跨文化商务沟通230

SubjectIntroductionCultureDifferencesandInterculturalCommunicationChapterOneReferencesChapter1,Wang,C.Y.,Bao,P.P.andZhou,J.2011,InterculturalBusinessCommunication,DalianLigongUniversityPress,DalianLearningObjectiveAttheendofthischapter,youwillbeableto:Understandtheconceptofculture,dimensionsofculture,andcharacteristicsofculture.Usetheterms“backstage”and“onstage”cultureandunderstandtheirmeanings;Appreciatetherelationshipofcultureandcommunication;Understandthedifferencesbetweennorms,rules,androlesandnetworks;Beabletoknowtheprocessesofcommunicationanditscharacteristics.FocusofthisCourseCultureandcommunicationwithinthecontextofinternationalbusinessCultureBusinessCommunicationOpeningCaseWalpert’scrackers

withswastikaWhyStudyInterculturalCommunication?

~~DiversityatHome

WidespreadPopulationMigrationsDiversifiedWorkforceVideo:Mir,Fox.,&Rodriguez,PC:CelebratingDiversityClassDiscussionQuestion:Couldyoudiscussyourexperiencewithdifferentcultures?Whydoyousupposetheyactedthatway?Doyouknowofavalueintheirculturethatwouldmakethemthatway?DefinitionsofCultureGeertHofstede:thesoftwareofthemindEdwardHall:Cultureisthosedeep,common,unstatedexperienceswhichmembersofagivencultureshare,whichtheycommunicatewithoutknowing,andwhichfromthebackdropagainstwhichallothereventsarejudged.Marsella:Cultureissharedlearnedbehaviorwhichistransmittedfromonegenerationtoanotherforpurposesofpromotingindividualandsocialsurvival,adaptation,andgrowthanddevelopment.VarnerandBeamer’sDefinitionCultureisthecoherent,learned,sharedviewofagroupofpeopleaboutlife’sconcernsthatrankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriate,anddictatesbehavior.CharacteristicsofCultureCultureisCoherentCultureislearnedCultureistheViewofaGroupofPeopleCultureisCoherentandIntegratedEachculture,pastorpresent,iscoherentandcompletewithinitself-anentireviewoftheuniverse.Culturefunctionsasanintegratedwhole,iscomposedofpartsthatarerelatedtoeachother.E.g.Valuestowardmaterialismwillinfluencefamilysize,theworkethic,spiritualpursuits,andthelike.CultureisLearnedandLearnableLearningCultureThroughInteractingwithfamilymembersandfriendsSchools,churchProverbsFolktales,Legends,andMythsArtMassMedia(Consciouslyandunconsciouslylearnourcultureinourearlylifethroughtheprocessofsocializationorenculturation.)CultureistheViewofaGroupofPeopleCultureisthepropertyofacommunityofpeople,notsimplyacharacteristicofindividuals.ACultureissharedbyasociety.Membersofthesocietyagreeaboutthemeaningsofthingsandaboutthewhy.FunctionsofCultureCultureRanksWhatisImportantCultureFurnishesAttitudesCultureDictatesHowtoBehaveCultureRanksWhatisImportantWithinaculture,valuesmaybeofgreaterorlesserimportance,theyindicatearelativehierarchy.Somevaluesheldbypeopleinoneculturearenotsharedbypeopleinothercultures.CultureFurnishesAttitudesAnattitudeisageneralevaluationofsomething,atendencytorespondthesamewaytothesameobject,situation,oridea.Attitudesarefeelingsaboutthings,basedonvalues,thatrangefrompositivetonegative.AttitudestowardGender:AreWomenEqualsorSubordinates?AttitudestowardWork:PrivateorPublicMatters?AttitudestowardEthics:EthicalorUnethical?(Bribery,Corruption,Discrimination)CultureDictatesHowtoBehaveJapaneseCulture(Relationshiporiented,valuegroupmembership)Organization’sgoalsforperformance<maintenanceoftherelationshipbetweenemployeeandsuperiorpassingdeadlineinworkduetopersonalmattersisforgivableUnitedStatesCulture(Resultoriented,valueachievement):Organization’sgoalsforperformance>personalmatterspassingdeadlineinworkduetopersonalmattersisunforgivableEnculturationandAcculturationEnculturationisthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.Whenyougrowupinoneculture,youlearnonewayofclassifying,coding,prioritizing,andjustifyingreality.Acculturationistheprocessofadjustingandadaptingtoanewanddifferentculture.Peopledonotwanttoabandontheirpast,therefore,theyacculturatenewideasintotheirexistingculture.OnstageandBackstageElementsofCultureOnstageCultureEasiesttoobserveandreactto;observabletoanoutsiderculturallyidentifiableactionsBackstageCulture~~thewhyofculture~~theessenceofapeople’scultureHoldsthereasonswhy~whypeoplebelieve,act,andlookatthingsthewaytheydo(telluswhattherealmeaningisinaculture)DifficulttograspandnotsovisibleLearningCulture

~~Listsof"do'sandtaboos“?NeverrefuseanofferofcoffeefromabusinessmaninKuwait.BeverycarefulnottocrossyourlegssothatthesoleofyourfootpointstosomeoneinThailand.RemoveyourjacketandworkinshirtsleevesinJapanonlywhenyourJapanesecolleaguesdosofirst.DonotbecomeirritatedifyoufindyourselfwaitinghalfanhourormoreforanappointmentwithabusinesspersonfromVenezuela.UsebusinesscourtesiesinIndia,suchasshakinghandswhenintroduced,exceptwhenfemalesareinvolved.DonotofferyourhostgiftsforhiswifeorchildrenwhendoingbusinessinSaudiArabia.LearningCulture

~~Listsof"do'sandtaboos“?Dosandtabooslistsareusuallyaccurate,buttheirhelpfulnessislimitedbecausetheyfocusonlyononstagebehavior.Listsofdosandtaboosdon’sexplainwhyyoushouldorshouldnotbehaveinaparticularwayinaparticularplace.Theydon’ttellyouanythingaboutbackstagebehavior.CommunicationDefined

Communicationistheperceptionofverbal(worded)andnonverbal(withoutwords)behaviorsandtheassignmentofmeaningtothem(VarnerandBeamer).PrinciplesofCommunicationCommunicationisaDynamicProcessSymbolicSystemicinvolvesmakinginferencesself-reflectivehasaconsequencecomplexCommunicationisaDynamicProcessCommunicationisongoingandeverchanging.Youareconstantlyaffectedbyotherpeople’smessagesand,asaconsequence,arealwayschanging.Communicationistransitory.Onceawordisspokenoranactiontaken,itcannotberetracted.CommunicationisSymbolicYouemploysymbolstocommunicate,andtopresentsomethingelse,suchasAsoundAmarkonpaperAstatueAmovementApaintingCommunicationisSystemicCommunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Therefore,itisinfluencedbySettingLocationOccasionTimeNumberofparticipantsCulturalsettingCommunicationinvolvesmakinginferencesBecausethereisnodirectmind-to-mindcontactbetweenpeople,youcannotaccessthethoughtsandfeelingsofotherhumanbeingsbutcanonlyinferwhattheyareexperiencing,basedonAsinglewordSilenceLongspeechesSimpleheadnodsGlancesinyourdirectionorawayfromyouCommunicationisself-reflectiveHumanbeingsthinkaboutthemselves,watchhowtheydefinetheworld,andreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture.CommunicationhasaconsequenceWhenyoureceiveamessage,somethinghappenstoyou.Theresponseyouhavetomessagesvaryindegreeandkind.ItcouldbeOvertCovertUnconsciousbiologicalCommunioniscomplexCommunicationisalwaysthickwithathousandingredients,suchassignals,codes,meanings.Communicationbecomesevenmorecomplexwhenculturaldimensionsareadded.PotentialProblemsinInterculturalCommunicationSeekingSimilaritiesandUncertaintyReductionWithdrawalStereotypesPrejudiceRacismPowerCultureShockEthnocentrismEthnocentrismItisthebeliefthatone'sowncultureisnormalandright,andthecorrectmeasureofothercultures.Viewthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit.Thenearertoone'sownanothercultureis,themorenormalandrightitis.Thefurtherfromourownanothercultureis,themoreitseemstobelongonthefringe,tobesecondary/minorimportanceandnotnormal.Ethnocentrismcanleadtocomplacencyaboutone’sowncultureandhostilitytoanother.StereotypesStereotypes:areinflexiblementalcategoriesthatgeneralizeaboutagroupofpeoplefromafewmembersorafewcharacteristics.ExamplesofstereotypesCultureImageAmericansArrogant,loud,friendly,impatient,generous,hardworking,monolingualEnglishConservative,reserved,polite,proper,formalFrenchArrogant,rude,romantics,gourmets,cultural,artisticItaliansDemonstrative,talkative,emotional,romantics,bold,artisticLatinAmericansMananaattitude,macho,musiclovers,touchersAsiansInscrutable,intelligent,xenophobic(fear/hatredofstrangers/foreigners),grouporiented,polite,soft-spokenUniversalSystemsChapterTwoReferenceChapter2,Wang,C.Y.,Bao,P.P.andZhou,J.,2011,InterculturalBusinessCommunication,DalianLigongUniversityPress,Dalian.LearningObjectiveUponcompletionofthischapter,youwillIncreaseyourunderstandingofsystemsthatareuniversaltoallculturalgroupsandthesystemdifferencesindifferentcultures;Understandtherolethateconomic,politicalandeducationalsystems;Seetherelationshipbetweenfamily,marriageandkinshipsystemsandglobalcommunication;Gaininsightintosocialhierarchiesandinteractionsthataffecteffectiveinterculturalbusinesscommunication.CultureSystemsEconomicsystemsPoliticalandgovernmentalsystemsEducationalsystemsFamily,marriageandkinshipsystemsLegalsystemsReligioussystemsHealthsystemsEconomicsystemsChinaUnitedStatesJapanRussiaSouthKorea

AustraliaCanadaSaudiArabia

EconomicSystemofEuropeanUnionanditsrelationshipwithChinaEconomicDependencebetweenChinaandASEANPoliticalSystemsChinaUnitedStatesCanadaJapanSouthKoreaRussiaAustraliaFranceGermanyGreatBritainMalaysiaThailandSaudiArabiaEducationalSystemsChinaUnitedStatesCanadaJapanSouthKoreaRussiaAustraliaFranceGermanyGreatBritainMalaysiaThailandSaudiArabiaMarriage，FamilyandKinshipSystemsChinaUnitedStatesCanadaJapanSouthKoreaRussiaAustraliaFranceGermanyUnitedKingdomMalaysiaThailandSaudiArabiaSocialHierarchiesandInteractionSocialclassandstatusSocialreciprocityRelationshipGroupmembershipIntermediariesSocialHierarchiesandInteraction

(Examples)ChinaUnitedStatesCanadaJapanSouthKoreaRussiaAustraliaFranceGermanyUnitedKingdomMalaysiaThailandSaudiArabiaChapterThreeTheoriesaboutUnderstandinganUnfamiliarCultureCultureValuesLearningObjective

Attheendofthisweek,youwillbeableto:BecomefamiliarwithHofstede'sfourdimensionsofculture:individualism/collectivism,powerdistance,uncertaintytolerance,andmasculinity/femininityincultures,plusthelater-addeddimensioncalledbyMichaelBondlong-termorientation;Examineothernumerousculturalorientationsframeworks/theories,includingKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientations,Hall’sMonochronic(M-time)andPolychronic(P-time)Classification,High-contextandLow-contextorientation,andTrompenaarsandtheGLOBEProject.ReferenceChapter3,Wang,C.Y.,Bao,P.P.andZhou,J.,2011,InterculturalBusinessCommunication,DalianLigongUniversityPress,DalianClassDiscussionQuestionAsKFC,McDonald,PizzaHutandotherbigwesternfastfoodgoesintoChina,Chineseyoungpeopletendtopreferthesewesternfastfood,theydresslikeAmericans,eatlikewesternpeople.SoDoyouThinkChineseculturearebecomingmorealikewithwesterncultures.Anddoyouthink“allworldculturesaretendingtowardone“global”culture?

ChangeinCulturesPopularCulture(onstagebehavior)~~constantlychangesBackstageCulture~~changesverylittleandveryslowlyDoeschangeinhousingmeanthatfilialpietyisnolongervaluedinChina?CulturalValuesandprioritiesCulturalprioritiesaretherelativevalues,theimportantthingswithinaculturethatmotivatepeople'sbehaviorandunderlieattitudes.PrioritiesofculturalvaluesofU.S.Americans,Japanese,andArabs AmericansJapaneseArabs1FreedomBelongingFamilysecurity2IndependenceGroupharmonyFamilyharmony3Self-relianceCollectivenessParentalguidance4EqualityAge/seniorityAge5IndividualismGroupconsensusAuthority6CompetitionCooperationCompromise7EfficiencyQualityDevotion8TimePatiencePatience9DirectnessIndirectnessIndirectness10OpennessGo-betweenHospitalityTheRelationshipamong

Value,Attitude,BehaviorValueAttitudeBehaviorHonestyTellingliesiswrong.(not)LyingFamilyFamilyeventscomefirst.ChoosingtoattendafamilypartyratherthangooutwithfriendsStatusHighstatusmeansonehasbettercontrolovereventsandpeople.DressingexpensivelytoshowhighstatusAchievementAchievementdeservespraise.GivingrecognitionforanaccomplishmentHarmonyDissentcausesdisruptioningroups.RefrainingfromdisagreeingSixValueOrientationsfromKluckhohnandStrodtbeckOrientationValuesandBehaviorHumannatureBasicallyevilMixtureofgoodandevilBasicallygoodHumankindandnaturePeoplesubjugatedtonaturePeopleinharmonywithnaturePeoplethemasterofthenatureSenseoftimePastorientedPresentorientedFutureorientedActivityBeingBeing-in-becomingDoingSocialrelationshipsAuthoritarianGrouporientedIndividualismSpaceOrientationPrivateMixedPublicSource:AdaptedfromF.R.KluckhohnandF.L.Strodtbeck,VariationsinValueOrientations(NewYork:RowandPeterson),1960HumannatureorientationEvil(peopleareintrinsicallyevil)GoodandEvil(Mixture)Goodness.Person-NatureOrientationHumanBeingsSubjecttoNature“Cooperation”withNature

ControllingNatureTimeOrientationPastOrientation(significanceofpriorevents;thepastshouldbetheguideformakingdecisionsanddeterminingtruth)PresentOrientation(themomenthasthemostsignificance)FutureOrientation.

ActivityOrientationBeingOrientation(stressrelease,indulgenceofexistingdesires,andworkingforthemoment)Being-in-Becoming(stresstheideaofdevelopmentandgrowth)DoingOrientation(stressactivityandaction)Relational(Social)Orientation

Authoritarianorientation

CollectiveorientationIndividualismorientationSpaceOrientationPrivate Mixed PublicHofstede’sCulturalDimensions(1980)UseextensivestatisticaldatatoexamineculturalvaluesDatagatheredwithover116,000respondentsfromover50differentcountriesandthreeregionsaroundtheworldTheindividualsworkedinthelocalsubsidiariesofIBMLinkedthesedimensionstomanagementtheoriesandpracticeIndividualism/collectivismorientationThedegreetowhichpeopleinacountryprefertoactasindividualsratherthanasmembersofgroupsInindividualisticcultures：Valuesofindividualachievement,freedom,andcompetitionarestressed.Peoplegiveprioritytothetaskandaresupposedtolookaftertheirownself-interests.Incollectivisticcultures:

valuesofgroupharmony,cohesiveness,andconsensusareveryimportant.PriorityisgiventorelationshipwithpeopleandgroupinterestIndividualism/CollectivismValuesfor50Countriesand3RegionsRankCountryRankcountry1234/54/5678910/1110/1112131415161718UnitedStatesAustraliaGreatBritainCanada/NetherlandsNetherlandsNewZealandItalyBelgiumDenmarkSwedenFranceIrelandNorwaySwitzerlandGermanySouthAfricaFinlandAustria282930313233/3533/3533/3536373839/4139/4139/4142434445TurkeyUruguayGreecePhilippinesMexicoYugoslaviaPortugalEastAfricaMalaysiaHongKongChileSingaporeThailandWestAfricaSalvadorSouthKoreaTaiwanPeru19202122/2322/23242526/2726/27IsraelSpainIndiaJapanArgentinaIranJamaicaBrazilArabcountries4617/4847/484950515253CostaRicaPakistanIndonesiaColombiaVenezuelaPanamaEcuadorGuatemalaUncertaintyAvoidanceTheextenttowhichpeoplewithinaculturearemadenervousbysituationswhichtheyperceiveasunstructured,unclear,orunpredictableInstronguncertaintyavoidancecultures:PeopletendtoberigidandintolerantStrongneedforrules,formalcommunication,planning,regulations,rituals,ceremoniesandstructuredsituations.Inweakuncertaintyavoidancecultures:Peoplearemoreeasygoingvaluediversityandareabletotoleratedifferencesinbeliefandbehavior.UncertaintyAvoidanceValuesfor50Countriesand3RegionsRankCountryRankcountry12345/65/678910/1510/1510/1510/1510/1510/1516/1716/1718GreecePortugalGuatemalaUruguayBelgiumSalvadorJapanYugoslaviaPeruSpainArgentinaPanamaFranceChileCostaRiceTurkeySouthKoreaMexico28293031/3231/3233343536373839/4039/4041/4241/42434445EcuadorGermanyThailandIranFinlandSwitzerlandWestAfricaNetherlandsEastAfricaAustraliaNorwaySouthAfricaNewZealandIndonesiaCanadaUnitedStatesPhilippinesIndia192021/2221/222324/2524/252627IsraelColombiaVenezuelaBrazilItalyPakistanAustriaTaiwanArabcountries4647/4847/4849/5049/50515253MalaysiaGreatBritainIrelandHongKongSwedenDenmarkJamaicaSingaporePowerDistanceThedegreetowhichacountryacceptsthefactthedifferencesinitscitizens’physicalandintellectualcapabilitiesgiverisetoinequalitiesintheirwell-beingInHighpowerdistancecultures:Allowinequalitiestopersistorincrease;Organizationstendtobehierarchicalandinequalityisaccepted.Inlowpowerdistancecultures:DislikethedevelopmentoflargeinequalitiesinrightsandopportunityintheworkplaceUsetaxationorsocialwelfareprogramstoreduceinequalitiesPowerDistanceValuesfor50Countriesand3RegionsRankCountryRankcountry12/32/345/65/678/98/910/1110/1112131415/1615/161718/19MalaysiaGuatemalaPanamaPhilippinesMexicoVenezuelaArabcountriesIndonesiaEcuadorIndiaWestAfricaYugoslaviaSingaporeBrazilFranceHongKongColumbiaSalvador27/2829/3029/303132333435/3635/36373839404142/4442/4442/4445SouthKoreaIranTaiwanSpainPakistanJapanItalyArgentinaSouthAfricaJamaicaUnitedstatesCanadaNetherlandsAustraliaCostaRicaGermanyGreatBritainSwitzerland18/192021/2321/2321/2324/2524/252627/28TurkeyBelgiumEastAfricaPeruThailandChilePortugalUruguayGreece4647/4847/484950515253FinlandNorwaySwedenIrelandNewZealandDenmarkIsraelAustriaMasculinity/FemininityThedegreetowhichmasculineorfemininetraitsarevaluedandrevealed.MasculinityCulture:value“assertiveness,performance,successandcompetition”expectmentobeassertive,ambitious,andcompetitive,andtostriveformaterialsuccess,andtorespectwhateverisbig,strongandfast.FemininityCulture:value“thequalityoflife,maintainingwarmpersonalrelationships,serviceandcarefortheweak”menneednotbeassertiveandthattheycanassumenurturingroles;promotessexualequalitybe“overlappingsocialrolesforthesexes.”MasculinityValuesfor50Countriesand3RegionsRankCountryRankcountry12/32/34/54/567/87/89/109/1011/1211/1213/1413/1415161718/19JapanAustriaVenezuelaItalySwitzerlandMexicoIrelandJamaicaGreatBritainGermanyPhilippinesColombiaSouthAfricaEcuadorUnitedstatesAustraliaNewZealandGreece282930/3130/3132/3332/333435/3635/3637/3837/3839404142434445SingaporeIsraelIndonesiaWestAfricaTurkeyTaiwanPanamaIranFranceSpainPeruEastAfricaSalvadorSouthKoreaUruguayGuatemalaThailandPortugal18/1920/2120/2122232425/2625/2627HongKongArgentinaIndiaBelgiumArabcountriesCanadaMalaysiaPakistanBrazil464748/4948/4950515253ChileFinlandYugoslaviaCostaRicaDenmarkNetherlandsNorwaySwedenLong-termvs.Short-termorientationLong-termorientationValuestowardsthefuture,likethrift(saving)andpersistenceemployeesreflectastrongworkethicandshowgreatrespecttotheiremployersShort-termorientation

Valuestowardsthepastandpresent,andmaintainingpersonalstabilityorhappinessandlivingforthepresentconcernedwithshort-termresultsLong-TermValuesfor23CountriesorRegionsRankCountryRankCountry123456789101112ChinaHongKongTaiwanJapanSouthKoreaBrazilIndiaThailandSingaporeNetherlandsBangladeshSweden1314151617181920212223PolandGermanyAustraliaNewZealandUnitedstatesGreatBritainZimbabweCanadaPhilippinesNigeriaPakistanEdwardT.Hall’sculturaldimensionsDescribingelementsofbusinesscultureinhisclassicarticle,“TheSilentLanguageinOverseasBusiness”CulturaldifferencesdimensionsTimeSpaceThingsFriendshipsAgreementsMonochronic&PolychronicTimeOrientationMonochronicPeoplePolychronicPeopleDoonethingatatimeDomanythingsatonceConcentrateonthejobArehighlydistractibleandsubjecttointerruptionsTaketimecommitments(deadlines,schedules)seriouslyConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArelow-contextandneedinformationArehigh-contextandalreadyhaveinformationArecommittedtothejobArecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsAdherereligiouslytoplansChangeplansoftenandeasilyAreconcernedaboutnotdisturbingothers;followrulesofprivacyandconsiderationAremoreconcernedwiththosewhoarecloselyrelated(family,friends,closebusinessassociates)thanwithprivacyShowgreatrespectforprivateproperty;seldomborroworlendBorrowandlendthingsoftenandeasilyEmphasizepromptnessBasepromptnessontherelationshipAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsExamplesofMandP-TimeMonochronictime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.GermanyAustriaSwitzerlandAmericaPolychronictime:beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.TurkishArabicAsianLatinAmericansAfricansDefiningContext（语境）“Context”canbedefinedas“theinformationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent,e.g.informationisprovidedandmeaningisconveyedthroughgesturesSilenceSpacestatusAgeSexEducationfamilybackgroundtitle,Affiliationsanindividual’sinformalfriendsandassociatesDifferencesbetweenHighandLow-contextculturesincommunicationLow-contextcultureHigh-contextcultureUseadirectverbal-expressionstyleUseindirectverbal-expressionstyleThesituationalcontextisnotemphasizedExplicitverbalmessagesarenotemphasizedImportantinformationisusuallycarriedinexplicitverbalmessagesImportantinformationisusuallycarriedincontextualcues(e.g.place,time,situation,andrelationship)Self-expression,verbalfluency,andeloquentspeecharevaluedHarmonyishighlyvalued,withatendencytowardusingambiguouslanguageandkeepingsilentininteractionsPeopletendtodirectlyexpresstheiropinionsandintendtopersuadeotherstoaccepttheirviewpointsPeopletendtotalkaroundthepointandtoavoidsaying“no”directlytoothers.Trompenaars’SevenDimensionsFollowingHofstede,butincorporatingmoredimensionsdevelopedinsociologyandanthropology.Thesevendimensionsare:UniversalismversusParticularismAffectiveversusNeutralRelationshipsSpecificityversusDiffusenessAchievementversusAscriptionCollectivismversusIndividualismOrientationTowardTimeInternalversusExternalControlTheGLOBEProjectUncertaintyavoidancePowerdistanceCollectivismI(societalcollectivism)CollectivismII(in-groupcollectivism)GenderEgalitarianismAssertivenessFutureorientationPerformanceorientationHumaneorientationCultureShockChapterFourReferenceChapter4,Wang,C.Y.,Bao,P.P.andZhou,J.,2011,

InterculturalBusinessCommunication,DalianLigongUniversityPress,DalianLearningObjectiveAttheendofthisweek,youwillbeableto:Understandthedefinitionandnatureofculturalshock;Identifythedifferencesbetweenshortvisitculturalshockandthemostcommonculturalshock;Identifythetypicalstagesofculturalshockandreverseculture.DefiningCultureShockCultureshockisthesenseofdislocationandtheproblems,psychologicalandevenphysical,thatresultfromthestressoftryingtomakethehundredsofadjustmentsnecessaryforlivinginaforeignculture.TheStagesofCultureShock(TheU-curve):EuphoriaDisillusionmentAdjustmentIntegrationEuphoria

(HoneymoonPhase)Befilledwithexcitement,optimismConcentratingonthenicethingsaboutthejob,thecountry,thefood,etc.EverythingabouttheexcitingnewadventureiswonderfulLastsnolongerthantwoweeksDisillusionment

(CultureShockPhase)Asenseofdislocation,withfeelingsofdisappointmentanddiscontent.Beconfusedandpuzzledbyhisorhernewsurroundings.ReasonofFrustrationsLackoffoodUnacceptablestandardsofcleanlinessDifferentbathroomfacilitiesFearforpersonalsafetyAttitudestowardwomenNonverbalcommunicationClothing/businessdressFamilyandmarriagepracticesHousingClimateEducationsystemFinancialproblemsValuesandethicalstandardsSymptomsofCultureShockPsychologicalDepressionHomesicknessLonelinessHelplessnessHostilitytothehostcountryFeelingsofanxietyOveridentificationwithourhomecountryConfusionDisorientationIsolationTensionDefensivenessPhysicalAchesandpainsinlimbsHeadachesChronictirednessandlackofenergyLossofappetiteInabilitytogetagoodnight’ssleepStomachupsetsFrequentcoldsorfluExcessivewashingofthehandsMinorpainsandrashoftheskinAdjustment

(RecoveryPhase)SeebothsidesGainsomeunderstandingofthenewcultureBeabletocooperatemoreeffectivelywithmembersofthehostcultureFindsolutionstoproblemsIntegration

(AdaptationPhase)BefluentenoughintheothercultureMoveeasilywithinitnotbethrownbythedifferentattitudes,beliefsandvaluesandthebehaviorstheygenerateLinguisticfluencybeabletoidentifywiththehostculture“Goingnative”~~extremeformReverseCultureShock

(ReentryShock)OccurwhenasojournerreturnshomeFindmanythingstocriticizeOftenaskwhytheoldculturecan’tbemoreliketheonesorecentlyencounteredFindthingshavechangedatthecompany(people