计算机英语（上篇共上中下3篇）

计算机英语（第三版）北京出版社Unit1IntroductiontoInformationTechnologyTask1.1DigitalComputerTask1.2EvolutionofComputerTask1.3TypesofComputersTask1.4DataandInformationSystems目录01020304directoryTask1.1

DigitalComputerLearningObjectivesAftercompletingthistask,youshouldbeabletodefinewhatthedigitalcomputeris.LearningPreparationKeyterms—digitalcomputer;input;process;output;storage;hardware;CPU;memoryRelativespecializedknowledge;InternetPlanandImplementStep1ReadRelativeKnowledge;Step2Requirestudentstograspthekeytermsinthistask;Step3Assessment.InquiryandDiscoveryVonNeumannArchitecturehasbecomethefactualstandardforalongtimeandisstillusedtoday.Trytodescribeit.Themoderndigitalcomputerwasinventedbetween1935and1945.Thedigitalcomputerisanacknowledgedsymbolof20thcenturytechnology.Digitalcomputerssurroundus.It’s

hardtofindafieldinwhichdigitalcomputersarenotbeingused.Theword“digital”impliesthattheinformationinthecomputerisrepresentedbyvariablesthattakealimitednumberofdiscretevalues.Thedigitalcomputerisalsocalledanelectroniccomputerorcomputer—atoolthatisaprogrammable,electronicdevicethatacceptsinput,performsoperationsorprocessingonthedata,andoutputsandstorestheresults.Therelationshipsbetweenthesefourmaincomputeroperations(input,processing,outputandstorage)areshowninFigure1-1.Theactualmachinery(wires,transistors,andcircuits)iscalledhardware;theinstructionsanddataarecalledsoftware.Allgeneral-purposecomputersrequirethefollowinghardwarecomponents:Centralprocessingunit(CPU).Theheartofthecomputer,thisisthecomponentthatactuallyexecutesinstructionsorganizedinprograms(“software”)whichtellthecomputerwhattodo.Memory(fast,expensive,short-termmemory).Enablesacomputertostore,atleasttemporarily,data,programs,andintermediateresults.Massstoragedevice(slower,cheaper,long-termmemory).Allowsacomputertopermanentlyretainlargeamountsofdataandprogramsbetweenjobs.Commonmassstoragedevicesincludediskdrivesandtapedrives.Inputdevice.Usuallyakeyboardandmouse,theinputdeviceistheconduitthroughwhichdataandinstructionsenteracomputer.Outputdevice.Adisplayscreen,printer,orotherdevicesthatletyouseewhatthecomputerhasaccomplished.Inadditiontothesecomponents,manyothersmakeitpossibleforthebasiccomponentstoworktogetherefficiently.Forexample,everycomputerrequiresabusthattransmitsdatafromonepartofthecomputertoanother.Task1.2EvolutionofComputerLearningObjectivesAftercompletingthistask,youshouldbeabletoknowtheevolutionofcomputer.LearningPreparationKeyterms—vacuumtube;magneticdrum;software;machinelanguage;transistor;magneticcore;magneticdiskpack;integratedcircuit;minicomputer;mainframe;microprocessor;siliconchip;desktopcomputer;artificialintelligenceRelativespecializedknowledge;InternetPlanandImplementStep1ReadRelativeKnowledge;Step2Requirestudentstograspthekeytermsinthistask;Step3Assessment.InquiryandDiscoveryItseemsthattodaywecouldnotlivewithoutcomputers.Somuchsmallerandmorepowerfulthanwemighthaveimaginedin1936!Thequestionis,canweimaginewhattheywillbelikeinfuture?Computershaveappearedsorapidlyonthemodernscenethatitishardtoimaginethattheyhaveanyhistoryatall.Yettheydo,anditisamostinterestinghistoryindeed.Sincethefirstlarge-scaleelectroniccomputer—theElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer(ENIAC,SeeFigure1-2)—wasbuilt,computershavedevelopedthroughfivegenerations.1.FirstGenerationComputers(1944—1958):VacuumTubeThefirstgenerationcomputersusedvacuumtubes(SeeFigure1-3)forcircuitryandmagneticdrums(SeeFigure1-4)formemory.Becausetheyusedvacuumtubes,theywereveryunreliable,requiredalotofpowertorun,andproducedsomuchheatthatadequateairconditioningwascriticaltoprotectthecomputerparts.Comparedtotoday’scomputers,theyhadslowinputandoutputdevices,wereslowinprocessing,andhadsmallstoragecapacities.Manyoftheinternalprocessingfunctionsweremeasuredinthousandthsofasecond(millisecond).Thesoftware(computerprogram)usedonfirstgenerationcomputerswasunsophisticatedandmachineoriented.Thismeantthattheprogrammershadtocodeallcomputerinstructionsanddatainactualmachinelanguage.Theyalsohadtokeeptrackofwhereinstructionsanddatawerestoredinmemory.Usingsuchamachinelanguagewasefficientforthecomputerbutdifficultfortheprogrammer.2.SecondGenerationComputers(1959—1963):TransistorBytheearly1960s,transistors(SeeFigure1-5)andsomeothersolid-statedevicesthatweremuchsmallerthanvacuumtubeswerebeingusedformuchofthecomputer.Transistorsaresmallerandlessexpensivethanvacuumtubes,andtheyoperatefasterandproducelessheat.Theuseofsmall,longlastingtransistorsalsoincreasedprocessingspeedsandreliability.Costperformancealsoimproved.Magneticcores(SeeFigure1-6),whichlookedlikeverysmallmetalwashersstrungtogetherbywiresthatcarriedelectricity,becamethemostwidelyusedtypeofmainmemory.Removablemagneticdiskpacks(SeeFigure1-7),stacksofdiskconnectedbyacommonspindle,were

introducedasstoragedevices.3.ThirdGenerationComputers(1964—1970):IntegratedCircuitsOnApril7,1964,IBMannouncedtheSystem/360all-purposecomputer.Itwasconsideredtobethemostimportanteventinthehistoryofcomputers.Itisthebeginningofthethirdgenerationofcomputers,whichwascharacterizedbytheintegratedcircuitsorIC(SeeFigure1-8).Integratedcircuitsarecost-effectivebecauseindividualcomponentsdon’tneedtobewireddirectlytothecomputer’ssystemboard.Theuseofmagneticdisksforsecondarydatastoragebecamewidespread,andcomputersbegantosupportsuchcapabilitiesasmultiprogrammingandtimesharing.Minicomputerswerebeingwidelyusedbytheearly1970sandweretakingsomeofthebusinessawayfromtheestablishedmainframemarket.Processingthatformerlyrequiredtheprocessingpowerofmainframecouldnowbedoneonaminicomputer.4.FourthGenerationComputers(1971—Present):VLSIIntegratedCircuitsVery-large-scaleintegration(VLSI,SeeFigure1-9)istheprocessofcreatingintegratedcircuitsbycombiningthousandsoftransistor-basedcircuitsintoasinglechip.VLSIbeganinthe1970swhencomplexsemiconductorandcommunicationtechnologieswerebeingdeveloped.ThemicroprocessorisaVLSIdevice.Thetermisnolongerascommonasitoncewas,aschipshaveincreasedincomplexityintothehundredsofmillionsoftransistors.4.FourthGenerationComputers(1971—Present):VLSIIntegratedCircuitsThemicroprocessorbroughtthefourthgenerationofcomputers,asthousandsofintegratedcircuitswerebuiltontoasinglesiliconchip.Whatinthefirstgenerationfilledanentireroomcouldnowfitinthepalmofthehand.In1971,GilbertHyattatMicroComputerCo.patentedthemicroprocessor;TedHoffatIntelinFebruaryintroducedthe4-bit4004(SeeFigure1-10),aVLSIof2,300components,whichpackagedanentireCPU,completewithmemory,logic,andcontrolcircuits.In1981,IBMintroduceditsfirstcomputerforthehomeuser,andin1984AppleComputerintroducedtheMacintoshpersonalcomputer.Microprocessoralsomovedoutoftherealmofdesktopcomputersandintomanyareasoflifeasmoreandmoreeverydayproductsbegantousemicroprocessors.5.FifthGenerationComputers(PresentandBeyond):ArtificialIntelligenceThefifthgenerationcomputingdevices,basedonartificialintelligence,arestillindevelopment.Theuseofparallelprocessingandsuperconductorsishelpingtomakeartificialintelligenceareality.Quantumcomputationandmolecularandnanotechnologywillradicallychangethefaceofcomputersinyearstocome.Thegoaloffifth-generationcomputingistodevelopdevicesthatwillrespondtonaturallanguageinputandarecapableoflearningandself_x0002_organization.ValuesEducationthroughCurriculumScientistSpirit:PromotingtheScientistSpiritandBravelyClimbingtheWorldScienceandTechnologySummitChina’s3rd-genSuperconductingQuantumComputergoesintoOperationOriginWukong,China’sindependentlydevelopedthird-generationsuperconductingquantumcomputer,wentintooperationonJanuary6,2024atOriginQuantumComputingTechnology(Hefei)Co.,Ltd.ineastChina’sAnhuiProvince.ThequantumcomputerispoweredbyWukong,a72-qubitindigenoussuperconductingquantumchip.ItisChina’slatestandmostadvancedprogrammableanddeliverablesuperconductingquantumcomputer,accordingtoresearchers.Wukong’snamewasinspiredbySunWukong,amythicalChinesefigurewiththeabilitytotransforminto72differentforms,symbolizingthecomputer’spowerfulandversatilecapabilities.Task1.3TypesofComputersLearningObjectivesAftercompletingthistask,youshouldbeabletodescribethefourtypesofcomputers.LearningPreparationKeyterms—supercomputer;mainframecomputer;minicomputer;microcomputer;notebookcomputer;personaldigitalassistantRelativespecializedknowledge;InternetPlanandImplementStep1ReadRelativeKnowledge;Step2Requirestudentstograspthekeytermsinthistask;Step3Assessment.InquiryandDiscoveryComputerscanbebroadlyclassifiedbytheirspeedandcomputingpower.Trytofilloutthetablebelow.Computerscanbegenerallyclassifiedbysizeandpowerasfollows(SeeFigure1-11),thoughthereisconsiderableoverlap:1.SupercomputersThesupercomputer(SeeFigure1-12)isthetopoftheheapinpowerandexpense.Thistypeofcomputerusuallycostshundredsofthousandsorevenmillionsofdollars.Asupercomputerisacomputerthatisatthefrontlineofcurrentprocessingcapacity,particularlyspeedofcalculation.Supercomputersintroducedinthe1960sweredesignedprimarilybySeymourCrayatControlDataCorporation(CDC),andtoformhisowncompany,CrayResearch.Hethentookoverthesupercomputermarketwithhisnewdesigns,holdingthetopspotinsupercomputingforfiveyears(1985—1990).Inthe1980salargenumberofsmallercompetitorsenteredthemarket,inparalleltothecreationoftheminicomputermarketadecadeearlier,butmanyofthesedisappearedinthemid-1990s“supercomputermarketcrash”.Today,supercomputersaretypicallyone-of-a-kindcustomdesignsproducedby“traditional”companiessuchasCray,IBMandHewlett-Packard,whohadpurchasedmanyofthe1980scompaniestogaintheirexperience.AsofMay2008,theIBMRoadrunner,locatedatLosAlamosNationalLaboratory,isthefastestsupercomputerintheworld.Thetermsupercomputeritselfisratherfluid,andtoday’ssupercomputertendstobecometomorrow’sordinarycomputer.CDC’searlymachinesweresimplyveryfastscalarprocessors,sometentimesthespeedofthefastestmachinesofferedbyothercompanies.Inthe1970smostsupercomputerswerededicatedtorunningavectorprocessor,andmanyofthenewerplayersdevelopedtheirownsuchprocessorsatalowerpricetoenterthemarket.Theearlyandmid-1980ssawmachineswithamodestnumberofvectorprocessorsworkinginparalleltobecomethestandard.Typicalnumbersofprocessorswereintherangeoffourtosixteen.Inthelater1980sand1990s,attentionturnedfromvectorprocessorstomassiveparallelprocessingsystemswiththousandsof“ordinary”CPUs,somebeingofftheshelfunitsandothersbeingcustomdesigns.Today,paralleldesignsarebasedon“offtheshelf”server-classmicroprocessors,suchasthePowerPC,Opteron,orXeon,andmostmodernsupercomputersarenowhighly-tunedcomputerclustersusingcommodityprocessorscombinedwithcustominterconnects.Supercomputersareusedforhighlycalculation-intensivetaskssuchasproblemsinvolvingweatherforecasting,climateresearch,molecularmodeling(computingthestructuresandpropertiesofchemicalcompounds,biologicalmacromolecules,polymers,andcrystals),physicalsimulations(suchassimulationofairplanesinwindtunnels),cryptanalysis,andthelike.Majoruniversities,militaryagenciesandscientificresearchlaboratoriesareheavyusers.ValuesEducationthroughCurriculumScientistSpirit:PromotingtheScientistSpiritandBravelyClimbingtheWorldScienceandTechnologySummitNew-generationSupercomputerUnveiledAnew-generationdomesticallydevelopedsupercomputingsystemwasunveiledinGuangzhou,Guangdongprovince.Thesystem,calledTianheXingyi,isexpectedtomeetrisingdemandinthefieldsofhigh-performancecomputing,largemodelartificialintelligencetrainingandbigdataanalysis,accordingtotheNationalSupercomputerCenterinGuangzhou.ThesystemwasunveiledduringasupercomputinginnovationandapplicationconferenceinGuangzhouthatattractedmorethan400representativesfromscientificandtechnologicalinstitutionstodiscusstopicssuchastheintegrationofsupercomputing,AI,bigdataandbiochemicals.Thesystem,highlyfocusedonapplications,adoptsdomesticallyadvancedcomputingarchitecture,high-performancemulticoreprocessors,high-speedinterconnectionnetworksandlarge-scalestorage,thesupercomputingcentersaid.ThesystemhasoutperformedtheTianheII,oneofthefastestsupercomputersintheworld,incapabilitiessuchasCPUcomputing,network,storageandapplicationservice.中国新一代气象超算系统建成2.MainframeComputersThemainframecomputerisapowerfulmulti_x0002_usercomputercapableofsupportingmanyhundredsorthousandsofuserssimultaneously.Thetermprobablyhadoriginatedfromtheearlymainframes,astheywerehousedinenormous,room-sizedmetalboxesorframes.Laterthetermwasusedtodistinguishhigh-endcommercialmachinesfromlesspowerfulunits.Todayinpractice,thetermusuallyreferstocomputerscompatiblewiththeIBMSystem/360line,firstintroducedin1965.IBMSystemz10isthelatestincarnation(SeeFigure1-13).Otherwise,largesystemsthatarenotbasedontheSystem/360arereferredtoaseither“servers”or“supercomputers”.However,“server”“supercomputer”and“mainframe”arenotsynonymous.Nowadaysamainframeisaverylargeandexpensivecomputercapableofsupportinghundreds,oreventhousands,ofuserssimultaneously.Thechiefdifferencebetweenasupercomputerandamainframeisthatasupercomputerchannelsallitspowerintoexecutingafewprogramsasfastaspossible,whereasamainframeusesitspowertoexecutemanyprogramsconcurrently.Insomeways,mainframesaremorepowerfulthansupercomputersbecausetheysupportmoresimultaneousprograms.Butsupercomputerscanexecuteasingleprogramfasterthanamainframe.Mainframesarecomputersusedmainlybylargeorganizationsforcriticalapplications,typicallybulkdataprocessingsuchascensus,industryandconsumerstatistics,ERP,andfinancialtransactionprocessing.3.MinicomputersItisamidsizecomputer(SeeFigure1-14).Theterm“minicomputer”evolvedinthe1960stodescribethe“small”thirdgenerationcomputersthatbecamepossiblewiththeuseoftransistorandcorememorytechnologies.Theyusuallytookuponeorafewcabinetsthesizeofalargerefrigeratorortwo,comparedwithmainframesthatwouldusuallyfillaroom.1960s:Origin;1970s:Marketentrenchment.ThefirstsuccessfulminicomputerwasIBM’s16-bitIBM1130,whichcostfromUS$32,280upwardswhenlaunchedFebruary11,1965.Asmicrocomputersdevelopedinthe1970sand1980s,minicomputersfilledthemid-rangeareabetweenlowpoweredmicrocomputersandhighcapacitymainframes.Thedeclineoftheminishappenedduetothelowercostofmicroprocessorbasedhardware,theemergenceofinexpensiveandeasilydeployablelocalareanetworksystems,theemergenceofthe80286andthe80386microprocessors,andthedesireofend-userstobelessreliantoninflexibleminicomputermanufacturersandITdepartments/“datacenters”—withtheresultthatminicomputersanddumbterminalswerereplacedbynetworkedworkstationsandserversandPCsinthelatterhalfofthe1980s.Mid-1980s,1990s:Theminisgivewaytothemicros.Asmicroprocessorshavebecomemorepowerful,CPUsbuiltupfrommultiplecomponents—oncethedistinguishingfeaturedifferentiatingmainframesandmidrangesystemsfrommicrocomputers—havebecomeincreasinglyobsolete,eveninthelargestmainframecomputers.Andalthoughtoday’sPCsandserversareclearlymicrocomputersphysically,architecturallytheirCPUsandoperatingsystemshaveevolvedlargelybyintegratingfeaturesfromminicomputers.4.MicrocomputersMicrocomputersaretheleastpowerful,yetarethemostwidelyusedandfastestgrowingtypeofcomputer.AmicrocomputerisacomputerwithamicroprocessorasitsFigure1-14Minicomputer:centralprocessingunit.Anothergeneralcharacteristicofthesecomputersisthattheyoccupyphysicallysmallamountsofspacewhencomparedtomainframesandminicomputers.Manymicrocomputers(whenequippedwithakeyboardandscreenforinputandoutput)arealsopersonalcomputers(inthegenericsense).Categoriesofmicrocomputer(SeeFigure1-15)includedesktop,notebook,andpersonaldigitalassistant(PDA).Desktopcomputer.Desktopcomputersaredesignedtofitcomfortablyontopofadesk,typicallywiththemonitorsittingontopofthecomputer.Notebookcomputer.Notebookcomputerstypicallyweighlessthan6poundsandaresmallenoughtofiteasilyinabriefcase.PDA.APDAisahandhelddevicethatcombinescomputing,telephone/faxandnetworkingfeatures.Task1.4DataandInformationSystemsLearningObjectivesAftercompletingthistask,youshouldbeableto:fknowtheseveraltypesofdata;fexplainthefivepartsofaninformationsystem.LearningPreparationKeyterms—data;information;procedure;hardware;softwareRelativespecializedknowledge;InternetPlanandImplementStep1ReadRelativeKnowledge;Step2Requirestudentstograspthekeytermsinthistask;Step3Assessment.InquiryandDiscoveryComputerisanadvancedelectronicdevicethattakesrawdataasaninputfromtheuserandprocessesitunderthecontrolofasetofinstructions(calledprogram),producesaresult(output),andsavesitforfutureuse.Whatisdata?Whatisinformation?Dataisusedtodescribefactsaboutsomething.Whenstoredelectronicallyinfiles,datacanbeuseddirectlyasinputfortheinformationsystem.Dataisrepresentedwiththehelpofcharacterssuchasalphabets(A-Z,a-z),digits(0~9)orspecialcharacters(+,-,/,*,<,>,=etc.)Informationisorganizedorclassifieddata,whichhassomemeaningfulvaluesforthereceiver.Informationistheprocesseddataonwhichdecisionsandactionsarebased.Whenyouthinkofamicrocomputer,perhapsyouthinkofjusttheequipmentitself.Thatis,youthinkofthemonitororthekeyboard.Thereismoretoitthanthat.Thewaytothinkaboutamicrocomputerisaspartofaninformationsystem.Aninformationsystemhasfiveparts:people,procedure,software,hardware,anddata(SeeFigure1-16).People.Itiseasytooverlookpeopleasoneofthefivepartsofamicrocomputersystem.Yetthisiswhatmicrocomputersareallaboutmakingpeople,moreproductive.Procedure.Therulesorguidelinespeoplefollowwhenusingsoftware,hardware,anddataareprocedures.Typically,theseproceduresaredocumentedinmanualswrittenbycomputerspecialists.Softwareandhardwaremanufacturersprovidemanualswiththeirproducts.Software.Softwareisageneraltermusedtodescribeacollectionofcomputerprograms,proceduresanddocumentationthatperformsometasksonacomputersystem.Inthefirst35yearsofcomputerhistorytheemphasiswasonhardwaredevelopments,butnowtheemphasishasshiftedmoretowardhumanconcerns.Aslateasthemid-1950’s,90percentofapplicationcostsweredevotedtohardware,butnow90percentofthecostsaresoftware.Softwarecanbedividedintotwogeneralclasses:systemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware.Hardware.Hardwaremeansthephysicalcomponentsofacomputersystem.Itincludesthekeyboard,mouse,monitor,systemunit,andotherdevices.Hardwareiscontrolledbysoftware.Data.Theraw,unprocessedfacts,includingtext,numbers,images,andsounds,arecalleddata.Afterdataisprocessedthroughthecomputer,itisusuallycalledinformation.感谢聆听计算机英语（第三版）北京出版社Unit2SystemUnitTask2.1SystemUnitTask2.2SystemBoardTask2.3MicroprocessorTask2.4Memory目录01020304directoryTask2.5SystemClockTask2.6Bus目录0506directoryTask2.1SystemUnitLearningObjectivesAftercompletingthistask,youshouldbeabletodescribethebasictypesofsystemunitsforpersonalcomputers.LearningPreparationKeyterms—systemunit;desktopsystemunit;notebooksystemunit;secondarystoragedevice;inputdevice;systemboardRelativespecializedknowledge;InternetPlanandImplementStep1ReadRelativeKnowledge;Step2Requirestudentstograspthekeytermsinthistask;Step3Assessment.InquiryandDiscoveryAlltypesofmicrocomputersystemunitfollowthesamebasiclogicalstructure.Howmanytypesarethere?Asystemunit(SeeFigure2-1),alsoknownasabaseunit,isthemainbodyofadesktopcomputer,typicallyconsistingofaplasticenclosurecontainingthemotherboard,powersupply,coolingfans,internaldiskdrives,andthememorymodulesandexpansioncardsthatarepluggedintothemotherboard,suchasvideoandnetworkcards.Allcomputersystemshaveasystemunit.Forpersonalcomputers,therearethreebasictypes.Desktopsystemunit.Desktopsystemunitstypicallycontainthesystem’selectroniccomponentsandsockedsecondary,selectedstoragedevices.Inputandoutputdevices,suchasamouse,keyboard,andmonitorarelocatedoutsidethesystemunit.Notebooksystemunit.Notebooksystemunitsareportableandmuchsmaller.Theseunitscontaintheelectroniccomponents,selectedsecondarystoragedevices,andinputdevices(keyboardandpointingdevice).Locatedoutsidethesystemunit,themonitorisattachedbyhinges.PersonalDigitalAssistant(PDA)systemunit.PDAsystemunitsarethesmallestandcontainanentirecomputersystemincludingtheelectroniccomponents,secondarystorage,andinputandoutputdevices.Whiletheactualsizemayvary,eachtypeofsystemunithasthesamebasicsystemcomponentsincludingsystemboard,microprocessor,andmemory.Whiletheactualsizemayvary,eachtypeofsystemunithasthesamebasicsystemcomponentsincludingsystemboard,microprocessor,andmemory.Task2.2SystemBoardLearningObjectivesAftercompletingthistask,youshouldbeabletodescribethefunctionofsystemboardforapersonalcomputer.LearningPreparationKeyterms—systemunit;motherboardRelativespecializedknowledge;InternetPlanandImplementStep1ReadRelativeKnowledge;Step2Requirestudentstograspthekeytermsinthistask;Step3Assessment.InquiryandDiscoveryThesystemboardservesasasingleplatformtoconnectallofthepartsofacomputertogether.Canyoulistsomepopularmanufacturersofthesystemboard?Thesystemboardisalsoknownasthemainboardormotherboard(SeeFigure2-2).Thesystemboardisthemainprintedcircuitboardthatcontainsthecentralprocessingunitforthecomputer,memory,andsometimesprinterportsorotherdevices.Everycomponentofthesystemunitconnectsdirectlytothesystemboard.Itactsasadatapathallowingthevariouscomponentstocommunicatewithoneanother.Externaldevicessuchaskeyboard,mouseandmonitorcouldnotcommunicatewiththesystemunitwithoutthesystemboard.Onadesktopcomputer,thesystemboardislocatedatthebottomofthesystemunit.Itisalargeflatcircuitboardwhichislocatedwithsocketsandotherelectronicparts,includingavarietyofchips.Achipconsistsofatinycircuitboardetchedonapostage-stamp-sizedsquareofsandlikematerialcalledsilicon.Achipisalsocalledasiliconchip,semiconductor,orintegratedcircuit.Chipsaremountedoncarrierpackages,whichthenplugintosocketsonthesystemboard.Task2.3MicroprocessorLearningObjectivesAftercompletingthistask,youshouldbeabletoknowthetwounitsofCPU.LearningPreparationKeyterms—arithmetic-logicunit;instructionset;register;wordsize;clockspeed;megahertz;gigahertz;RISC;CISCRelativespecializedknowledge;InternetPlanandImplementStep1ReadRelativeKnowledge;Step2Requirestudentstograspthekeytermsinthistask;Step3Assessment.InquiryandDiscoveryPleaseaccesstheInternetandfindoutwhichcompaniesproducemostoftoday’spopularmicroprocessors.Amicroprocessor(SeeFigure2-3)incorporatesmostorallofthefunctionsofacentralprocessingunit(CPU)onasingleintegratedcircuit(IC).Intheworldofpersonalcomputers,thetermsmicroprocessorandCPUareusedinterchangeably.Itisthemostimportantcomponentofacomputer,andusuallythemostexpensivesinglecomponent.TheCPUhastwobasiccomponents:thecontrolunitandthearithmetic-logicunit.Controlunit.ThecontrolunitcanbethoughtofasthebrainoftheCPUitself.Ittellstherestofthecomputersystemhowtocarryoutaprogram’sinstructions.Arithmetic-logicunit.Thearithmetic-logicunit,usuallycalledtheALU,performstwotypesofoperations—arithmeticandlogical.TheinputstotheALUarethedatatobeoperatedon(calledoperands)andacodefromthecontrolunitindicatingwhichoperationtoperform.Itsoutputistheresultofthecomputation.Lookinginsideacomputer,youcanusuallyidentifythemicroprocessorbecauseitisthelargestchiponthemotherboard.Threebasiccharacteristicsdifferentiatemicroprocessors:(1)Instructionset.Thesetofinstructionsthatthemicroprocessorcanexecute.Aninstructionset,orinstructionsetarchitecture(ISA),describestheaspectsofacomputerarchitecturevisibletoaprogrammer,includingthenativedatatypes,instructions,registers,addressingmodes,memoryarchitecture,interruptandexceptionhandling,andexternalI/O(ifany).(2)Wordsize.Wordsizereferstothenumberofbitsthatamicroprocessorcanmanipulateatonetime.Wordsizeisbasedonthesizeoftheregistersinthe