考研英语试卷120

考研英语（阅读）-试卷120

（总分：60.00,做题时间：90分钟）

一、ReadingComprehension（总题数：6,分数：60.00）

1.SectionIIReadingComprehension（分数：10.00）

解析：

2.PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.（分数：10.00）

解析：

Thatmythicalbeast,homoeconomicus,otherwisecalledEconomicman,isutterlyclearaboutthe

purposeofwork:togetpaid.Heiskeeneronleisurethanonwork,andifmoneycanbegotwithout

effort,hedownstools.Ifrealpeoplefeelthesame,thenbountifulout-of-workbenefitsshould

befoundinthesameplacesaswork-shycitizens.Yelacross-countrycomparisonofbenefitsand

attitudestoworkpublishedonJanuary28thfindspreciselytheoppositepattern.Researchers

ranked13countriesaccordingtotheirgenerosity（measuredbycomparingtypicalbenefitstothose

outofworkwiththeaveragewageofaproductionworker）andtheircitizens*commitmentto

work（gaugedbyaskingwhethertheywouldworkiftheydidnotneedthecash,andwhetherthey

regardedajobasmerelyawaytoearna1iving）.Theyfoundthatthemoregenerousastateis

thekeeneronworkitspevplvare.Biiions,whosebvnefiisweretheslingiesl（mosi,

ungenerous）afterthosethatAmericansget,wereleastkeenofallonwoi'k.Onereasonmaybethe

skillsmake-upoftheBritishworkforce.Theresearchersfound,logicallyenough,that

professionalsandgraduatesweremorepositiveaboutworkthantheunskilledandnon-graduates.

FewerBritonsthanNorwegians（whocametoponworkcominitment）haveprofessionaljobsordegrees.

ButthisdoesnotentirelyexplainIheiI'；VCimmuniI.IcIhr*nlt1icnccf」ci1•Britons

ofeverysocialclassandlevelofeducationwerelesskeenonworkthantheircounterparts

elsewhere.Couldthe*dependencyculture*currentlyexercisingBritishpoliticiansbesolvedby

raisingbenefits?Unlikely,saysAlisonPark,editoroftheannualBritishSocialAttitudesReport,

inwhichthestudyappeared:attitudestoworkvaryfromcountrytocountryformanyreasons.

Thereportstatesthatthelavishnessofwhatthereportterms"encompassing"states,allNordic

withLutherantraditions,mayhavebeenmadepossiblebyastrongworkethic,ratherthanastronger

commitmenttoworkhavingemergedasaresultofit.Andworkincentivesareaffectedbyfeatures

ofwelfaresystemsotherthanoverallgenerosity:"corporatist"statessuchasGermany,which

payhigherbenefitstothosewithalongerworkhistory,maybeencouragingpositiveattitudes

toworkbysuchconditionality.Britain'spoorbenefits,bycontrast,arelargelyindependent

ofpreviousemployment,whichnaymeantheyareseenasanalternativetowork,ratherthanas

oneofthegoodthingsthatflowfrewnit.（分数：10.00）

（1）.Homoecononiicusischaracterizedas（分数：2.00）

A.economical.

B.lazy.

C.leisure-obsessed.

D.benefits-driven.J

解析：解析：推理判断题。根据Hoiroeconomicus定位到第一段。其中讲到“经济人”深谙工作的目的一

获得报酬，言外之意是其只受利益驱使，故D项正确。

（2）.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraph?（分数：2.00）

A.Thekeeneronworkitspeopleare,themoregenerousastateis.

B.Peoplewhoarekeenonworkwi11maketheirstategenerous.

C.ThebenefitswhichBritonsgetwerethestingiest.J

D.AmericansgotstingierbenefitsthanBritonsdid.

解析：解析：推理判断题。答案在第一段。最后一句话提到“英国人紧随美国人之后，获得的福利最微薄”，故C

项正确＜.

(3).Bysaying"theircomparativeimmunitytotheattractionsoftoil*(Line4,Paragraph3),the

authormeans(分数：2.00)

A.Britonsarehealthyenoughnottofeelill.

B.Britonshavegoodimmunesystem.

C.Britonsarenotkeenonwork.J

D.BriIonsareafraidofhardwork.

解析•：解析：语义理解题。答案在第三段第五行。该句中冒号后面的内容是对前半句的解释，即“每个社

会阶层，每个教育层次的英国人对工作部更缺乏热情”，因此C项正确.

(4).AccordingtotheBritishSocialAttitudesReport,“encompassing"statesaregenerousdueto

(分数:2.00)

A.thedependencyculture.

B.astrongworkethic.J

C.theriseofbenefits.

D.variousworkingattitudes.

解析：解析：事实细节题。考查因果细节。根据"encompassing”states定位到第四段。根据原文中

lavishness...havebeenmadepossibleby...可知by后的内容即为答题信息点。主要涉及对rather

than词组的理解:否定它后面的,肯定前面的astrongworkethic,因此B项正确。

(5).Germanyismentionedinthelastparagraphtoshowthat(分数：2.00)

A.Germanypayshigherbenefitstothosewithalongerworkhistory.

B.corporatiststateslikeGermanyprovidebetterbenefitsthanBritain.

C.welfaresystemisalsolikelytoinfluenceworkincentives.J

D.Germanyencouragespositiveworkattitudesbypayinghigherbenefits.

解析：解析：事实细节题。考查例证细节。德国的例子表明“工龄较长的人能获得更好的福利”，这实际

上是为了说明该段中心句”工作的动力还会受到福利体制的特点影响”，因此C项正确。

AstheSenatepreparestovoteonlegislationtoempowertheFoodandDrug.Administrationto

regulatetobaccoproducts,itsmemberswouldbewisetoconsultarecentappealscourtdecision.

Thedecisionmakesitclearthatthetobaccocompanieshaveengagedindeceitfulandharmful

behaviorformanydecadesandcannotbetrustedtoreformontheirown.Regulatoryoversightis

thebestchancetoreinthemin.Theunanimousrulingbvathree-judgepaneloftheUnitedStates

CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaupheldmajorelementsofa2006lowercourtdecision

thatfoundbigtobaccocompaniesguiltyofracketeeringandfraudaspartofaprolongedcampaign

todeceiveandaddictthepublic.Thal1,742opinion,renderedbyJudgeGladysKessler,laid

outinpainstakingdetailhowthetobaccocompaniesmadefalsestatementsandsuppressedevidence

todenyorplaydowntheaddictivequalitiesandtheadversehealtheffectsofsmoking.Judge

Kesslerfoundthatthecompaniesmanipulatedthedesignofcigarettestodeliveraddictivedoses

ofnicoline,falselydeniedthatsecondhandsmokecauseddiseaseandfalselyrepresentedthat

lightandlow-tarcigarettespresentedfewerhealthrisks.Theappealscourtnotonlyupheldher

decisionaslegallysound,itseemeddeeplyimpressedbythe"volumesofevidence*and"countless

examplesofdeliberatelyfalsestatements*underlyingmanyofJudgeKessler^sfindings.Italso

upheldsomebuinoiallofthemarketingrestrlciionsandolherrequ.remenissheimposedioprevent

thecompaniesfrommakingfuturefalseclaimsandengaginginadditionalfraudulentactivities.

Thecompaniesprotestedthattheyshouldnotbesubjectedtosuchrequirementsbecausetheyhad

alreadyagreedtonumerousremediesunderasettlementagreementvith46statesandtheDistrict

ofColumbia.Theappealspanelwusrlghilyunimpressed.Itupheldthedistrictcourl"sfindings

thatafterthesettlementwentintoeffectin1998,thecompaniesalmostimmediatelybeganto

evadeandviolatevariousprohibitionsagainstjointactivitiesandfalsestatements.TheHouse

hasalreadyvotedtogivetheK.D.A.powertoregulatetobacco.Senators,whoaregettingready

tovoteonsimilarlegislation,nowhavefairwarning,iftheyneededanymore,thatthisisa

dishonestindustry.Itcan*tbetrustedtobehaveresponsiblyorevenadheretoagreementsit

hassigned.ItislimetogranttheF.D.A.thepowertoregulatethecontentandmarketingof

tobaccoproducts.（分数：10.00）

（1）.Whywou1ditbewiseforthesenatorstoconsultarecentappealscourtdecisionbeforevoting?

（分数：2.00）

A.Itrevealstosenatorstobaccocompanies"incompetenceinself-discipline.

B.Itmakesthesenatorslearnhowprofitablethetobaccoindustryis.

C.Ithelpsthesenatorsrealizethenecessityofregulatoryoversight.J

I）.Itpointsoutthattobaccocompanieshavebeen1iarsformanydecodes.

解析：解析：事实细节题。有查因果细节,根据wise定位到第一段，其中最后一句明确说明对烟草公司进

行监管是必要的，可见之所以说这样做是“明智的”，是由「这项祓决能让参观员认识到对烟草行业进行

监管的必要性，并促使他们投上赞成票，故C项正确。

（2）.WecaninferfromJudgeKessler*sfindingsthat（分数：2.00）

A.tobaccocompaniesachievecustomeraddictionatthecostoftheirhealth.J

B.theadversehealtheffectsofsmokinghavebeenchronicallyunderestimated.

C.racketeeringandfraudhaveblindedthetobaccocompaniesforalongtime.

D.thediseasescausedbysecondhandsmokehavebeencarelesslydenied.

解析：解析：推理判断题。根据JudgeKessler定位到第二、三段，原文laidout等指示词后面的内容即

暗示了JudgeKessler对烟草公司的态度，A项是对烟草公司欺煽行径的总结。

（3）.TherestrictionsandrequirementsimposedbyJudgeKessler（分数：2.00）

A.haveentirelybeenapprovedbytheappealscourt.

B.willimmediatelybeviolatedbythetobaccocompanies.

C.severelyoverlapwiththeprevioussettlementagreement.

D.aremeanttopreventtobaccocompaniesfromdeceiving.J

解析：解析:事实细节题。根据restrictionsandrequirements定位到第四段。原文说JudgeKessler

提出这些限制和要求的目的是为了防止烟草公司今后再进行虚假宣传以及从事其他的欺诈行为，D项说明

的目的符合原文。

（4）.Theword"rightly”（Line3,Paragraph5）canbebestreplacedby（分数：2.00）

A.justly.J

B.understandably.

C.evidently.

D.appropriately.

解析：解析：语义理解题。根据题「定位到第五段。这类题型需要根据上下文推断出词义。此处rightly

应意为“正当地”时，这里是指由于烟草公司1998年立即违反规定的行径，法院对其抗议给予正当的漠视。四

个选项中与法院最相关的词是juslly（正当地），也可以由此推测A项正商。

（3）.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext0（分数：2.00）

A.Self-regulatedTobaccoIndustry

B.OnceaLiar,AlwaysaLiar

C.WatchYourVote,Senalors

D.ADishonestIndustryV

解析：解析：全文主旨题。根据文章大意，D项dishouesi同最能衣明烟草行业的实质，与全文内容最

为贴切。

Therealizationthatcoldscankillhasrenewedinterestinfindingvaccinesandtreatments.The

troubleisthatthecommoncoldiscausednotbyonevirusbutbyhundredsofdifferentones.

Thismeansavaccineordrugthatworksa-gainstoneoftheseviruses,oronefamilyofviruses,

isusuallyineffectiveagainstalltheothers.Whal"smore,becausecoldsareusuallysomild,

iftreatmentscauseevenminorsideeffectstheycanbeworsethanthedisease.Suchtreatments

willnevergetapprovalforgeneraluse,whichiswhymostcompaniesinsteadfocusondrugsthat

relievcsymptoms.Nevertheless,somedrugsandvaccinosarcbeingdevelopedagainstthecold

virusesmostlikelytol.nrnnasl.y.AvaccineagainstRespiratorySyncytialVirus(RSV),avirus

whichcancauseseriousi1InessinyoungchiIdrenandtheelderly,isgoingthroughclinicaltrials.

Itconsistsofaweakenedstrainofthevirusgivenasanasalspray.AtreatmentforRSVinfections,

basedonRNAinterference,isalsoindevelopment.However,treatmentsforspecificvirusesare

uselessunlessyourcoldiscausedbythevirusinquestion-anddoctorshavenoquickwayto

workoutwhichvirusistoblaneforacold.Systemstodothisareunderdevelopment,mostly

basedonlookingforspecificDNAorRNAsequences,butnoneareneartoreachingthemarket.

Analternativeapproachwouldbatokeeptakingdrugsthatpreventinfectionthroughoutthecold

season,suchasaderivativeoftheanti-smallpoxdrugcidofovirwhichhasbeenshowntocombat

adenoviruses,virusesthatcancauseupperrespiratoryinfections.Butagain,asadenoviruses

areonlyresponsibleforafewpercentofcolds,thebenefitshardlyjustifytheexpenseandrisk

ofsideeffectsfromremainingonadrugpermanently.Shortofeveryoneontheplanetisolating

themse1vesfortwoorthreeweeks,soexistingcoldvirusesrunoutofhostsanddieout,itis

hardtoseehowwecaneverdefeatthecommoncold.Eventhen,newcoldviruseswouldevolvein

timefromanimalviruses.Someevenquestionwhetheritisdesirabletotrytocliminatccolds.

"It"sblindspeculation,“saysJoelWeinstockofTuftsUniversityinBostonintheUS,"butthe

commoncoldmayprotectusfronmoreseriousviruses.*Anoccasionalsnifflemightbeaprice

worthpayingifitkeepsourinmunedefensesprimed.(分数：10.00)

(1).Thedrugsagainstcoldsareusuallyineffectivebecause(分数：2.00)

A.coldsareusuallynotserious.

B.drugscanonlyrelievcthei1Iness.

C.drugsagainstsomeviruseshavesideeffects.

D.hundredsofvirusescanleadtocolds.J

解析：解析：事实细节题.考查因果细节，根据ineffective定位到第一段。其中讲到引发普通感冒的不

是一-种病毒，而是几百种不同的病毒，故D项与之相符。

(2).Thephrase"turnnasty*(Line2,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeansthatthecoldvirusescould

be(分数：2.00)

A.unpleasantanddisgusting.

B.fruitlessanddisappointing.

C.dangerousandsevere.J

D.ineffectiveandpainful.

解析：解析：语义理解题。根据题干定位在第二段。mostlikelytoturrnasty是定语，修饰前面的cold

viruses,上文说coldscankill［感冒可致人死亡)，下文例证提到RSM病毒可使老人、儿童患重疾，由

此可推知turnnasty表示感冒病毒会“越变越危险”，故选C项。

(3).Itcouldbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat(分数：2.00)

A.specificDNAorRNAsequencesaredevelopedtodetectthevruses.

B.itisnotaquickwaytolookforDNAsequences.

C.systemstodetectvirusesareworkingtoenterthemarket.

D.treatmentsforsomespecificvirusaresuccessful.J

解析：解析•：推理判断题。根据题干定位到第三段。其中讲到治疗特定病毒的药物丝皂不起作用。除非感

目是由被怀疑病毒所致，故D项正确，次示针对某些特定病毒的治疗是有效的。

(4).Keepingtakingdrugsthatprevent,infectionthroughoutthecoldseasonwill(分数：2.00)

A.cureinfectioncompletely.

B.becomeinexpensiveinthelongrun.

C.increasetheriskofaddictiontodrugs.J

D.havemoresideeffectsthanotherchoices.

解析：解析：推理判断题。根据题干定位到笫四段。最后一句明确指出，这种方法可能带来某种风险，即

药物性依赖这一副作用，故c项与之相符。

(5).AccordingtoJoelWeinstock,it"simpossibleandunnecessaryto(分数：2.00)

A.trytogetridofthecommoncold4

B.producevaccinestodefeatcold.

C.protectusfromcommoncold.

D.protectusfrommoreseriousviruses.

解析：解析：观点态度题。属「文中人物的观点，从最后一段可以推断出乔尔♦温斯托克认为普通感冒也

可能给人带来一些抗处，原文的“盲目的推断”表明试图消除感冒是不可能的，也是没有必要的，A项正

确。

Theirdefenderssaytheyaremotivated,versatileworkerswhoarejustwhatcompaniesneedin

thesedifficulttimes.Toothers,however,themembersof^GenerationY”—thoseborninthe1980a

and1990s,otherwiseknownastheNetGeneration-arespoiled,narcissisticidlerswhocannot

spellandwastetoomuchtimeoninstantmessagingandFacebook.Ah,replytheNetGeners,but

allthatmessingaroundonlineprovesthatwearecomputer-literatemulti-taskerswhoareadept

usersofonlinecollaborativetools,andnaturalteamplayers.And,whileyouareonthesubject

ofme,Ineedamonth'svacationtoreconsidermypersonalgoals.Thiscultureclashhasbeen

goingoninmanyorganizationsandhaslatelyseepedintomanagementbooks.TheNetGenershave

grownupwithcomputers;theyarebrimmingwithself-confidence:andtheyhavebeenencouraged

tochallengereceivedwisdom,tofindtheirownsolutionstoproblemsandtotreatworkasaroute

topersonalfulfi1Imentratherthanmere1yawayofputtingfoodonthetabic.Notal1ofthis

makesthemeasytomanage.BossescomplainthatafterachiIdhoodofbeingspoiledandpraised,

NetGenersdemandfarmorefrequentfeedbackandanover-precisesetofobjectivesonthepath

topromotion.InanewreportfromPricewaterhouseCoopers,aconsultancy,61%ofchiefexecutives

saytheyhavetroublerecruitingandintegratingyoungeremployees.Forthosehard-to-pleaseolder

managers,thecurrentrecessionisthejoyfulequivalentofhidinganalarmclockinasleeping

leenager*sbedroom.Onceagain,(hemanagementfadsthatalwaysspringupinyears

ofplentyarebeingditchedinfavorofmorebrutalcomtnand-and-contro1methods.Havinggrown

upingoodtimes,NetGenershavelaboredunderthei1lusionthattheworldowedthema1iving.

Buthoppingbetweenjobstofindonethatmeetsyourinnerspiritualneedsisnotsoeasywhen

therearcnojobstohopto.Andasforthatvacation:herdsapermanentone,sunshine.Infact,

compromisewi11benecessaryonbothsides.NetGenerswi11certainlyhavetolowersomeoftheir

expectationsandtaketheworldasitis,notastheywouldlikeittobe.Buttheirolderbosses

shouldalsobepreparedtomakeconcessions.Theeconomywilleventjallyrecover,anddemographic

trendsinmostrichcountries*'illmakecleveryoungworkersevenmorevaluable.Besides,many

ofthethingsthatkeepNetGenershappyareworthdoinganyway.Butforthemomentat