阅读理解之词义猜测题-2023年高考英语二轮复习（上海专用）解析版

专题11同读理解之同义精调题

【考情分析】

高考《考试说明》明确要求考生在阅读理解中应能根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义。词义猜测题型

在高考阅读中占有一定份量，大多数学生在这方面的技能显得薄弱，猜词能力较弱，缺乏具体、系统的方法，

因此，针对此题型的训练就显得很有必要。猜测词义的阅读理解题型，重点考查的不是学生词汇量的多少，而

是考查是否具有利用语境线索，推测和判断词义的能力。解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下

文来推测其意思。

【考点梳理】

一、常见提问方式

1.Thewordrefersto/probablymeans...

2.Theunderlinedword”…”couldbestbereplacedby...

3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression**...**standfor?

4.Bysayingwemean...

5.asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas...

6.Whichofthefollowingwordcantaketheplaceoftheword

二、词义猜测题解题技巧

技巧一：利用上下文语境线索

任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提

供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析来推测词义是阅读过程中的关键抓手，也是高考的热点。

例题：Charlotte'stalewasinspiredbythegirlscoincollection.twV/evecollectedforeigncoinsfbryears—sinceour

familieswentonholidaytoTenerife,“sheexplains.uThatwasbeforetheEuro,soweputpesetasin.”

Theunderlinedword“pesetas“inParagraph2isakindof.

A.storyB.collectionC.inspirationD.foreigncoin

【解析】由原文中的Euro（欧元，欧洲统一货币）可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。本题正

确答案为D。

技巧二：根据定义或解释猜测词义

阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短

语或句子，如tobe,thatis,standfor,namely,toreferto,tomean,inotherwords等，有时也以同位语、

定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示。

1.直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义句的谓语动

词多为：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered»tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,represent,

bedefinedas等。

例题：Inslangthetermjamreferstoastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficult

situation.

【解析】根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。

2.同位语：构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。

需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or,similarly,thatistosay»inotherwords,namely,orother,say,i.e.

等副词或短语出现。

3.定语从句：定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。

例题：Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.

答案：定语从句中looksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人

技巧三：利用因果关系

在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。

例1：Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsof

others.

【解析】根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。

批注：因果关系的语境，通常由because,since,as,for,dueto,thus,so,therefore,sothat,so

/such...that...等连词体现。

例2：Thebiggestpowerfailurehappenedyesterday.Allofouricecreamandfrozenfoodsmelted.

【解析】melted“融化”。既然停电，必然造成冰激凌和冷冻食品的“融化

技巧四：利用对比或转折关系

为了增强表达效果，有时文章作者会用•对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其

中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike,although,but,yct.whilc>onthecontrary»

ontheotherhand,foronething,foranother,insteadof,ratherthan,however,otherwise,though等信

息前J.

例I：AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.

【解析】该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语incontrast（相对照的，相对比的）

提示我们supercilious和后面词组humbleandmodest（谦卑又谦虚）是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能

猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的

例2：“UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscantbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbecarefullycultivated?'

Theunderlinedword“cultivated"roughlymeans.

A.encouragedB.compared

C.examinedD.developed

答案：从上句的对比可知，领导能力不是swalloweddown,而是慢慢培养的。答案为D“

技巧五：利用同义线索和同等关系

同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有similarly,

like,justas,also,aswell等。

如：Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.

该句中副词similarly表明短语lovestotalk与生词loquacious之间为类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious

词义为“健谈的同等关系是指一人词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属同一范畴。只要

我们认识其中一个或儿个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概意思。在句子或段落中，我

们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。

例1：Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity>Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.This

wouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.

【解析】为避免重复使用endanger•词用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知jeopardize词义为“使...

陷入危险，危及、危害

我们可以根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子，对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境的推测.我们也可

以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，猜测生词的词义。

例2：Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals：TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachinginSchools,or

EnglishLearning.

【解析】根据下文举出的英语杂志名称可知，periodicals是“期刊”之意。

有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。

例3；Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.

【解析】根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出shther的词义为“爬行”。

例4：...ButsometimesIjustfeelloathto(alktothesepeople.Sometimes,Ijustwanttobealone,quietly,

withoutbeingforcedtolistentotheirgossiporotheruselesswords.

Theunderlinedword“loath"inthisparagraphhastheclosestmeaningto.

A.unwillingB.eagerC.pleasedD.hurt

【解析】根据后面的语境“我宁愿安静地独处，不愿意去听这些闲言碎语“，可见作者"不愿意''与这些人说

话。故loath是“不愿意”之意，故正确答案为A。

殳巧六：利用例证性线索

某些生僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。such,suchas,like,forexample,forinstance,

especially,consistof,include等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。

例题：ManyUnitedNationsemployeesarepolyglots：Mr.Simpson,forexample,speaksfivelanguages

fluenlly.

【解析】通过例举Mr.Simpscn一人通晓五国语言，说明许多联合国雇员都是“通晓多国语言的人

技巧七：根据构词法

阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。《教学大纲》

已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词。英语单词的构成方法

主要有三种，即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）、词尾（后缀）所组成。词

根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前头或后头加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引中或转变原词

的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头、词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。

中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：

super（超），inter（在...之间），able（能....的），mini（极少的，微型的），micro（极微小的）,

rc（再，反复），sub（分支的，底卜D,co（共同），post（后），pre（前），trans（超越;转换），under

（在..之下；低于....；不足），hood（状态;性质;时期），ish（如....的；有点儿....的）；proof（防....

的；...不能穿透的），scope（景），ship（身份;资格;权力;性质）,some（易于....的），wards（向），

mis（误;恶），un（不;非），in（不;非），im（不;非），dis（不），non（不;非），less（不;无），anti

（反;防），sino（中国）。

例1：Sharksareamongthefewluiimalsintheworldthatalmostnevergetcancerandeyecataracts.Understanding

whycanhelpusimprovehumanhealth.Chemicalsextractedfromsharkcartilagehavekilledcanceroustumorsin

laboratoryanimals,aresearchthatsomedaycouldhelpprolongyourlife.

Theunderlinedword“prolong”intheparagraphmeans.

A.saveB.protectC.lengthenD.improve

【解析】根据构词法来判断词义。prolong是个派生词，前缀pro是“支持，亲''之意，long是“长”之意，

故可判断prolong是“延长（寿命）”的意思，故正确答案为C。

例2：Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbittenbyoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80nilofan

anti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.

答案：anti-poison是由poison加前缀anli构成的，anti意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗”,由此可猜出antipoison

是“解毒、抗毒''的意思。

技巧八：注意熟词生义

英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，具体的词义需要在一定的

上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。考生根据自己记忆的单词含义随意套

用，很容易出现误解。

下题中划线的词可换为：

例1：NewYork,10November,5：27p.m.,yesterday.Biggestpowerfailureinthecity'shistory.

A.enoughB.notpassingC.lackofD.lack

【解析】failure是fail变来的名词，有“失败;失败者;失败的事”的意思。本句powerfailure可翻译为“停电”。

再如：cropfailure“庄稼欠收”;heartfailure“心力衰竭”。本题正确答案为D,

例2：AhiketourandracewillbeheldinAugust26and27.At5：30a.m.,theriderswillleaveTiananMen

squareandridethefirst35kilometersasatrainingleg.Thenthenext55kilometersfromYanjiaotoJixian,willbethe

firstcompetitivepartofthetour.

A.raceB.practiceC.partofthetrainingD.partofthetour

【解析】从first35kilometers可看出，自行车赛车手从天安门出发，开始的三十五公里作为赛程的一部分，

从后句...leg...willbe...partofthetour也可确定答案为Do

批注：熟词生义是高考考查的重点，平时在记忆单词时，多注意其特殊的用法，最好能够熟读成诵。

技巧九：利用词性转化

例题：TheagingofthepopulationwillaffectAmericansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,and

business.

Theunderlinedword“aging”means.

A.countingthenumberofyearssomeonelives

B.thenumberofyearssomeonelives

C.becomingolder

D.makingsomeonelookolder

【解析】我们熟悉的是age作名词用时是“年龄”的意思、，而此处是作动词用，意思是“老龄化”。本题正确

答案为C。

【对点训练】

A

...Youarenevergoingtowin.IfJohnwantstoseethem,Icannotstophim.He'stheirfather—Iv/antthemtosee

him!However,hisvisitinhispresentconditionwilldisturbthechildren'sstable（稳定的）

John,whohasspentmuchofhistimeinCaliforniarecently,hasonlyhiredahouseforhimselfinPcnnsylavania,

accordingtohislawyer.t4Ifhe,dliketosticktoaregularlife,I,dbemerethanhappytodothatJJanesays...

Whatdoes“todothat''refertointhesecondparagraph?

A.TolivewithJohn.B.TohireahouseforJohn.

C.ToallowJohntoseethechildren.

D.ToaskJohntosetuparegularlife.

【解析］如果眼光仅停留在“t。dothat”所在的这一句去理解，那么这个题目非出错不可。快速浏览"t。dothat”

的前文，也就是第一段，搜索到关键信息He，stheirfather—Iwant:hcmtoseehim!,这个题目的答案就迎刃而解

了。艰据语境，t。dothat是指“允许她的丈夫John探望孩子”，因此答案为C。

B

...Recyclinginthehomeisveryimportantofcourse.However,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealready

havemorematerialthanweneed.Wearedealingwiththeresultsofthatover-consumalioninthegreenestwaypossible,

butitwouldbefarbetterifwedidnolbringsomuchmaterialhomeinthefirstplace.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase

“thatover-consumption“referto?

A.Usingtoomuchpackaging.B.Recyclingtoomanywastes.

C.Makingmoreproductsthannecessary.

D.Havingmorematerialthanisneeded.

【解析】根据构词法知识，当然可以猜出这个词的含义，但是，若能抓住前文的关键线索wealreadyhavemore

materialthanweneed.,则答案就呼之欲出了＞此题答案为D。

C

The2010LondonOlympicshadenoughproblemstoworryabout.Butonemorehasjustbeenadded—a

communicationsblackoutcausedbysolarstorms.

Nowscientistsbelievethatthispeakcouldresultinvastsolarexplosionsthatcouldthrowbillionsoftonsof

chargedmattertowardstheEarth,causingstrongsolarstormsthatcouldjamthetelecommunicationssatellitesand

internetlinkssendingliveOlympicbroadcastfromLondon.

Thephrase^communicationsblackout”inparagraphonemostprobablyreferstoduringthe2012

Olympics.

A.theextinguishingoftheOlympictorch

B.thecollapseofbroadcastingsystems

C.thetransportationbreakdowninLondon

D.thedestructionofweathersatellites

【解析】若只根据第一段的语境去分析，很难理解“communicationsblackou「的准确含义。快速浏览第三段，

搜索到关键线索causingstrongsolarstormsthatcouldjamthetelecommunicationssatellitesandinternetlinks

sendingliveOlympicbroadcastfromLondon.就可明白"communicaiionsblackout”的含义是“太阳风暴引起的通讯

系统的瘫痪”，因此此题的答案为B。

D

NowitseemsthateverytimeIcheckmye-mail,1haveanendlessseriesofadvertisementsandother

correspondencethatdonotinterestmeatall.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword“correspondence”inParagraph1probablymean?

A.Messages.B.Ideas.C.Connections.D.Programs.

【解析】从这句话中的关键词other以及advertisements可以判断，correspondence与advertisements的含义

比较接近，因此猜测它的含义是“信息”，此题的正确答案为A。

E

Todayyoungcoupleswhoarcjuststartingtheirhouseholdsoftenspendlotsottheirmoneyonappliances,for

instance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolortelevisions.

【解析】如果不知道appliances的意思，从文中的举例“washing-machines（洗衣机），refrigerator（冰箱），

televisions（电视机）”可以猜出该词的意思为“家用电器”。

【上海高考真题及模拟试题精选】

阅读理解

A

（2022・上海・复旦附中模拟预测）Exhibitionoftheweek

CharlesII:Art&Power

Queen'sGalley,LondonSW1.uk）,Until13May.

CharlesIIhadthemisfortunetobeinatime“loadedwithararetonnageofnationalbotheration'',saidWaldemar

JanuszczakinTheSundayTimes.HislatherCharles,ofcourse,4ipaidthepricefbrhisroyalty^^whenhediedin1649.

ArguablyCharlesII,whoregainedthethrone（王位）in1660,occupied"anevenhotterseat".Hewaswellawarethat

hemightsufferthesamefateashisfather.Yet,asthis"uplifting"newexhibitionattheQueen'sGalleryreveals,

Charleswasa“brilliantoperatorwhoplayedhismoveslikeachessgrand-master"一andwhousedartioglorifythe

monarchy（君主制）andtojustifyhisrule.Theexhibitionbringtogetherawealthofpaintings,drawingsandfurniture

heinheritedorcollectedoverthecourseofhis“remarkablysuccessfulreign（统］台）Theresultisa“grand”celebration

of“akingwhobroughtgaietybacktohisnation”.

Artcertainlyplayeda“vital“roleinestablishingtheRestoration,saidLauraCummingintheObserver.Printsin

theexhibitionshowCharles“effbrtlessly”calmingahorseorofferinghis“healingtouchtothesick”.TheShropshire

oakinwhichhefamouslyhidfromtheRound-headsaftertheBattleofWorcestercanbeseenagainandagain.Most

“striking"ofallisJohnMichaelWright'spainting,whichissobigthatthevieweris“justaboutonkissinglevelwith

theroyalfcctn.Buttheshowhasaninhereniflaw,saidNancyDurrantintheTimes.Onclimbinguptothethrone,

Charlesfoundthatmostofhisfather'svastartcollectionhadbeensoldoffbyOliverCromwell,andhesetabout

securngitsreturn.Whilethisambitiousinitiativewas“effective”inEngland,itworkedlesswellinrecoveringthe

masterpiecesthatweresoldoverseas-andtheirabsenceisdisappointingonceyoulearnwhatwaslost.

NeverthelessCharlesaddedsomemarvelousarttotheRoyalcollection,saidJonathanJonesintheGuardian.

TherearemanyfineBritishworksinthisshow一notablyPeterLely'spaintingofaroyalmistress,Louisede

Kcrouaillc,DuchessofPortsmouth.However,the“drop-deadhighlights“ofCharles,scollectioncomefromabroad:

theyincludeLorenzoLotto's"intenselyatmospheric“1527portraitofAndreaOdoni,andthehundredsof“amazing”

drawingsbyLeonardodaVinci,fourofwhichareonshowhere.Whatan“absorbing”exhibitionthisis.

21.Accordingtothepassage,CharlesII.

A.sufferedthesamefateashisfather,CharlesI

B.ruledthenationinanincomparablyfierceway

C.wasoneofthegreatestchessplayersinhistory

D.startedhisreignwhilethenationwasintrouble

22.Accordingparagraph3,the^inherentflaw“referstothefactthat.

A.CharlesHbroughtmostofhisfather'svastartcollectionsabroad

B.visitorswillfeeldisappointectoseewhatisonshowin（heexhibition

C.OliverCromwellwasn'tabletorecoverthemasterpiecesheoncesold

D.theexhibitionfailstoincludesomemasterpiecessoldoverseasinhistory

23.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueoftheexhibition?

A.Itismostfamousforitslocalcollections.

B.Itshowshowartwasusedtorestorethenation.

C.ItexcludeswhatCharlesIIcollectedinhisreign.

D.ItincludeshundredsofdrawingsbyLeonardodaVinci.

【答案】21.D22.D23.B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了英国女王画廊的展览：将艺术和王权结合起来的君主——查尔斯二世。

21.细节理解题。根据第二段“CharlesIIhadthemisfortunetobeinatime*loadedwithararetonnageofnational

botheration',saidWaldemarJanuszczakinTheSundayTinies.HisfatherCharles,ofcourse,''paidthepricefbrhis

royally"whenhediedin1649.ArguablyCharlesII,whoregainedthethrone（王位）in1660,occupied'anevenhotter

scat,.Hewaswellawarethathemightsufferthesamefateashisfather.''（《星期日泰晤士报》的瓦尔德马尔•贾努斯

扎克说，查尔斯二世很不幸地处在一个“充满罕见的国家麻烦”的时代。当然，他的父亲查尔斯在1649年去世时

“为他的皇室付出了代价可以说查尔斯二世在1660年重新夺回了王位，在一个更加动荡不安的时期开始了他

的统治。他很清楚他可能会遭受和他父亲一样的命运。）可知，查尔斯二世在国家陷入困境时开始了他的统治，

故选D。

22.词句猜测题。根据第三段“Buttheshowhasaninherentflaw,saidNancyDurrantintheTimes.Onclimbing

uptothethrone,Charlesfoundthatmostofhisfather'svastartcollectionhadbeensoldoffbyOliverCromwell,and

hesetaboutsecuringitsreturn.”（南希・达兰特在《泰晤士报》上说，但这个展览有一个固有的缺陷。在登上王位

时，查尔斯发现他父亲的大部分艺术藏品都被奥利弗・克伦威尔卖掉了，干是他若手确保这些藏品的回归。）可

知，有些藏品被奥利弗・克伦威尔卖掉了，可得出“固有的缺陷”指的就是“这个展览没有包括一些历史上卖到海

外的杰作“，故选D。

23.细节理解题。根据第三段“Artcertainlyplayeda'vital'roleinestablishingtheRestoration,saidLaura

CummingintheO从（劳拉・卡明在《观察家报》上表示，艺术在国家重建过程中发挥了“至关重要”的作用。）

可知，该展览展示了艺术是如何被用来重建国家的，故选B。

B

（2022•上海市光明中学模拟预测）AWelshrestauranthashandedbackitsMichelinstar,withtheownerssaying

theyrejectedtheawardbecausetheyv/antedtofocusonputtingfamilyfirst.StephaneBorie,SarahFrancisand

KathrynFrancis,ownersoftheCheckersrestaurantinMontgomery,Powys,announcedtheyhadreturnedthestar

rating—regardedasthepinnaclefbranyrestaurantbeforepublicationofthe2019editionoftheMichelinGuideon1

October.

SarahFrancisandherhusband,StephaneBone,havethreeyoungchildrenwhileKathrynFrancishastwo."Idon't

knowhowwe'vedoneitfbralltheseyears^^saidSarahFrancis.uIthasbeenajoytohavethestarandthemost

amazingnewswhenwcgotit.Itwasgreatfbrtradeandbrilliantfbrthetown.Butmorefbrus,it,sabouttakingthe

businessinanewdirectionandputtingourfamilyfirst.Itmeanswccanworkinthedayandhaveoureveningsto

ourselves.^^

TherestaurantwillrelaunchinNovemberasCheckersPantry,andwillopenfbrbreakfastandlunchwithdrinks

andcakesavailablethroughouttheday.BonewillcontinuetocookattheCheckers.

TheCheckersfirstappearedintheMichelinguidein20ILSarahFrancissaid:We,velovedgettingit,loved

keepingitandalwaysnervouseveryy^arastowhetherweweregoingtobeintheguide.Sotogiveitbackwasabig

decisionbutthesensibleone.”

AtopFrenchrestaurant,LeSuquet,withdrewfromthelistingsIasiyear,havingheldathree-starratingfornearly

twodecades.Thechef（主厨）SebastienBrassaidhenolongerwantedtocookathisrestaurantunderthe”huge

pressure”ofbeingjudgedbytheinspectors,MichelinsaiditwasthefirsttimeaFrenchchefhadaskedtobedropped

fromitsrestaurantguideinthisway.

InSeptember,theBritishcelebritychefMarcoPierreWhitereportedlysaidhedidnotwanttogiveMichelinguide

inspectorspermissiontovisithisnewrestaurantinSingapore.

SimonWright,restaurateur,foodwriterandformerAAfoodguideeditor,saiddecisionssuchasthatbythe

CheckerswerelloftenareflectionoftheenormouspressureandadditionalexpectationthatcomeswithaMichelin

star”.

1.Theword“pinnacle”'isclosestinmeaningto.

A.valueddevotionB.unexpectedoutcome

C.mostworthwhileeffortD.mostsuccessfulpart

2.WhydidtheownersoftheCheckersrestaurantdecidetoreturnitsMichelinstar?

A.Tofocusmoreondessert.

B.Toexpanditsbusinessoverseas.

C.Tohavemore（imewiththefamily.

D.Todividetheprofitsbetweenihem.

3.WhatdidSarahFrancissayabouttheirdecision?

A.Theydisagreedonit.B.Itwasawisedecision.

C.Itwasawrongdecision.D.Theyregretteditsoon.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whyhasmorethanonerestauranthandedback（heMichelinstar?

A.Itisstressfultogetandkeepit.

B.Theinspectorsarctoostrict.

C.Thestarfoilstobenefittheasexpected.

D.Moreandmorerestaurantsarequalified.

【答案】I.D2.C3.B4.A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一家威尔士餐厅拒绝接受其米其林星级餐厅奖项，文中解释了拒绝

的原因。

:.词句猜测题。文章第一段讲到"AWelshrestauranthashandedbackitsMichelinstar,withtheownerssaying

theyrejectedtheawardbecausetheywantedtofocusonputtingfamilyfirst.（•家威尔士餐厅已将其米其林星级退

回，店主表示，他们拒绝接受该奖项，因为他们想专注「家庭至上。户注意名词“award”以及“theyhadreturnedthe

starrating—regardedasthepinnacleforanyrestaurant（他们已经恢复了被视为任何餐厅pinnacle的星级评级）”可

知，被授予米其林星级奖项说明此餐厅很成功，此处pinnacle可以解释为星级评价中最成功的部分，故选D。

2.细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“AWelshrestauranthashandedbackitsMichelinstar,withtheownerssaying

theyrejectedtheawardbecausetheywantedtofocusonputtingfamilyfirst.（一家威尔士餐厅已将其米其林星级退

回，店主表示，他们拒绝接受该奖项：因为他们想专注于家庭至匕「和文章第二段讲到“Butmoreforus,it,sabout

takingthebusinessinanewdirectionandputtingourfamilyfirst.（但对我们来说，更重要的是，我们要把业务推向

一个新的方向，把家庭放在首位.）”可知Checkers餐厅的老板决定归还其米其林星是为了多陪陪家人，故选C。

3.细节理解题。文章第二段讲到"IlwasgreatfortradeandbrilliantIbrthetown.Butmoreforus,it'sabout

taking（hebusinessinanewdirectionandpullingourfamilyfirst.Itmeanswecanworkinthedayandhaveour

eveningstoourselves”这对贸易和城镇来说都很好。但对我们来说，更重要的是，我们要把业务推向一个新的方

向，把家庭放在首位。这意味着我们可以白天工作，晚上可以独处。）”和第四段"Sotogiveitbackwasabigdecision

butthesensibleone.（因此，归还它是•个重大但明智的决定）“可知SarahFrancis认为这样做拥有多方面的好处，

这是一个明智的决定。故选B。

4.推理判断题。文章倒数第三段“Thechef（主厨）SebastienBrassaidhenolongerwantedtocookathis

restaurantunderthe“hugepressure“ofbeingjudgedbytheinspectors,MichelinsaiditwasthefirsttimeaFrenchchef

hadaskedlobedroppedfromitsrestaurantguideinthisway.（厨师SebastienBras表示，由于受到检查员评判的“巨

大压力”，他再也不想在餐厅做饭了。米其林（Michelin）表示，这是法国厨师第一次要求以这种方式退出餐厅

指南）”和最后一段讲到"SimonWright,restaurateur,foodwriterandformerAAfoodguideeditor,saiddecisionssuch

asthatbytheCheckerswere'oftenareflectionoftheenormouspressureandadditionalexpectationthatcomeswitha

Michelinstar'.(餐厅老板、美食作家、前AA美食指南编辑SimonWright表示，Checkers做出的这样的决定，通

常反映了米其林星级带来的巨大压力和额外期望)”可知根据文章，不止一家餐厅退回米其林星级是因为得到

并保持它是很有压力的，故选A。

C

(2022•上海宝山•二模)Learningmoreefficientlyisamatteroftime,butnotinthewayyoumightthink.

AccordingtoHermannEbbinghaus,thepioneerofquan(ita(ivememoryresearch,youmayhaveanewperspective

aboutit.

Thefindings

Ebbinghausisbestknownfortwomajorfindings:theforgettingcurveandthelearningcurve.

Theforgettingcurvedescribeshownewinformationfadesaway.Onceyou've"learned“somethingnew,the

fastestdropoccursinjust2()minutes;afteraday,thecurvelevelsoff.

Withinminutes,nearlyhalfofwhatyou've"learned”hasdisappeared.

Ornot.

AccordingtoBenedictCarey,authorofHowWeLearn,whatweleanidoesn'tnecessarilyfade;itjustbecomes

lessaccessible.

Inmycase,Ihadn'tforgottenakeypoint.Ijustdidn'taccessthatinformationwhenIneededit.

Workingwithourmemory

EbbinghauswouldhaveagreeduithCarey:Hedeterminedthatevenwhenwethinkwe'veforgottensomething,

someportionofwhatwelearnedisstillfiledaway,whichmakes(heprocessofrelearningalolmoreefficient.

AsEbbinghauswrites:

Supposethatapoemisrelearnedbyheart.Itthenbecomeseviden:that,althoughitseemstotallyforgotten,itstill

inacertainsenseexists.Thesecondlearningrequiresnoticeablylesstimeornoticeablysmallernumberofrepetitions

thanthefirst.

That,inanutshell,isthepowerofspacedrepetition.

100%*Ebbinghaus9ForgettingCurve

(Howmuchofsomethingdoweforgeteachday?)

“Veryquickloss

,75%

20min(58%left)

&50%Ihour(44%Ieh)

1day(33%left)

6days(25%left)

25%

I2f>Ry3

Theconditionissimple.Learnsomethingnew,andwithinashortperiodoftimeyou'llforgetmuchofit.Repeata

learningsessionadaylater,andyou'llremembermore.Repeatasessiontwodaysafterthat,andyoifllremembereven

more.Thekeyistosteadilyincreasethetimeintcnalsbetweenrelearningsessions.

Andforgiveyourselfforforgetting.Acceptthatforgettingisac\uallyakeyto【heprocess.

Why?

Forgettingisanessentialpartoflearning.Relearningstrengthensearliermemories.Relearningcreatesdifferent

contextandconnections.AccordingtoCarey,‘"Somebreakdown5mustoccurfbrustostrengthenlearningwhenwe

revisitthematerial.Withoutalittleforgetting,yougetnobenefitfromfurtherstudy.Itiswhatallowslearningtobuild,

likeanexercisedmuscle.''

Theprocessofretrievingamemory—especiallywhenyoufail—strengthensaccess.That'swhythebestwayto

studyisn'ttoreread;thebestwaytostudyistoquizyourself.Ifyoutestyourselfandanswerincorrectly,notonlyare

youmorelikelytoremembertherightanswerafteryoulookitup,you'llalsorememberthatyoudidn'tremember.

Forgetting,andthereforerepeatinginformation,makesyourbrainassign(hatinformationgreaterimportance.

5.AccordingtoEbbinghaus,chart,weconcludethat.

A.thebesttimetoavoidforgettingisthesixthdayafterlearning

B.wcusuallyforgetmostofwhatwe'velearnedonthesixthday

C.forgettingreallyexistsalmostinthewholeprocessoflearning

D.whathasbeenlearnedwillbeforgottencompletelyinanycase

6.Whydoesthewritersay,''Forgettingisactuallyakeytotheprocess”？

A.Becauseforgettingitselfisoneofthestepsinourlearning.

B.Becauseforgettingcanhelpusbenefitfromfurtherlearning.

C.Becauserelearningcancreatenewcontextandmaterialsforus.

D.Becauselearningmemoryisjustlikemusclememoryinexercise.

7.Whatdocstheword“retrieve"inthelastparagraphbutonemostprobablymean?

A.lbreappearintheplace.B.Toconsolidatesomethingintime.

C.Tomemorizesomethingfirmly.D.Tofindandbringbacksomething.

8.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.ForgetMore