的生态位宽度明显减少，这说明

。（3）研究者测量了上述几种植物体内氮元素的含量，发现SC体内氮元素含量远高于生态位宽度明显减少的植物，据此可初步推测SC能成功入侵的原因是

。为进一步验证该推测，科研人员探究了氮元素（用铵态氮处理，单位：mmol/L）对SC地下部分和地上部分生物量的影响，部分结果如下图（对照组用10mmol/L铵态氮处理）所示。实验结果表明，SC能成功入侵的机制是：

，从而提高自身的环境适应能力。（4）下表为食物链“草→鼠→鹰”中各种群一年间的能量流动情况（单位：107种群同化的总能量用于生长、发育和繁殖的能量呼吸消耗传递给分解者传递给下一营养级未被利用的能量草69.571945.5鼠19914.5鹰3.512.5微量不计无据表分析，草用于生长、发育和繁殖的能量是

kJ·a-（5）植物的“气味”提供可采食的信息，说明了信息传递在生态系统中的作用是

。19．（12分）为选育实验材料验证遗传规律，科研人员利用玉米籽粒糯质（A/a）、胚乳甜质（B/b）和籽色（D/d）性状相关纯系亲本进行如下杂交实验。请回答下列问题：（1）玉米杂交实验的步骤为

，玉米籽粒糯质性状中

为显性性状。（2）实验一的结果说明A/a和B/b的遗传

（选填“是”或“否”）遵循基因自由组合定律，产生这种比例的原因可能是

。（3）实验一中，F2甜质粒玉米的基因型为

，F2粉质粒玉米随机授粉，子代的表型及比例为（4）实验二中，F2的表型及比例说明D/d与A/a位于

，F2出现紫冠糯质粒玉米的原因是

，可选择F120．（13分）雌激素（E₂）可调控胰岛存活与血管重建。科研人员为探究eNOS信号通路是否介导E₂对移植胰岛的保护作用，将生理状况一致的雄性小鼠随机分为以下五组进行实验。甲组：正常对照；乙组：糖尿病模型；丙组：糖尿病模型＋胰岛移植；丁组：糖尿病模型＋____①；戊组：糖尿病模型组＋胰岛移植＋E₂＋____②。处理较长一段时间后检测相关指标。①、②表示不同处理，请分析回答以下问题。（1）实验中丁组的①处理是____。设置丙组的主要目