【《化肥调控对镉污染土壤修复影响研究的进展文献综述》4200字】

外文翻译I化肥调控对镉污染土壤修复影响研究的进展文献综述目录TOC\o"1-3"\h\u1014化肥调控对镉污染土壤修复影响研究的进展文献综述 130631.1氮肥调控对植物镉吸收的影响 116061.2磷肥调控对植物镉吸收的影响 4163421.3钝化剂-化肥组合应用于镉污染土壤修复 51.1氮肥调控对植物镉吸收的影响肥是农业生产中使用量最大的肥料种类，对作物产量有重大影响，大量氮肥施加到土壤后也会影响土壤理化性质，进而影响作物对Cd的吸收。1.1.1不同氮肥形态对植物吸收Cd的影响硝态氮肥施加到土壤后，由于硝酸根离子非常容易溶于水并且带负电，所以不能被土壤胶体吸附，很容易被植物吸收。植物吸收大量的硝态氮不会对植物产生负面影响ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Coskun,2017#3090"Coskun等,2017)。硝态氮在植物体的木质部内以水和阴离子转运，需要阳离子平衡ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Monsant</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>3091</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(Monsant等,2010)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3091</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">3091</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Monsant,AlisonC.</author><author>Wang,Yaodong</author><author>Tang,Caixian</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>NitratenutritionenhanceszinchyperaccumulationinNoccaeacaerulescens(Prayon)</title><secondary-title>PlantandSoil</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PlantandSoil</full-title><abbr-1>PlantSoil</abbr-1></periodical><pages>391-404</pages><volume>336</volume><number>1-2</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0032-079X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000283367600034</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000283367600034</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s11104-010-0490-3</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"Monsant,2010#3091"Monsant等,2010)，因此，硝酸根离子促进植物吸收阳离子，因此施加硝态氮肥可能促进植物吸收Cd2+，例如Wångstrand通过大田实验研究发现小麦中镉含量随着硝态氮施加量的增多而增多ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wangstrand</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1040</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(Wangstrand等,2007)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1040</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1040</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wangstrand,H.</author><author>Eriksson,J.</author><author>Oborn,I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SwedishUnivAgrSci,DeptSoilSci,SE-75007Uppsala,Sweden. Eriksson,J(reprintauthor),SwedishUnivAgrSci,DeptSoilSci,POB7014,SE-75007Uppsala,Sweden. Jan.Eriksson@mv.slu.se</auth-address><titles><title>Cadmiumconcentrationinwinterwheatasaffectedbynitrogenfertilization</title><secondary-title>EuropeanJournalofAgronomy</secondary-title><alt-title>Eur.J.Agron.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EuropeanJournalofAgronomy</full-title><abbr-1>Eur.J.Agron.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>EuropeanJournalofAgronomy</full-title><abbr-1>Eur.J.Agron.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>209-214</pages><volume>26</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>cadmium</keyword><keyword>grain</keyword><keyword>nitrogen</keyword><keyword>nitrateoflime</keyword><keyword>winterwheat</keyword><keyword>uptake</keyword><keyword>GRAIN</keyword><keyword>EXPOSURE</keyword><keyword>ROOTS</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1161-0301</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000245623900004</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000245623900004</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.eja.2006.09.010</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"Wangstrand,2007#1040"Wangstrand等,2007)，然而易蔓ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>易蔓</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1049</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(易蔓等,2016)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1049</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1049</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>易蔓</author><author>韦慧琴</author><author>胡梦坤</author><author>赵秀兰</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>西南大学资源环境学院教育部三峡库区生态环境研究重点实验室;重庆市农业资源与环境研究重点实验室;</auth-address><titles><title>氮素形态对烟草根际镉的有效性及镉吸收的影响</title><secondary-title>环境工程学报</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>环境工程学报</full-title></periodical><pages>941-947</pages><volume>10</volume><number>02</number><keywords><keyword>镉</keyword><keyword>烟草</keyword><keyword>氮形态</keyword><keyword>根际</keyword><keyword>植物修复</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1673-9108</isbn><call-num>11-5591/X</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"易蔓,2016#1049"易蔓等,2016)研究发现在中性土中施加硝态氮可以使烟草地上部分镉的累积量降低，以上结果表明硝态氮对植物吸收镉的影响会因植物种类和土壤性质有不同的影响。Guan研究发现大白菜根系对NO3-的吸收与白菜中可食用的Cd水平有很高的相关性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Guan</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>3093</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(Guan等,2015)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3093</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">3093</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guan,MeiYan</author><author>Fan,ShiKai</author><author>Fang,XianZhi</author><author>Jin,ChongWei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Modificationofnitrateuptakepathwayinplantsaffectsthecadmiumuptakebyroots</title><secondary-title>PlantSignaling&Behavior</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PlantSignaling&Behavior</full-title><abbr-1>PlantSignal.Behav.</abbr-1></periodical><volume>10</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>2015</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1559-2316</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000214575800021</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000214575800021</url></related-urls></urls><custom7>e990794</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.4161/15592324.2014.990794</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"Guan,2015#3093"Guan等,2015)，因此，筛选根系对NO3-吸收率低的品种是减少作物对Cd吸收和积累的有效策略。土壤施加铵态氮肥后，植物可以吸收铵根离子转化为氨基酸或者酰胺，多余的铵根离子会对植物体有毒害作用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Coskun,2017#3090"Coskun等,2017)。研究发现，植物在吸收铵态氮时会导致H+释放至土壤中，使土壤pH值降低ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>缪其松</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1073</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(缪其松等,2011)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1073</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1073</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>缪其松</author><author>曾后清</author><author>朱毅勇</author><author>范晓荣</author><author>徐国华</author><author>沈其荣</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院;</auth-address><titles><title>铵态氮营养下水稻根系分泌氢离子与细胞膜电位及质子泵的关系</title><secondary-title>植物营养与肥料学报</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>植物营养与肥料学报</full-title></periodical><pages>1044-1049</pages><volume>17</volume><number>05</number><keywords><keyword>水稻</keyword><keyword>细胞膜H+-ATPase</keyword><keyword>铵态氮</keyword><keyword>膜电位</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>1008-505X</isbn><call-num>11-3996/S</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"缪其松,2011#1073"缪其松等,2011)，从而增强土壤Cd的生物有效性。很多研究表明施加铵态氮肥可以增加向日葵ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Nehnevajova,2005#1082"Nehnevajova等,2005)和球果蔊菜ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Wei,2015#1084"Wei等,2015)对镉的吸收。也有相反研究发现铵态氮可以降低马铃薯块茎中的镉含量ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>LarssonJonsson</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1086</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(LarssonJonsson和Asp,2011)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1086</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1086</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>LarssonJonsson,H.</author><author>Asp,H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>[LarssonJonsson,Helene;Asp,Hakan]SwedishUnivAgrSci,DeptHort,SE-23053Alnarp,Sweden. Asp,H(reprintauthor),SwedishUnivAgrSci,DeptHort,Box103,SE-23053Alnarp,Sweden. Hakan.Asp@ltj.slu.se</auth-address><titles><title>INFLUENCEOFNITROGENSUPPLYONCADMIUMACCUMULATIONINPOTATOTUBERS</title><secondary-title>JournalofPlantNutrition</secondary-title><alt-title>J.PlantNutr.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPlantNutrition</full-title><abbr-1>J.PlantNutr.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>JournalofPlantNutrition</full-title><abbr-1>J.PlantNutr.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>345-360</pages><volume>34</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>cadmium</keyword><keyword>potato</keyword><keyword>nitrogen</keyword><keyword>nitrate</keyword><keyword>ammonium</keyword><keyword>splitapplication</keyword><keyword>SOIL-PH</keyword><keyword>SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM</keyword><keyword>WINTER-WHEAT</keyword><keyword>GRAIN</keyword><keyword>SOLUBILITY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>0190-4167</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000287030400004</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000287030400004</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/01904167.2011.536877</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"LarssonJonsson,2011#1086"LarssonJonsson和Asp,2011)以及玉米的Cd含量ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>霍文敏</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1087</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(霍文敏,2019)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1087</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1087</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>霍文敏</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>赵中秋,</author><author>范洪黎,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>不同间作模式及施肥处理对玉米吸收Cd的影响研究</title></titles><keywords><keyword>镉</keyword><keyword>植物修复</keyword><keyword>间作</keyword><keyword>玉米</keyword><keyword>施肥调控</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher>中国地质大学(北京)</publisher><work-type>硕士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"霍文敏,2019#1087"霍文敏,2019)。铵根离子促进植物吸收阴离子并且消耗有机酸，因此水生植物或者强酸性土壤适合使用铵态氮，很多研究也证实铵态氮能够显著的减轻水稻Cd的毒害ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Jalloh,2009#1107"Jalloh等,2009)。尿素是酰胺态氮氮肥中最常用的肥料品种，又称碳酰胺，含氮量46%，是农田施用量最大的氮肥ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>陈英杰</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1113</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(陈英杰和王成云,2017)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1113</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1113</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>陈英杰</author><author>王成云</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>黑龙江省延寿县种子管理站;黑龙江省鸡西市农业科学研究所;</auth-address><titles><title>尿素在蔬菜种植中的合理使用</title><secondary-title>中国果菜</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中国果菜</full-title></periodical><pages>72-74</pages><volume>37</volume><number>07</number><keywords><keyword>尿素</keyword><keyword>特性</keyword><keyword>施用</keyword><keyword>利用率</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1008-1038</isbn><call-num>37-1282/S</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"陈英杰,2017#1113"陈英杰和王成云,2017)。尿素施加到土壤后经过土壤微生物生成的脲酶水解产生氨及含氮氧化物，短期内会使土壤pH值升高ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Hinsinger,2003#1129"Hinsinger等,2003)，铵态氮硝化后又使得土壤pH值降低土壤中镉的活性增加ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李旭军</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1141</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(李旭军等,2014)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1141</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1141</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>李旭军</author><author>赵鲁</author><author>史胜红</author><author>刘安辉</author><author>谭晓东</author><author>许丽</author><author>蒋增</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>北京市土肥工作站;轻工业环境保护研究所;</auth-address><titles><title>氮肥对镉污染土壤镉氮含量变化的影响研究</title><secondary-title>中国农学通报</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中国农学通报</full-title></periodical><pages>163-168</pages><volume>30</volume><number>06</number><keywords><keyword>氮肥</keyword><keyword>镉</keyword><keyword>土壤培养</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1000-6850</isbn><call-num>11-1984/S</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"李旭军,2014#1141"李旭军等,2014)，从而促进植物对Cd的吸收。有研究发现尿素可以显著增加土壤中可溶性的Cd和DTPA提取态CdADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Mitchell</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1019</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(Mitchell等,2000)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1019</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1019</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mitchell,L.G.</author><author>Grant,C.A.</author><author>Racz,G.J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>UnivManitoba,DeptSoilSci,Winnipeg,MBR3T2N2,Canada.Agr&AgriFoodCanada,BrandonResCtr,Brandon,MBR7A5Y3,Canada. Mitchell,LG(reprintauthor),UnivManitoba,DeptSoilSci,Winnipeg,MBR3T2N2,Canada.</auth-address><titles><title>Effectofnitrogenapplicationonconcentrationofcadmiumandnutrientionsinsoilsolutionandindurumwheat</title><secondary-title>CanadianJournalofSoilScience</secondary-title><alt-title>Can.J.SoilSci.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CanadianJournalofSoilScience</full-title><abbr-1>Can.J.SoilSci.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>CanadianJournalofSoilScience</full-title><abbr-1>Can.J.SoilSci.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>107-115</pages><volume>80</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>cadmium</keyword><keyword>nitrogen</keyword><keyword>urea</keyword><keyword>soilsolution</keyword><keyword>ionicstrength</keyword><keyword>durum</keyword><keyword>uptake</keyword><keyword>PLANTUPTAKE</keyword><keyword>ZINC</keyword><keyword>SORPTION</keyword><keyword>SLUDGE</keyword><keyword>CD</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0008-4271</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000086376600013</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000086376600013</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.4141/s98-085</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"Mitchell,2000#1019"Mitchell等,2000)，因此施加酰胺态氮肥可以促进小麦ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Gao,2010#1151"Gao等,2010)和水稻ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>黄荣</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1156</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(黄荣等,2018a)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1156</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1156</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>黄荣</author><author>徐应明</author><author>黄青青</author><author>秦旭</author><author>赵立杰</author><author>梁学峰</author><author>刘艺芸</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>农业部环境保护科研监测所农田重金属污染修复创新团队农业部产地环境污染防控重点实验室/天津市农业环境与农产品安全重点实验室;</auth-address><titles><title>不同水分管理下施用尿素对土壤镉污染钝化修复效应及微生物结构与分布影响</title><secondary-title>环境化学</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>环境化学</full-title></periodical><pages>523-533</pages><volume>37</volume><number>03</number><keywords><keyword>土壤</keyword><keyword>镉污染</keyword><keyword>海泡石</keyword><keyword>钝化</keyword><keyword>尿素</keyword><keyword>水分管理</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>0254-6108</isbn><call-num>11-1844/X</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"黄荣,2018#1156"黄荣等,2018a)吸收土壤中的Cd，也有相反的研究发现在镉污染（1.58mg/kg）土壤中单独施加氮肥，与对照相比，中高剂量的尿素可以使糙米中Cd含量降低2.02%-66.27%ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王朋超</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1209</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(王朋超,2016)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1209</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1209</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>王朋超</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>徐应明,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>施用不同无机肥对镉污染农田土壤钝化修复效应影响研究</title></titles><keywords><keyword>农田</keyword><keyword>Cd污染</keyword><keyword>钝化修复</keyword><keyword>无机肥</keyword><keyword>影响</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><publisher>中国农业科学院</publisher><work-type>硕士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"王朋超,2016#1209"王朋超,2016)。以上不一致结果表明不同土壤环境及不同植物条件下，酰胺态氮肥对植物吸收Cd影响不一样，不同剂量的胺态氮肥也会对植物吸收Cd产生不同影响。由于土壤植物系统的复杂，每种形态的氮肥对植物吸收Cd的结果并不一致，氮肥影响植物吸收Cd的机理也不相同，氮肥施加强度、植物种类、氮肥对植物生理影响和对土壤理化性质都有可能影响植物对Cd吸收，因此不能单独通过氮肥形态来判定是否促进植物对Cd的吸收。上述研究得出不一致的结果可能与土壤条件有关，也可能和植物种类有关。因此，土壤的有效Cd含量、pH值及植物种类都会影响植物对Cd的吸收。因此，通过氮肥形态和用量的调控来增强作物对Cd的吸收来达到生物移除修复Cd污染土壤的目标，也可以通过调控氮肥对Cd生理阻控达到降低作物Cd含量的目标。1.1.2氮肥对Cd污染条件下植物体内抗氧化系统的调控Cd胁迫会影响植物正常代谢，产生大量活性氧（ROS）破坏植物细胞，影响植物正常生长ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Ekmekci,2008#1414"Ekmekci等,2008)，累积在植物体内的活性氧引发膜脂过氧化反应，生成丙二醛（MDA），MDA进而影响植物细胞的结构和功能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>黄玉山</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3151</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(黄玉山等,1997)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3151</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">3151</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>黄玉山</author><author>罗广华</author><author>关棨文</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>香港科技大学,中国科学院华南植物研究所,香港科技大学香港九龙,广州510650,香港九龙</auth-address><titles><title>镉诱导植物的自由基过氧化损伤</title><secondary-title>ActaBotanicaSinica</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ActaBotanicaSinica</full-title></periodical><pages>522-526</pages><number>06</number><keywords><keyword>重金属污染</keyword><keyword>镉毒害</keyword><keyword>活性氧</keyword><keyword>SOD</keyword><keyword>丙二醛</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year></dates><isbn>0577-7496</isbn><call-num>11-1896/Q</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"黄玉山,1997#3151"黄玉山等,1997)。植物体内抗氧化酶系统可以清除活性氧，从而减轻活性氧对植物组织的破坏ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李冬琴</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1462</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(李冬琴等,2015)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1462</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1462</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>李冬琴</author><author>陈桂葵</author><author>郑海</author><author>黎华寿</author><author>李小兵</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>华南农业大学农业部华南热带农业环境重点实验室,广东省高等学校农业生态与农村环境重点实验室;</auth-address><titles><title>镉对两品种玉豆生长和抗氧化酶的影响</title><secondary-title>农业环境科学学报</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>农业环境科学学报</full-title></periodical><pages>221-226</pages><volume>34</volume><number>02</number><keywords><keyword>镉胁迫</keyword><keyword>玉豆</keyword><keyword>生长</keyword><keyword>根构型</keyword><keyword>抗氧化酶</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1672-2043</isbn><call-num>12-1347/S</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"李冬琴,2015#1462"李冬琴等,2015)。施加N可以增强植物体内的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX），过氧化物酶（POD），抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>杨容孑</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1364</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(杨容孑等,2016)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1364</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1364</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>杨容孑</author><author>刘柿良</author><author>宋会兴</author><author>杨亚男</author><author>潘远智</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>四川农业大学风景园林学院;</auth-address><titles><title>不同氮形态对龙葵镉积累、抗氧化系统和氮同化的影响</title><secondary-title>生态环境学报</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>生态环境学报</full-title></periodical><pages>715-723</pages><volume>25</volume><number>04</number><keywords><keyword>龙葵</keyword><keyword>氮形态</keyword><keyword>镉胁迫</keyword><keyword>氮同化</keyword><keyword>抗氧化系统</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1674-5906</isbn><call-num>44-1661/X</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"杨容孑,2016#1364"杨容孑等,2016)（图1.1）。有研究发现在高浓度镉(75mg/kg)污染土壤中，施加15mg/kgN（尿素）后，SOD、CAT、及POD活性分别提高了76.67%、61.44%和58.35%，说明Cd胁迫下施加氮肥能显著提高植株体内抗氧化酶活性，避免活性氧的积累，进而缓解Cd对植株的毒害ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>杨容孑</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1364</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(杨容孑等,2016)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1364</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1364</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>杨容孑</author><author>刘柿良</author><author>宋会兴</author><author>杨亚男</author><author>潘远智</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>四川农业大学风景园林学院;</auth-address><titles><title>不同氮形态对龙葵镉积累、抗氧化系统和氮同化的影响</title><secondary-title>生态环境学报</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>生态环境学报</full-title></periodical><pages>715-723</pages><volume>25</volume><number>04</number><keywords><keyword>龙葵</keyword><keyword>氮形态</keyword><keyword>镉胁迫</keyword><keyword>氮同化</keyword><keyword>抗氧化系统</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1674-5906</isbn><call-num>44-1661/X</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"杨容孑,2016#1364"杨容孑等,2016)。在污染的沉积物中生长的芸苔属植物中，施加尿素增加了CAT活性ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Giansoldati,2012#1478"Giansoldati等,2012)。在镉污染土壤中施加氮肥可以降低小白菜中MDA的含量，减轻Cd对小白菜的生理毒害ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>刘越</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1312</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(刘越,2015)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1312</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">1312</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>刘越</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>都韶婷,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>不同氮形态化肥施用下镉对小白菜的生长胁迫及体内镉积累差异研究</title></titles><keywords><keyword>镉</keyword><keyword>氮肥</keyword><keyword>缓释氮肥</keyword><keyword>小白菜</keyword><keyword>光合</keyword><keyword>氧自由基</keyword><keyword>丙二醛</keyword><keyword>双氰胺</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>浙江工商大学</publisher><work-type>硕士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"刘越,2015#1312"刘越,2015)。Jalloh研究结果发现，在100mg/KgCd污染土壤中施加酰胺态氮和铵态氮可以使植株SOD和POD活性增强更明显，水稻受到氧化胁迫的损害更小ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Jalloh,2009#1107"Jalloh等,2009)。由以上不同实验结果可知，在Cd污染条件下，施加氮肥可以缓冲Cd对植物毒害，不同N形态对减轻Cd氧化损伤程度不同，但是氮肥对Cd污染条件下植物抗氧化系统影响的分子机制等仍需要深入研究。图1.1不同形态氮肥对植物吸收Cd的调控ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>颜昌宙</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>5982</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(颜昌宙和郭建华,2020)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>5982</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">5982</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>颜昌宙</author><author>郭建华</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>中国科学院城市环境研究所城市环境与健康重点实验室;中国科学院大学;</auth-address><titles><title>氮肥管理对植物镉吸收的影响</title><secondary-title>生态环境学报</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>生态环境学报</full-title></periodical><pages>1466-1474</pages><volume>29</volume><number>07</number><keywords><keyword>氮肥</keyword><keyword>镉污染土壤</keyword><keyword>植物</keyword><keyword>吸收</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1674-5906</isbn><call-num>44-1661/X</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(\o"颜昌宙,2020#5982"颜昌宙和郭建华,2020)Figure1.1RegulationofCduptakebydifferentformsofnitrogenfertilizerinplants1.1.3N调控植物吸收Cd的分子机制阳离子金属转运跨膜蛋白对Cd在植物体的吸收和转运起着至关重要的作用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Yamaji,2014#1513"Yamaji和Ma,2014)。铁转运蛋白（IRT）、天然抗性巨噬细胞蛋白（Nramp）、重金属ATP酶（HMA）、锌铁离子转运蛋白（ZIP）和硝酸盐转运蛋白（NRT）对Cd的吸收和转运其重要作用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Yang,2020#2297"Yang等,2020)。NO3-可以促进番茄铁转运基因（LeIRT1gene）表达，从而提高Cd的积累ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Luo,2012#1520"Luo等,2012)。Yang在水培溶液中加过量的NO3-可以使水稻OsIRT1和OsNramp1基因表达增加从而使水稻体内Cd含量增加ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Yamaji,2014#1513"Yamaji和Ma,2014)。当施加的NO3-/NH4+比例提高时，也可以使OsIRT1,OsNramp5和OsHMA2基因在根部的过度表达使得Cd含量增加ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Wu,2018#3153"Wu等,2018)。植物组织中N浓度增加可以提高小麦根部ZIP浓度，ZIP可以转运更多的Cd到小麦中ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Erenoglu,2011#3154"Erenoglu等,2011)。由以上结果表明氮肥可以通过影响转运蛋白来影响植物对Cd的吸收。但是目前关于在Cd污染土壤中施加不同氮肥形态对植物体内转运蛋白基因表达的影响还不太清楚。NO是对植物体生长起重要作用的气体分子并且是植物体内代谢重要的中间产物ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Xiong,2012#1525"Xiong等,2012)植物体内的NO（一氧化氮）也参与植物的ROS代谢ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(\o"Lin,2019#3155"Lin等,2019)，NO可以清除Cd胁迫下植物中产生的ROS,为植物提供抗氧化保护，比如在Cd胁迫下水稻叶片ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Illes</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3156</RecNum><DisplayText><stylefont="TimesNewRoman">(Illes和Tombacz,2003)</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3156</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zezzvwes8tv02yew0ebpd9faa550rzv2rxat">3156</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Illes,E.</author><author>Tombacz,E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Theroleofvariablesurfacechargeandsurfacecomplexationintheadsorptionofhumicacidonmagnetite</title><secondary-title>ColloidsandSurfacesa-PhysicochemicalandEngineeringAspects</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ColloidsandSurfacesa-PhysicochemicalandEngineeringAspects</full-title><abbr-1>ColloidSurf.A-Physicochem.Eng.Asp.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>99-109</pages><vol