新材料英语 课件 Unit 3 Tiny but mighty

新材料英语CollegeEnglishfor

NewAgriculturalSciences3UnitTinybutmighty新材料英语EnglishforAdvancedMaterialsScienceAfterstudyingthisunit,youwillbeableto:explainwhatnanotechnologyis,itsapplications,andthechallengesfaced;identifythepropertiesofsingle-walledcarbonnanotubes,theirdiverseapplications,andvastopportunitiesforinnovation;Learning

objectives新材料英语EnglishforAdvancedMaterialsScienceusetheclassificationmethodtomakeyourscientificwritingmorelogical;createashortvideotopresentnanotechnologiesappliedtoancientinnovationsinChina.Learning

objectives新材料英语EnglishforAdvancedMaterialsScienceCONTENTSTellingChina’sstoriesUnlockingthetopicViewingthroughthelensExploringthefrontier新材料英语EnglishforAdvancedMaterialsScienceSettingthesceneWelcometothefascinatingworldofnanotechnology,wherescienceoperatesonthescaleofatomsandmolecules.Inthisdomain,structuresbetweenoneand100nanometersenableextraordinaryinnovations–fromsunscreenscontainingUV-blockingnanoparticlestocarbonnanotubesthatarestrongerthansteel.Nanotechnologyalsopromisesrevolutionaryadvancessuchastargeteddrugdeliveryandatom-by-atomfabrication.However,thesepossibilitiesraiseseriousquestionsaboutsafety,ethics,andsocietalimpact.新材料英语EnglishforAdvancedMaterialsScienceSettingthesceneInthisunit,youwilldiscoverhownanotechnologyworks,examineitsreal-worlduses,andexploreitsfar-reachingimpactonthefuture.Then,youwillproduceashortvideopresentingitssurprisingconnectionstoancientcivilizations.Joinustoexplorethebigimpactoftheverysmall.新材料英语EnglishforAdvancedMaterialsScienceScanthecodeandcompletethe

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Howsmallisthesmallestpieceoftechnologyyoucanimagine?Watchthevideoclipandcompletethesummarywithwhatyouhear.(Withsubtitles)(Withoutsubtitles)Nanotechnologyoperateswithinthesizerangeofoneto1001)_____________toexplorestructuresthatareextremelysmall.II.ApplicationsofnanotechnologyAlthoughtheconceptofnanotechnologyhasemergedjustinrecentdecades,itsapplications–fromancientDamascussteeltomodernsunscreens–havelongbeenpartofour2)_____________.I.DefinitionofnanotechnologynanometerseverydaylivesTherealmofnanotechnologyCarbonnanotubes,madeof3)_____________sheetsofcarbon,aretubeswithahoneycomb-likestructure.Ifrolledupinacertainway,nanotubescanbe100timesstrongerthansteelbutsixtimeslighter,havinggreatpotentialfor4)_________________________.Ifrolledupinadifferentway,nanotubescan5)_________________,whichcouldrevolutionizecomputingandrobotics,andpavethewayformanyfutureapplications.III.Anessentialblockofnanotechnology–carbonnanotubesrolled-upconstructionapplicationsconductelectricityIV.ChallengesinnanotechnologyNanotechnologyalsoposeschallenges:6)_________________ofnanoparticlepenetration,securitythreatsfromnanosurveillancedevices,andethicaldilemmasovertheuseofnanotechnologytocreateweapons.Theseissuesdemandproactiveregulationsbeforethesepossibilitiesbecomeirreversiblerealities.medicalconcernsScanthecodeformorecomprehensionexercisesonUcampus.

ScriptsHowsmallisthesmallestpieceoftechnologyyoucanimagine?Thesizeofagrainofrice?Agrainofsand?Howaboutthewidthofanindividualstrandofaspider’sweb?Aredbloodcell,narrowerthanasinglewavelengthofvisiblelight?OK,nowwe’retalking.Welcometotherealmofnanotechnology.Atthisminusculescale,wemeasurethingsinnanometers.Togiveyouaroughideaofjusthowsmallthoseare,inoneday,yourfingernailswillgrowbyaroundeighty-sixthousandnanometers,aboutthewidthofahumanhair.Bycomparison,nanotechnologyisdefinedasbeingbetweenoneandonehundrednanometersacross,whichisjustatouchmorethanyourfingernailswillhavegrownsinceyoustartedwatchingthisvideo.Despitethetermnanotechnologyhavingbeenincommonuseinthe1980s,withsomeoftheunderlyingideasfirstbeingproposedinthe1950s,we’veonlyjuststartedexploringthebenefitsofutilizingsuchasmallscale.Eventhoughitcarriesasenseoffuturisticexcitement,it’sworthnotingthatit’salreadyallaroundus.It’sjustimportanttorealizethat,bytechnology,wedon’tmeananythingwithacircuitboard,butratherthefarbroaderdefinitionoftheapplicationofscientificknowledgeforpracticalpurposes.Letmegiveyouanexample.Whenyounextheadoutintothesunshine,takeasecondtothinkaboutthenanoparticlesinyoursunscreen,reflectingharmfulUVrays,orthosewhichmakeupthescratch-resistantcoatingonyoursunglasses.FrommicrophonestoaerogelinsulatorstotennisracketstoLCDmonitorstocancertreatments,nanotechnologyhasbeenpartofoureverydaylivesforlongerthanyouthink.Inactualfact,itisthoughtthatthelegendarilystrongsteelbladesproducedinDamascusaroundthe12thcenturyowetheirstrengthtonanotechnology.UnknowntotheSyrianblacksmith,therepeatedheatingandcoolingofthesteelduringforgingcausedimpuritiesinthemetaltoseparate,resultinginthecreationofcarbonnanotubes,whichtodayareoneofthefundamentalbuildingblocksofnanotechnology.Carbonnanotubesareunsurprisinglytinytubesmadeofrolled-upsheetsofcarbon,afewnanometersacross,withahoneycomb-likestructure.Theycanbecreatedinabunchofcool,scienceyways–byincitingreactionsingraphiteusinggas,byblastingitwithlasersorplasma,orzappingitwithelectricity.Trickywork,butstillmucheasierthanrollingthembyhandbysomekindofmicroscopicsushichef.Thereallycoolthingaboutcarbonnanotubes,though,isthatifyourollthemupjustrightsothatthecarbonatomsaligninacertainway,youhaveatubethatisahundredtimesstrongerthansteel,butsixtimeslighter.Andthepotentialconstructionapplicationsofamateriallikethataremind-boggling.What’smore,ifyourolltheminaslightlydifferentway,carbonnanotubescanconductelectricity,whichmeansthatbycouplingthemwithnanowires,scientistsarewellontheirwaytomakingtinycomputerchips.“Tinycomputerchips”equals“tinycomputers,”equals“tinyrobots.”Andallofthisstartstopaintapictureofafuturefullofscientificpossibilities.What’smore,ifyourolltheminaslightlydifferentway,carbonnanotubescanconductelectricity,whichmeansthatbycouplingthemwithnanowires,scientistsarewellontheirwaytomakingtinycomputerchips.“Tinycomputerchips”equals“tinycomputers,”equals“tinyrobots.”Andallofthisstartstopaintapictureofafuturefullofscientificpossibilities.Now,inevitably,forsuchanexciting,experimental,andpotentiallydisruptivetechnology,nanotechnologycomeswithsomeareasofconcern.NanoparticlesareclassedasUFPs–ultrafineparticles,andwe’veonlyjustbegunresearchintohowtoregulatetheseasnanotechnologyevolves.Therearemedicalconcerns:Couldnanoparticlescrossintoyourbloodstreamorintoyourbrain?Therearesecurityramifications:Theideaofnanosurveillancedevicesisfairlyterrifying.Andalongsidethosearemoralquandaries:Ifananofabricatorgivesyoutheabilitytobuildanything,whatstopsyoufrombuildingalethalweapon?Howcouldtechnologylikethataffectthemanufacturingindustryortheglobaleconomy?Theseareallreasonablequestionsthatrightnowsimplydon’thaveanswers.Andwhilewedohavesometimetoworkthemoutbeforetheybecomepressingissues,it’ssomethingweshouldthinkaboutnowratherthanlater.Becausewhenthetechnologyreachesitsfullpotential,it’sgoingtoopenupauniverseofpossibilities,possibilitieswerisksquanderingifwe’renotprepared.Workingroupsanddiscussthequestions.Afterviewingthevideoclip,haveyougainedanynewunderstandingofnanotechnologyandtheworldaroundyou?Isthereanyproblemyouhavenoticedthatcouldpotentiallybesolvedbynanotechnologyandnanomaterials?Howwouldyouliketoemploythemtoaddressthisproblem?Yes,Ihavenowgainedsomenewinsightsintonanotechnology,particularlyaboutitslonghistoryandwidespreadapplications.LearningthatancientDamascussteelmayhavecontainedcarbonnanotube-likestructureshasledmetoviewnanotechnologynotasadistantfuturetechnology,butasapowerfulunderlyingprincipleofthephysicalworldthathasexistedforcenturies.Inowrealizethatnanotechnologyispresentineverydayproductslikesunscreensandbetterunderstandtheworldassomethingthatcanbemanipulatedattheatomiclevel.ReferenceanswersOnecriticalproblemthatnanotechnologycouldhelpsolveisaccesstocleanwater.Iwouldliketoemploymembranesofalignedcarbonnanotubestodevelopaportable,solar-poweredfilter.Theirtinyporescouldpotentiallyfilteroutbacteriaandsomeviruses,whileacatalyticnanoparticlecoatingcouldbreakdowntoxiccontaminantswhenexposedtosunlight.Thislow-energy,highlyefficientsolutioncouldenablesustainablewaterpurificationanywhereintheworld,leveragingtheuniquepropertiesofnanomaterialstoaddressaglobalchallengeattheatomiclevel.Referenceanswers1Thirtyyearsago,scientistssuccessfullycarriedoutthefirstcontrolledsynthesisofsingle-walledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs).Sincethen,thesenanotubeshavebeenincorporatedintoproductsrangingfromtextilesandsportinggoodstobatteriesandsolarcells.Astheiruseshavegrown,sotoohasinterestintheirpotentialapplications.Researchersareactivelypursuingnewandinnovativeapplicationsforthesematerialsbecauseoftheiruniqueproperties.Successcouldmeancrucialadvancesinrenewableenergy,drugdelivery,andmore.Thepossibilitiesforcarbonnanotubesareimmenseacrossmanyindustries.TinyTechnology,BigPossibilities2

Tounderstandtheiruniquevalue,wemustfirstknowwhatSWCNTsare.Theycanbethoughtofasasinglesheetofcarbonatoms,similartographene,thatare

rolledinto

atubeshape.Theyarecommonlygeneratedinavacuumfurnacewhereacatalyst-containingsubstrateinteractswithagasprecursorthatcontainscarbon.Thisprecursorreactswiththecatalyticsubstrate,leadingtothegrowthofnanotubesinaprocesssimilartomakingfilmsinsemiconductormanufacturing.ThepublicationofacontrolledreactiontosynthesizeSWCNTsfollowedthediscoveryofmulti-walledcarbonnanotubesin1991.Multi-wallednanotubescanhavelargevariationsintheirmechanicalandelectricalproperties,soscientistsoftenpursuesingle-walledvarietiestohavemorecontrolovertheircharacteristics.Thekeyinnovationallowingthesynthesisofsingle-wallednanotubeswastheuseofcatalystparticlesinthedepositionprocess.3Carbonnanotubesfeaturestrongbondsbetweencarbonatoms.Theirtensilestrengthcanbehigherthanthatofsteel,inadditiontobeinglightweight,thermallyconductive,andcapableofbeingfilledwithorcombinedwithothernanoscalematerialstoleveragetheirproperties.Theseuniqueproperties,suchashighstrengthandlowweight,makeSWCNTsimportantadditionstocompositematerials.Theyarecommonlyusedinprotectivebodyarmor,sportinggoodsliketennisracketsandbicycles,anddurablegoodslikeboatsandyachts.4

TheelectricalpropertiesofSWCNTsarealsointerestingandhighlydependentonstructure.Theycanbefullyconductivelikeametalorsemiconductingdependingontheirchirality,whichisthedegreeofspiraltwistingalongtheirlength.Thechiralityvariesfromtubetotubeastheygrowonasubstrateanddetermineswhetheranindividualnanotubeissemiconductingorbehaveslikeametal.Theelectricalpropertiesofcarbonnanotubeshaveopenedupsignificantpossibilitiesandarealreadyusedinmass-marketelectronicslikelithium-ionbatteriesforelectricvehicles(EVs).Arecentstudydemonstratedthatcarbonnanotubesimprovedthepowercapabilitiesandlifespanofelectrodesinthesebatteries.Thankstotheirstrength,carbonnanotubesalsohelptheelectrodesbetterwithstandmechanicalstressesassociatedwithcharginganddischargingcyclesandflexing.5

SWCNTspossesssignificantapplicationpotential.Opportunitiesforinnovationcanbeglimpsedthroughtrendsinbothpatentsandacademicresearch.Someapplicationsappearmorefrequentlyinpatentscomparedtojournalpublications,notablybatteries,imaging,andelectromagneticshielding.Thissuggeststhattheseareashavegreatercommercialpotential.Forexample,therapidgrowthinEVadoptionoverthepastfewyearshasdrivenasoaringdemandforlithiumionbatteries,whichcorrespondstotheabundantmentionsofSWCNTsinbatterypatentapplications.Inthefieldofimaging,SWCNT-basedcontrastagentsandprobesareoftenhighlightedinpatentfilingsduetotheiruniqueopticalproperties,includingnear-infraredabsorptionandfluorescence,whichenhanceimagingperformanceandtargetspecificity.Similarly,electromagneticshieldingapplicationsarefrequentlyemphasizedinpatentsforprotectingsensitiveelectronicdevicesinaerospaceand5Gcommunications,reflectingtheircommercialrelevance.6

Otherfieldsareseeingmoreactivityinacademicresearch.Photonicsandsolarcells,forexample,areactiveareasofresearch,andhydrogenstorageisasmallbutgrowingfieldofstudy.Thisisbecausethenanotubes’largesurfaceareaallowsthemtoefficientlyadsorbhydrogengas,whichcanovercomelong-standingchallengesinstoringit.Addingnanoparticlestothesurfaceofnanotubescandrivemorereactionswithhydrogentofurtherincreasetheirabsorptionability.Biomedicalapplications,suchasdrugdelivery,arealsoimportanttoresearcherssincethesemoleculescouldplayaroleinpersonalizedmedicine.Implantableelectrodesthatleveragenanotubes’enhancedconductivityareanotherpotentialinnovationinthebiomedicalfield,aswearableandimplantableneurotechnologydevicesareincreasinglybecomingareality.7

Theseapplicationsareripeformoreresearchanddemonstrationsofsafety,efficacy,andconsistency,buttheyshowthatSWCNTsofferanimmenserangeofscientificpossibilities.8

Inthepast30years,SWCNTshavetransitionedfromthesubjectoffundamentallabstudiestocommercializedinnovationsacrossnumerousindustries.Theyarenowpositionedtobecriticalintheenergytransition,theevolutionofEVs,andevenpersonalizedmedicine.Nanotubes,alongwithotheremergingnanomaterials,willcontinuetoreshapethefuture.Fromsustainablealternativestobiomaterialsandnewapplicationslike3Dprintinginbiomedicine,thisrapidpaceofinnovationwillcontinuetoaccelerateintheyearsahead.Theycanbethoughtofasasinglesheetofcarbonatoms,similartographene,thatarerolledintoatubeshape.[Meaning]:Wecanimaginesingle-walledcarbonnanotubesasathinlayerofcarbonatoms–likegraphene–thatisrolleduptoformatube.[Knowledgefocus]Asillustratedintheaboveimage,single-walledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs)canbefabricatedbyrollingtheprototypicaltwo-dimensionalmaterial–graphene–aroundacentralaxisintoaone-dimensionalhollownanotube.Grapheneitselfconsistsofasinglelayerofcarbonatomsarrangedinatwo-dimensionalhoneycomblatticethroughsp2hybridization.Similarly,graphitecanbeformedbystackingmultiplelayersofgraphene,whichcanbefurtherrolledupintoamulti-walledcarbonnanotube(MWCNT).Dependingonthecentralrollingaxisanddirection,wemaysynthesizeSWCNTsorMWCNTswithdifferentelectricalandmechanicalproperties,whichconstitutesabasisforunderstandingtheuniquepropertiesofcarbonnanotubesandlaysthefoundationforlow-dimensionalmaterialsscienceandengineering.[Words&Phrases]:Thephrase“rollinto”means“toformsth.intoatubeoraballbymovingitroundandround(卷成；揉成).”Here,“rollinto”means“tocurlaflatsheetintoacylindricalshape(将平面材料卷成管状).”e.g.

Theresearcherrolledthethinfilmintoatubetotestitsmechanicalperformance.Theycanbefullyconductivelikeametalorsemiconductingdependingontheirchirality,whichisthedegreeofspiraltwistingalongtheirlength.[Meaning]:Single-walledcarbonnanotubescanconductelectricitylikeametaloractasasemiconductor,andthisdifferenceisdeterminedbytheirchirality–howmuchthenanotubetwistsinaspiralwayalongitslength.[Knowledgefocus]:Whengrapheneisrolledupintoacarbonnanotube,differentchoicesforthecentralrollingaxiscanbemade.Asschematicallyshownintheimageabove,twoindices,nandm,areusedtocharacterizetherollingdirectionandangle.Threetypicaloptionsareidentified:“zigzag”(m=0),“chiral”(m≠n),and“armchair”(m=n).Inthecaseof“chiral”,thecarbonnanotubeexhibitsnaturalchirality,i.e.,differentstructuresareformedwhengrapheneisrolledupinaleft-handedorright-handeddirection.Amazingly,chiralcarbonnanotubesmaygiverisetodistinctelectricalpropertiesdependingontheindicesnandm.Whenn–misamultipleof3,carbonnanotubesexhibitmetallicpropertieswithexcellentelectricalconductivity.Bycontrast,whenn–misnotamultipleof3,theyexhibitsemiconductingpropertiesandcanbeusedtomakenanoelectronicdevices.Thisuniqueandfascinatingpropertyofcarbonnanotubesmakesthemversatilenanomaterialssuitableforbothconductiveandsemiconductorapplications,whichiskeytotheirapplicationsintheelectronicsfield.Thankstotheirstrength,carbonnanotubesalsohelptheelectrodebetterwithstandmechanicalstressesassociatedwithcharginganddischargingcyclesandflexing.[Words&Phrases]:Theword“withstand”means“tobestrongenoughtoremainunharmedbysomethingsuchasgreatheat,cold,pressure,etc.(耐受，承受〔酷热、严寒、高压等〕).

e.g.

Thenewmaterialcanwithstandhighpressureandextremetemperatures.Thephrase“thankstosb”means“becauseofsomeoneorsomething(由于；因为).”e.g.Thankstoitshighstrength,thismaterialisusedtomakeprotectiveequipment.Thephrase“beassociated(withsb./sth.)”means“berelatedtoaparticularsubject,activity,etc.(（与某人/某物）有关；（与某人/某物）有瓜葛).”e.g.Batterydamageisoftenassociatedwithrepeatedcharginganddischarging.[Notes]:Thesentenceusesthepresentparticiplephrase“associatedwith...flexing”asapostpositiveattributetomodifytheprecedingnoun“mechanicalstresses”,whichisequivalenttotheattributiveclause“whichareassociatedwith...flexing”.ThisstructureiscommonlyusedinscientificEnglishtosimplifysentencestructureandconciselyprovidesupplementaryinformationaboutthemodifiednoun.Inthepast30years,SWCNTshavetransitionedfromthesubjectoffundamentallabstudiestocommercializedinnovationsacrossnumerousindustries.[Meaning]:Overthelast30years,single-walledcarbonnanotubeshavechangedfrombeingjustatopicstudiedinbasiclaboratoryresearchtobeingdevelopedintocommercialproductsinmanydifferentindustries.[Notes]:Thesentenceusesthepresentperfecttense“havetransitioned,”whichindicatesthatthetransformation(thelabresearchtocommercialapplicationofSWCNTs)started30yearsagoandhasbeencompleted,withitsresultsandsignificancepersistinguptothepresent.ThistenseisfrequentlyusedinscientificEnglishtodescribethedevelopmentpathofatechnologyanditscurrentstatusofachievement.微小技术，巨大潜能1

三十年前，科学家们成功实现了首次单壁碳纳米管的可控合成。自那时起，这些纳米管便被应用于从纺织品和运动器材，到电池和太阳能电池等产品中。随着它们用途的扩展，人们对其潜在应用的兴趣也随之增长。因其独特的性能，研究人员们正积极探索这些材料的全新创新性应用。成功可能意味着可再生能源、药物递送等领域的关键进展。碳纳米管在众多行业中的发展前景都是巨大的。2要了解其独特价值，我们首先需要了解单壁碳纳米管是什么。它们可以被视为由一层类似石墨烯的碳原子薄片卷曲形成的管状结构。它们通常是在真空炉中生成的，炉内含有催化剂的基底会与含碳的气体前驱体发生相互作用。这种前驱体与催化基底反应，使得纳米管在类似于半导体制造中的薄膜制备工序中生长出来。1991年多壁碳纳米管被发现后，关于单壁碳纳米管可控合成的研究成果也随之问世。多壁纳米管在机械和电学性能上可能差异较大，所以科学家们往往倾向于研究单壁纳米管，以便更好地调控其性能。实现单壁纳米管合成的关键创新是沉积过程中使用催化剂颗粒。3碳纳米管的碳原子之间的结合力极强。它们的抗拉强度甚至超越钢铁，同时重量还轻、导热性好，并且能在其内部填充或结合其他纳米级材料以发挥它们的优势。这些诸如高强度和低重量的独特性能，使单壁碳纳米管成为复合材料的重要补充。它们常用于防护装备，网球拍和自行车等运动器材，以及船艇和游艇等耐用品。4单壁碳纳米管的电学性质同样有趣，且高度依赖于结构。它们既可像金属般完全导电，也能呈现半导体特性，这取决于它们的手性，也就是沿长度方向的螺旋扭转程度。在基底上的生长过程中，各纳米管的手性各不相同，这决定了单根纳米管究竟是半导体还是表现得像金属一样。碳纳米管的电学特性开启了巨大的可能性，并已应用于电动汽车锂离子电池等大众市场电子产品中。最近的一项研究表明，碳纳米管提升了这些电池电极的功率性能和使用寿命。由于它们的强度，碳纳米管还能帮助电极更好地承受充放电循环及弯曲所带来的机械应力。5单壁碳纳米管拥有显著的应用潜力。创新的机遇可以从专利和学术研究的趋势中窥见一二。有些应用在专利中比在期刊论文中出现得更频繁，特别是电池、成像和电磁屏蔽。这表明这些领域具有更大的商业潜力。例如，过去几年电动汽车接受度的快速增长推动了对锂离子电池的激增需求，这与电池专利申请中单壁碳纳米管的大量提及相呼应。在成像领域，基于单壁碳纳米管的造影剂和探针常因其近红外吸收和荧光等独特光学性质而在专利文件中被强调，这些性质能增强成像效果和靶向特异性。同样，电磁屏蔽应用在保护航空航天和5G通信中的敏感电子设备的专利中也经常被强调，反映了其商业意义。6其他领域在学术研究中表现更为活跃。以光子学和太阳能电池为例，这些都是活跃的研究领域，而氢存储则是一个规模虽小但正在成长的研究领域。这是因为纳米管的大表面积使它们能有效地吸附氢气，从而克服长期以来存储氢气方面的挑战。在纳米管表面添加纳米颗粒可以促进与氢的更多反应，以进一步提高它们的吸附能力。生物医学应用（如药物递送）对研究人员来说也很重要，因为这些分子可能在个性化医疗中发挥作用。随着可穿戴和植入式神经技术设备正逐渐成为现实，利用纳米管增强导电性能的植入式电极是生物医学领域的另一项潜在创新。7这些应用时机成熟，亟待进行更多的研究和安全性、有效性与稳定性的验证，但它们也表明单壁碳纳米管提供了极其广泛的科学可能性。8在过去的三十年中，单壁碳纳米管已从基础实验室研究对象转变为众多行业的商业化创新成果。它们现在有望成为能源转型、电动汽车发展甚至个性化医疗的关键因素。纳米管以及其他新兴纳米材料将继续重塑未来。从可持续的生物材料的替代品到生物医学3D打印等新应用，这种快速创新步伐在未来几年将继续加速。Readthepassageandcompletethemindmapwithinformationfromthepassage.Single-walledcarbonnanotubesI.Definition&ProductionAsinglesheetofcarbonatomsrolledintoatubeshapeProducedinavacuumfurnacethroughtheinteractionbetweena(n)1)___________________________andacarbon-containinggasprecursorReadingandsynthesizingcatalyst-containingsubstrateII.Properties&ApplicationsUsedinprotectiveequipment,sportinggoods,anddurablegoodsduetotheir:

high2)_______________

lightweight

thermalconductivity

capabilitytobefilledwithorcombinedwithothermaterialsUsedinmass-marketelectronicsduetotheirelectricalpropertiesdependenton3)_____________chiralitytensilestrength III.OpportunitiesforinnovationPatent-intensivefields:batteries;imaging;4)____________________________Research-intensivefields:photonics;solarcells;hydrogenstorage;5)___________________,suchasdrugdelivery,implantableelectrodesIV.OutlookPlayingpivotalrolesinenablingthe6)__________________,advancingEVtechnologies,andrevolutionizing7)___________________,poisedtoreshapethefuture.electromagneticbiomedicalapplications

energytransition

personalizedmedicine

shieldingScan

the

codeformoreexercisesonUcampus.completefourlanguageexercisesonUcampus,includingtechnicalvocabulary,generalvocabulary,sentencestructure,andtranslation.ImprovinglanguageskillsThefascinatingelectricalpr