跨文化交际复习纲要

跨文化交际复习纲要

Unit1

1.CultureDefinedfromtheInterculturalPerspective

Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthatarc

transmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.

2.ThreeIngredientsofculture

artifacts人造物品

concepts(beliefs,values,worldviews...)

behavior

3.TheCharacteristicsofCulture

CultureisNotInnate,itisLcanicd.

CultureisDynamic

Cultureispervasive

FacetsofCultureareInterrelated

CultureisEthnocentric

Cultureisadaptive

4.Thedefinitionofcommunication

5.Componentsofcommunication(第一一课课件P66-71)

SenderMessageEncodingChannelReceiverDecodingFeedbackNoise

6.InterculturalCommunication

7.Imunicatio.refer.t.conununicatio.betwee.peopLwhos.cultura.backg

round.(municalio.(^

p.10).

8.co-culture

cultureswhichexistsidc-by-sidc

thefollowingwouldbesomegoodexamples:

Theculturesofyouthandthecultureofolderpersons

TheculturesofmediaworshipersandmainstreamAmericanculture

Unit2

1.Verbalinterculturalcommunication

2.“verbal.mean.

“consistin.o.wordsn.Lmunication.

Vmunicatio.tha.i.carrie.eithe.

i.ora.o.i.writte.for.wit.th.us.o.words.Vmunicatio.happen.whc.

peopLfro.difTmunicat.wit.eac.othe.b.usin.language.

3.Individualismandcollectivism

Individualism:Collectivism:

BeingIndependentBeingDependent

Inindividualistsocieties,itis,Incollectivistsocieties,itisknown

believedthateachpersonisseparatethateachpersonispartofagroup

fromothersandthatchildrenlearnandthatchildrenlearntothinkin

tothinkintermsof"I".termsof"we".

People'ssenseoftheirownM?lf:independent

Peopleplaceemphasison(heirrelation%nlth

self-imagetheyplaceemphasisontheironn

others,suchasfamilymembers—

goals.

interdependentself-image

国调个人价值的坡现

强调社公价值的实现

C.tw.categories.collectivis.an.individualist.Individualis.cult

ures.suc.a.thos.o.th.Unite.State.an.Wester.Europe.emphasiz.persona.achievemen.a.th.e

pctition.Collectivis.culturcs.suc.a.thos.o

.China.Korea.an.Japan.emphasiz.famiLan.wor.grou.goal.abov.individua.need.o.desires

Unit3

l.Powe.distance权力差距

Powe.distanc.i.

“anization.withi..countr.ex

pcc.an.acccp.tha.powc.i.distributc.unequally.(Hofstcdc)一个国家内的机构和组织

的弱势成员期望和接受权力分配不均的程度。它能反映社会中弱势成员和强势成

员的价值观.

Culture.tha.endors.Io.powe.distanc.expec.an.accep.powe.relation.tha.ar.mor.consultati

v.o.democratic.Peopl.reiat.t.on.anothe.mor.a.equal.regardles.o.forma.positions.Subord

fdrtabl.wit.an.deman.th.righ.t.contribut.t.an.critiqu.th.decisio.makin.o

.thos.i.power.I.hig.powe.distanc.countries.les.powerfu.accep.powe.relation.tha.ar.mor.

autocrati.an.paternalistic.Subordinatc.acknowlcdg.th.powc.o.othcr.simpl.base.o.whcr.t

he.ar.situate.i.certai.formal.hierarchica.positions.A.such.th.powe.distanc.inde.Hofsted.

define.doe.no.reflec.a.objectiv.differenc.i.powe.distribution.bu.rathc.th.wa.peopLperce

iv.powe.differences.

2.CompIiment.an.response

Compliment.an.praise.ar.o.grea.socia.functions.

Cplimen.responses.th.pragmati.rule.ar.variou.i.differen.c

ultures.

I.Apliment.ca.b.varied.Tpliment.i.positi

ve.

4.Cplimen.other.an.als.modest.t.accep.coinpliments.

5.DifferencesBetweenChineseandEnglishCompliments(P51-54)

Semanticandsyntacticformula

4.Cultura.Assumption文化设定(pg.56)

Aculturalassumptioniswhenweassumethatapersonhasparticularvaluesand

attitudesbasedontheirculturalbackgrounds.

5.Stereotype..conventional.formulaic.an.oversimplifie.conception.opinion.o.imagc.

The.refe.t.negativ.o.positiv.judgment.mad.abou.individuaLbase.o.an.observabLo.belie

ve.grou.membership.(文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份,

对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。)

.stereotyp.i.a.assumptio.mad.abou..perso.base.o.superficia.(surface.criteria.Yo.mus.b.c

arefu.no.t.us.stereotype.an.remembe.tha.eac.perso.i.a.individual.therefbr.thei.personali

t.i.no.define.b.thei.ethnicity.gende.o.age.Givin.peopl.characteristic.base.o.rac.i.racis.a

n.throug.gende.i.sexism.B.poser.us.stereotype.an.b.abl.t.identif.them.

6.Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentris.i.judgin.anothe.cultur.solcl.b.th.valuc.an.standard.o.one'.ow.culture.Th.et

hnocentri.individua.wil.judg.othe.group.relativ.t.hi.o.he.ow.particula.ethni.grou.o.cult

ure.especiail.wit.concer.t.language.behavior.customs.an.religion.Thes.ethni.distinction

.an.subdivision.serv.t.defin.eac.ethnicity'.uniqu.cultura.identity.

Itreferstonegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsof

one'sownculture.(民族优越感/民族中心主义：民族彳尤越感指从本国文化的标

准出发，消极地审视另一文化。)

7.Assuniin.similarit.instea.o.ditference.Lin.fro.anothe.

cultur.ar.mor.simila.t.yo.tha.the.actuall.ar.o.tha.anothe.person7.situatio.i.mor.si

mila.Lyour.tha.i.i.fac.is.(假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他

人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。)

Unit4

1.RelationshipbetweenLanguageandCulture

Languag.i.par.o.cultur.an.play..ver.iinportan.rol.i.it.Som.socia.scientist.conside.i.th.ke

yston.o.culture.Withou.language.the.maintain.cultur.woul.no.b.possible.O.lh.olhe.han

d.languag.i.influence.an.shape.b.culture.i.reflect.culture.l.th.broades.sense.languag.i.t

prise.thei.historica.an.cultura.background.a.

wel.a.thei.approac.t.lif.an.thei.way.o.livin.an.thinking.

Languag.i.ambiguous.Terpretation.t.th.sam.words.Therefore.i.i.i

mportan.t.mak.infcrcncc.abou.th.mcanin.o.word.fro.th.contcxt.

Denotation:theprimary,surfacemeaning,orexplicitmeaning.字面意思

Connotation:theimplicitmeaning,theimplicationofaword,apartfromitsprimary

meaning.隐涵意义

2.Majo.semanti.difference.betwee.Englis.an.Chines.terms(P73.

a..ter.i.on.languag.doe.no.necessaril.hav..counterpar.i.th.othe.language.(absenc.o.count

erpart)

b.Som.word.o.tcrm.appca.t.rcfc.t.th.sam.objcc.o.conccpt.bu.actuall.rcfc.t.quit.differcn.

things.(sam.words.differen.meaning.

c.Thin.o.conccpt.coul.b.rcprescnte.b.man.mor.term.i.th.othc.language.(sam.concept.va

riou.terms)

d.Term.wit.simila.primar.meanin.migh.hav.distinctiv.secondar.meaning.(sam.primar.m

eaning.differen.secondar.meaning.

3.Cultura.Reflection.o.Proverb.

Proverbsmayprovideinterestingglimpsesorcluestoapeople'sgeography,history,

socialorganization,socialviews,etc.(P74)

4.Discours.Patterns

Th.origina.mai.focu.o.discours.analysi.wa.o.ho.w.for.unit.o.coinmunicatio.tha.ar.large.

iha.jus.word.o.sentences.Bmunicatio.betwee.member.o.differen.gr

duc.o.al.th.participant.i.th.situation,whil.wri

pos.th.tex

t.

5.Though.palterns

A.leas.par.o.th.reaso.wh.peopl.hav.differen.discours.pattern.i.du.t.thei.difference.i.patt

munication.Analyti

ca.thinkin.charactcrize.th.though.pattcr.o.American.(an.man.othe.Westerners..The.ten.

perly.Thei.emphasi.i.upo.

th.part.rathe.tha.upo.th.whol.o.things.The.ten.t.b.quit.stron.i.classificatio.an.categoriza

tio.an.t.pursu.absolut.dichotomies二分法

suc.a.goo.an.bad.Go.an.th.devil.th.individua.an.th.whole.i..word."A.o."not-A..W.Chin

es.mor.ofte.cmplo.syntheti.thinkin.patterns.W...unit.wit.th.e

mphasi.o.th."whole1'.

DifferencesinCulturalThoughtPatterns

semi-direct

JK接的、东方人：循俄罗斯人：

罗曼人；固守的亶按中又带

蛭性的间接相关与半直接环、迂回论

相结合证♦隋府和迂

回

Unit5

1.Hall'sdefinitionofpersonalspace

a.Intimat.space一

th.closes."bubble.o.spac.surroundin..person.E.thi.spac.i.acceptabLonl.fo.th.cI

imates.

b.Socia.an.consultativ.spaces

eraction.wit.acquain

tancc.a.wcl.a.strangcrs.tt.

c.Publicspace-theareaofspacebeyondwhichpeoplewillperceiveinteractionsas

impersonalandrelativelyanonymous.公众场所

Culturalexpectationsaboutthesespacesvarywidely.

2.Studyareasofnon-verbalcommunication课本P95

Timelanguage(chroneniics)

Spacelanguage(proxemics)

bodylanguage(kinesics)

paralanguage

3.Chroneniics(第5课课件P38-41)

a.Chronemic.i.th.stud.o.ho.peopLperceiv.an.us.time.I.includes

b.thesenseoftime

c.Monochronicandpolychronicviewsoftime

4.Proxemics人际距离学

5.Proxemic.refer.t.th.stud.o.spatia.relations.Txemic.include.thre.aspect.o

.space.（a.fixe.feature.o.space.（b.semifixe.feature.o.space.an.（c.persona.spac.

6.haptics触觉行为

Hapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.

7.kinesics身势学

8.Kinesic.i.th.ter.use.fo.cornmunicatin.throug.variou.type.o.bod.movernent.includin.

facia.expressions.gestures.posture（体位.an.stance（立占立姿

势）.an.othe.mannerism.tha.ma.accompan.o.replac.ora.messages.

9.OtherCategoriesofNonverbalCommunication

ocuelsics（目光语）：Thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermed

oculesics.

olfactic.（嗅

觉）.Tmunicatio.vi.smel.i.calle.Olfactics..person’.smel.ca.hav..positiv.o.

negativ.effec.o.th.ora.message.

chromatic.（色彩

学）.Chromatic.rcfcr.t.th.stud.o.colo.us.i.aflcctin.people'.mood.emotions.an.impressi

o.o.others.

attire（月艮饰）:Peopleinallculturesuseclothingandotherformsofbodily

adornmenttocommunicatestatus,intentions,andothermessages.Thevocabularyof

dressthatwelearnincludesnotonlyitemsofclothingbutalsohairstyles,jewelry,

makeup,andotherbodydecorationsuchastattoos.

10.Paralanguage

Tpertie.o.speech.suc.a.speakin.tempo,onati

municat.attitudc.o.othe.shadc.o.mcaning.见课件

P92-93.P95-96

I.Paralanguage

.VocalqualifiersiHf

a.voiceset

thecontextinwhichthespeakerisspeaking:

thesituationgender

moodago

person*sculture

b.voicequalities音侦

volumepitch**

temporhythm

articulationrosonanco洪亮,暖亮

nasalityaccent

c.vocalization:speechproduction,howtospeak

characterizers语音韵律特征qualifiers修饰特征

segregates谙音分隔符

AndrewsUniversity:NtaverbalCommunicationModes

http:?,-tidwellb5ad560NonVerbal.html

Serprete.i.variou.way.dependin.upo.t

h.situation.th.duratio.o.th.silence.an.th.culture.Tmunicatio.i.als.imp

ortant.

Unit6

1.TheoriesonCGC（crossgendercommunication）

Sexandgender

Genderculture

Genderrole

Genderbias

Cross-gendercommunication

2.SexandGender

Sexreferstothebiologicaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.Sexisstaticand

cannotbechanged.

Gende.concern.th.psychological.socia.an.cuItura.difference.betwee.male.an.females.G

ende.i..socia.an.cultura.creation.Gende.emphasize.mor.o.differen.role.male.an.female.

pla.i.society.Gende.i.mor.dynami.an.ca.b.constructe.i.th.lif.time.

Gender=sex+culture+roleinsociety

Genderandsexarenotsynonymous

Howisgenderdifferentfromsex?

SexGender

Biologicalsocially

Permanentconstructed

WithanIndividualvariedovertime

propertyandacrossculture

withasocialand

relationalquality

3.GenderCulture

4.Gende.cultur.refer.t.th.differen.system.o.beliefs.value.an.behavior.hel.b.peopLo.dif

feren.se.i..society.Male.an.female.ar.treate.differentl.sine.th.earLstag.o.life.

5.GenderRole

6.Gende.rol.refer.t.th.expecie.rol.fo..mal.o.femal.t.pla.i..

society.Th.shapin.o.gendc.role.i.mos.Asia.culture.ar.hcavil.influcnce.b.Confucia.p

hilosophy.

7.Whathasinfluencedthegendersocialization?

Ther.ar.Teractio

Rootsofgenderdifferences

Malesandfemalesareinborndifferentfromeach

other.

Familycommunication,particularlybetween

mothersandchildrcrVparentalinfluence

Recreationalinteractionamongchildren

Football;

playhouse;jumpropeBasketball；

Interactionswithotherpeoplesuchaspeers,

teachers...

Leamfrommedias,books,history,culture...

8.sexism

Sexis.i.define.a.prejudic.o.discriminatio.base.o.sex.o.condition.o.attitude.tha.foste.sler

eotype.o.socia.role.base.o.sex.Sexis.attitude.ar.frequentl.base.o.belief.i.traditiona.stere

olype.o.gende.roles.S.man.societa

.institutions.Th.ter.sexis.i.mos.ofte.use.i.relatio.t.discriminatio.agains.wome.i.th.conte

x.o.patriarchy.

Unit7

1.Context

AccordingtoHall,contextreferstothestimuli,environment,ambience['a;mbisnsj

(周围环境)surroundinganevent.

InhisbookBeyondCultures(publishedin1976byAnchorPress/Doubleday,inNew

York),Halldistinguishesamongculturesonthebasisoftheroleofcontextin

communicationandclassifyculturepatternsintohigh-contextcultureand

low-contextculture.

I.ernalize.i.th.peop

Leraction.Vcr.littLinformatio.i.actuall.codc.i.th.verba.mcssagc.Hig.c

rmatio.tha.i.i.th.receive.an.i.th.setting.wit.

rmatio.i.th.transmitte.message.

2.Lo.contex.transaction.ar.th.reverse.Mrmatio.mus.b.i.th.transmitte.mess

ag.i.ordc.t.mak.u.fo.wha.i.missin.i.th.contcxt.I.r

matio.i.containe.i.th.verba.message.an.ver.littl.i.embedde.i.th.contex.o.withi.th.par

ticipants

3.Negotiation

Negotiatio.i..discussio.betwee.tw.o.mor.disputant.whar.tryin.t.wor.ou..solutio.t.thei.pr

oblcm.Tces.ca.occu.a..persona.leveLa.weLa.a..corporat

.ernationa.(diplomaiic.level.

Win/winnegotiatorsseedealmakingasacollaborativeandproblem-solvingprocess.

4.Culturaldifferencesinnegotiationstyles

Cmunicatio.a..too.fo.articulatin.specifi.goal.i.orde.t.accomplis

.the.ten.t.loo.upo.negotiation.a..serie.o.point.t.nsettle".Thei.languag.i.negotiation.i.exp

lici.an.zeroe.i.o.wha.ha.ye.t.b.agreed.Bmunicatio.t.encourag.harm

fortabLwit.direc.an.explici.t

alk.Gettin.straigh.t.som.poin.rnigh.resul.i.confrontatio.an.negativ.emotions—eve.anger.

Lshort.Westerner.negotiat..conlract.mos.Oriental.an.Latin.negotiat..relationship.Th.fbr

me.i.task-oriented.direc.an.t.th.point.emphasizin.th.shot-term,whil.th.latte.i.relationshi

p-oriented.indirec.an.ambitious.wantin.t.kno.wha.th.long-ter.effecl.wil.be.

Unit8

1.ExplainingHumor

ComparisonofSyllogismandEnthymeme

Syllogism三段论法Enthymeme

majorpremise(s)-------

minorpremise(s)minorpremise(s)

Conclusion-..........

deductivereasoninginv/hichaconclusionisderivedfromtwopremises

Enthymeme.ar.als.calle."truncate.截短，省略的syllogisms.sinc.they?r.shortened.

On.o.mor.premis.i.“hel.i.th.mind..

Iexplainthemlikethis:"theconclusionshouldnotbedrawnfromfarback,norisit

necessarytoincludeeverything...thelattertiresomebecauseofstatingwhatis

obvious.^^

Unit9

1.Interculturalcommunicationcompetence

2.Ipetenc.refer.t.th.abilit.t.accomplis.effectiv.an.appro

municator.o.diffcrcn.culturcs.

3.Acculturation

Acculturation（文化适应）referstoanindividual'sleamingandadoptingthenorms

andvaluesofthenewhostculture.

4.Modesofacculturation

a..A.th.dominan.culture

.Icess.

b..Ieractio.wit.th.hos.cultur.whil.maintainin.

identit.wit.thei.nativ.culture.

c..Scparatio.an.segrcgation.Separatio.i.whe.individual.prefe.lo.leveLeractio.wit.th

.hos.cultur.an.associate.inicrocultura.group.whil.desirin..clos.connectio.with.an.reaffir

matio.of.thci.nativ.culturc.Lforcc.b.th.dominan.socicty.thi.

i.calle.segregatio.

d.Marginalizatio.（边缘

化）Marginalizatio.occur.whc.th.individua.choosc.no.t.idcntif.wit.hi.o.he.nativ.cultur.o.

wit.th.hos.culture.

4.Cultur.Shock

“Cultur.Shock”.firs.identifie.i.l95.b.anthropo!ogis.Kalver.Oberg.i..lon.ter.psycholo

gica.slres.an.I.refer.t.th.traumati.experienc.tha.al.huma.being.ma.encounte.whe.enterin

..differen.cultur.o.whe.the.mov.t..coinpletel.ne.cultura.environment.

Cultur.shoc.usuall.set.i.th.firs.fe.week.o.movin.i..ne.environmeni.thoug.someiime.ca.t

ak.longe.t.surface.Cultur.shock.lik..disease.ha.causes.symptom.an.cures.

5.Symptom.o.cuitur.shoc.

a.Physica.symptom.ar.over-concer.abou.clcanlincs.o.food.bedding.an.dishcs.cxtrem.st

res.o.healt.an.safety.fea.o.physica.contac.wit.anyon.i.th.ne.country.grea.concer.ove.ini

no.pain.an.ski.eruptions.cravin.

“hom.cooking”.us.o.alcoho.an.drugs.an..declin.i.wor.quality.

b.Psychologica.symptom.ar.insomnia.fatigue.isolatio.an.loneliness.disorientation.frust

ration.criticis.o.ne.country.depression.nervousness.self-doubt.irritability.

ellectua.withdrawal.

6.Phase.o.Cultura.Shock

Cultureshockcanbedescribedasconsistingofatleastoneoffivedistinctphases:

Honeymoon,Negotiation,Adjustment,Masteryandtheinterdependence.

a.Honeymoo.phase.Durin.thi.period.th.difference.be