2026年考研英语二全真模拟押题试卷与参考答案

2026年考研英语二全真模拟押题试卷与参考答案一、UseofEnglish/英语知识运用（共20小题，每题0.5分，共10分）Directions：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDontheANSWERSHEET.Artificialintelligenceisrapidlytransformingtheworkplace，bringingbothopportunitiesandchallenges.Whilemanypeoplefearthatmachineswill1theirjobs，historysuggeststhattechnologicalrevolutionstendtocreatemorejobsthantheydestroy.However，the2ofthistransformationisunprecedented，andtheskillsrequiredintheneweconomyarefundamentallydifferent.Oneofthemostsignificantchangesisthegrowingdemandfor"softskills"——abilitiesthatare3difficultformachinestoreplicate.Theseincludeemotionalintelligence，creativity，andcomplexproblem-solving.Arecentstudyfoundthatjobsrequiringhighlevelsofsocialinteractionhavegrown4thanaverageoverthepasttwodecades.Thissuggeststhathumanuniquenessliesnotincompetingwithmachinesonspeedoraccuracy，butinareas5requiregenuinehumanconnection.Nevertheless，thetransitionwillnotbepainless.Workersinroutinecognitiveandmanualjobsaremost6toautomation，andmanywillneedtoacquirenewskillstoremainemployable.Governmentsandbusinessesmustinvestheavilyineducationandtrainingprogrammesto7thistransition.Withoutsuchinvestment，thegapbetweenhigh-skilledandlow-skilledworkerswillwiden，leadingtosocial8.AnotherconcernistheconcentrationofAIcapabilitiesinafewlargetechnologycompanies.Thiscould9competitionandinnovation，assmallerfirmslackthedataandcomputingpowertocompete.RegulatorsmayneedtodevelopnewframeworkstoensurethatthebenefitsofAIarewidely10.1.A.eliminateB.createC.transformD.replace2.A.paceB.scaleC.extentD.degree3.A.increasinglyB.particularlyC.approximatelyD.fundamentally4.A.fasterB.slowerC.steadierD.weaker5.A.whatB.thatC.whereD.when6.A.vulnerableB.resistantC.accustomedD.dedicated7.A.accelerateB.delayC.financeD.ease8.A.harmonyB.stabilityC.inequalityD.mobility9.A.stimulateB.promoteC.undermineD.maintain10.A.concentratedB.sharedC.patentedD.regulated答案1.D2.A3.B4.A5.B6.A7.D8.C9.C10.B解析1.句意是“很多人担心机器会取代他们的工作”，eliminate表示“消除”，replace表示“取代”且与后文create形成对比，故选D。2.这里强调的是这次变革的速度（pace）前所未有的快，后文withunprecedented修饰pace最贴切，故选A。3.情感智能、创造力等能力“特别”难以被机器复制，particularly符合语义，故选B。4.与社交互动相关的工作增长“更快”，与全文主旨一致，故选A。5.定语从句修饰areas，先行词是物，从句缺主语，用that，故选B。6.从事日常认知和体力工作的工人最容易受到自动化的“冲击”，bevulnerableto为固定搭配，故选A。7.政府和商业需要投资教育培训以“减轻”转型的痛苦，easethetransition符合语境，故选D。8.高技能与低技能工人之间的差距扩大，会导致社会“不平等”，故选C。9.大型科技公司垄断AI能力会“削弱”竞争和创新，故选C。10.监管者需要确保AI的好处被广泛“分享”，与上文“集中”形成对比，故选B。二、ReadingComprehensionA/阅读理解A节（共20小题，每题2分，共40分）Directions：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Text1Inrecentyears，agrowingnumberofcitiesaroundtheworldhavebegunexperimentingwith"15-minutecities"——aplanningconceptthatenvisionsneighbourhoodswhereresidentscanmeetmostoftheirdailyneedswithinashortwalkorbikeridefromhome.Schools，grocerystores，parks，medicalclinics，andworkplaceswouldallbeaccessiblewithoutacar.Theidea，popularisedbyParismayorAnneHidalgoduringherre-electioncampaign，hasattractedbothenthusiasmandcontroversy.Supportersarguethatreducingcardependenceisessentialfortacklingclimatechange，improvingpublichealth，andrevitalisinglocaleconomies.Theypointtoevidencethatpeoplewholiveinwalkableneighbourhoodsaremorephysicallyactiveandreporthigherlevelsofwell-being.Critics，however，seeadarkeragenda.Someconspiracytheories，amplifiedthroughsocialmedia，claimthattheconceptisapretextforgovernmentsurveillanceandrestrictionofpersonalfreedom.InOxford，England，acouncilconsultationonlow-trafficneighbourhoodsdrewthousandsofangryresponses，leadingtodeaththreatsagainstlocalofficials.SimilarbacklashhasemergedinNewZealandandCanada.Urbanplannersarepuzzledbytheintensityoftheopposition.Manynotethatthecomponentsofthe15-minutecity——mixed-usezoning，pedestrian-friendlystreets，andlocalshops——havebeenstaplesofurbandesignfordecades.Whatisnew，theysay，isnottheconceptbutthelabel，whichhasbecomealightningrodforbroaderanxietiesaboutgovernmentoverreach.Researcherscautionthatthedebatehasbecomepolarisedtothepointwhereevidence-baseddiscussionisdifficult.Areviewofstudieson15-minutecitiesfoundmodestbutconsistentbenefitsforhealthandsustainability，yettheauthorsacknowledgethatthequalityofevidencevarieswidely.Theycallformorerigorousresearch，particularlyonpotentialdownsidessuchasincreasedpropertypricesindesirableneighbourhoods，whichcouldexacerbategentrification.Thecontroversyhighlightsadeepertensioninmodernurbangovernance：howtoimplementlong-termpublic-interestpoliciesinaneraofinstantcommunicationanddeeppoliticaldistrust.Whateverthefateofthe15-minutecityasalabel，theunderlyingquestions——abouttheroleofcars，theshapeofurbanlife，andthebalancebetweenindividualchoiceandcollectivegoods——areunlikelytodisappear.11.AccordingtoParagraph1，the"15-minutecity"conceptisprimarilyconcernedwith______.A.reducingtrafficcongestionincitycentresB.ensuringdailynecessitiesarewithinclosereachC.promotingpublictransportationoverprivatecarsD.attractingnewresidentstounderdevelopedneighbourhoods12.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthecontroversysurroundingthe15-minutecity？A.Oppositionismainlybasedonlegitimateconcernsaboutrisinghousingcosts.B.Socialmediahasplayedaroleinspreadingunfoundedclaimsabouttheconcept.C.Urbanplannersgenerallyagreeonhowtoaddressthebacklash.D.Evidence-baseddiscussionshavehelpedcalmthepolarizeddebate.13.Thephrase"alightningrod"(Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans______.A.asourceofinspirationB.asubjectthatattractscriticismC.asolutiontoacomplexproblemD.anindicatoroffuturetrends14.Theresearchers‘mainconcernaboutthecurrentevidenceisthat______.A.thebenefitsof15-minutecitiesaretoosmalltomatterB.existingstudiesfocustooheavilyonpropertypricesC.thequalityofresearchisinconsistentandmorerigorousworkisneededD.gentrificationhasmadeitdifficulttoconductreliablestudies15.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphabouttheauthor’sattitude？A.Thelabelof“15-minutecity”willsoonbecomeobsolete.B.Thedebatereflectsabroaderconflictincontemporaryurbangovernance.C.Politicaldistrustwilleventuallyundermineallurbanplanningefforts.D.The15-minutecityconcepthaslittletoofferbeyonditsnovelty.答案11.B12.B13.B14.C15.B解析11.第一段明确说明15分钟城市的核心是让居民在步行或骑行短距离内满足大部分日常需求，故选B。12.第三段提到“一些阴谋论通过社交媒体放大”，与B选项一致。A项在文中是研究者的担忧而非反对者的依据；C、D均与文意相悖。13.lightningrod本义为“避雷针”，此处比喻“吸引批评的目标”，故选B。14.第五段指出现有研究“质量参差不齐”，需要更严谨的研究，故选C。15.末段说争议凸显了“现代城市治理中的深层张力”，与B一致。Text2Fordecades，thestandardadviceforjobseekershasbeenremarkablyconsistent：tailoryourrésumétoeachposition，networkaggressively，andprepareforbehaviouralinterviewquestions.Inrecentyears，however，aquietrevolutionhasbeentakingplaceinhowemployersscreencandidates.Artificialintelligencetoolsnowevaluaterésumés，conductinitialinterviews，andevenanalysefacialexpressionsandtoneofvoiceduringvideointerviews.ProponentsarguethatAI-poweredscreeningcanreducehumanbiasandincreaseefficiency.Awell-designedalgorithm，theyclaim，evaluatescandidatesbasedonrelevantqualificationsratherthanunconsciouspreferencesforcandidateswhosharetheinterviewer‘sbackgroundorappearance.Moreover，withhundredsofapplicationsforasingleposition，automatedtoolshelprecruitersmanagewhatwouldotherwisebeanoverwhelmingworkload.Sceptics，however，warnthatthetechnologymaybeintroducingnewformsofbiaswhilecreatinganillusionofobjectivity.AIsystemslearnfromhistoricaldata，whichreflectpasthiringdecisions——decisionsthatmaythemselveshavebeenshapedbydiscrimination.Ifacompanyhashistoricallyhiredadisproportionatenumberofmenforengineeringroles，thealgorithmmaylearntopenalisefemaleapplicants，evenifgenderisnotanexplicitvariable.Thisphenomenon，knownasalgorithmicbias，hasbeendocumentedinseveralhigh-profilecases.Therearealsoconcernsabouttransparency.Candidatesareoftenunawarethattheirapplicationsarebeingevaluatedbysoftware，andwhentheyarerejected，theyhavenowayofknowingwhichfactorsledtothedecision.TheEuropeanUnion‘sproposedArtificialIntelligenceActwouldrequirecompaniestodisclosewhenautomatedsystemsareusedinhiring，butsimilarregulationsareslowtoemergeelsewhere.AfurthercomplicationisthequalityofthesignalsthatAIsystemsuse.Unlikehumanrecruiters，whocanconsiderthecontextofacareergaporanunconventionalcareerpath，algorithmstendtofocusonmeasurableattributessuchasyearsofexperienceorkeywordsfromthejobdescription.Thiscandisadvantagecandidateswithnon-traditionalbackgrounds——includingcareerchangersandpeoplewhohavetakentimeoffforcaregiving.Somecompaniesarerespondingbysubjectingtheiralgorithmstoregularauditsandgivingcandidatestheopportunitytoappealautomateddecisions.Others，however，remainhesitant，fearingthatadditionaltransparencyrequirementscouldcompromiseproprietarytechnology.AstheuseofAIinhiringcontinuestoexpand，thechallengewillbetoharnessitsefficiencywithoutsacrificingfairness——abalancethathasprovenelusiveevenamonghumandecision-makers.16.Whatisthetraditionaladviceforjobseekersmainlyabout？A.UsingAItoolstooptimisetheirrésumés.B.Preparingforvariousstagesofthehiringprocess.C.Avoidingbehaviouralquestionsininterviews.D.Relyingononlinenetworkingplatforms.17.Theauthor‘sprimarypurposeinParagraph2isto______.A.dismissconcernsaboutAIscreeningB.illustratehowAIhastransformedhiringC.presentthecaseinfavourofAI-basedscreeningD.compareAItoolswithtraditionalrecruitingmethods18.Theterm“algorithmicbias”refersto______.A.thetendencyofalgorithmstogiveweighttonon-traditionalcareerpathsB.systemsthatlearntoreplicatehistoricalpatternsofdiscriminationC.theinabilityofAItoassesscandidates’facialexpressionsD.deliberateeffortsbycompaniestoexcludecertaingroups19.AccordingtoParagraph5，AIsystemstendto______.A.evaluatecandidatesbasedoncontextualinformationB.favourapplicantswithunconventionalcareertrajectoriesC.focusonquantifiablefactorsratherthanindividualcircumstancesD.providemoreaccurateassessmentsthanhumanrecruiters20.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarisestheauthor‘soverallviewofAIinhiring？A.Itisapromisingtoolwhoserisksmustbecarefullymanaged.B.Itisadangerousdevelopmentthatshouldbebanned.C.Itisnomoreeffectivethantraditionalrecruitmentmethods.D.Itisapassingtrendunlikelytohavelastingeffects.答案16.B17.C18.B19.C20.A解析16.第一段提到传统建议包括定制简历、积极社交、准备行为面试问题，皆为求职过程的各个环节，故选B。17.第二段讨论支持者的观点，即AI筛选可以减少偏见、提高效率，故选C。注意A错在“dismiss”（驳斥）——作者只是客观呈现支持观点。18.第三段解释算法偏见是AI从历史数据中学习，而历史数据本身可能含有歧视模式，故选B。19.第五段明确指出算法倾向于关注“可衡量的属性”如工作年限和关键词，而非非传统背景的语境，故选C。20.纵观全文，作者既肯定AI的潜力又指出其风险，最后提出要“在效率与公平之间取得平衡”，故选A。Text3Theglobaltransitiontorenewableenergyisoftenframedasatechnologicalchallenge：howtomakesolarpanelsmoreefficient，batteriescheaper，andpowergridssmarter.Yetanequallyformidableobstacleisemerging—theshortageofcriticalmineralsneededtobuildcleanenergyinfrastructure.Copper，lithium，cobalt，nickel，andrareearthelementsareessentialcomponentsofwindturbines，electricvehicles，andsolarpanels.Demandforthesematerialsisprojectedtoskyrocketincomingdecades.TheInternationalEnergyAgencyestimatesthatapathwayconsistentwithnet-zeroemissionsby2050wouldrequirefourtimescurrentlevelsofmineralinputby2040.Supply，however，isconstrainedbygeology，economics，andpolitics.Depositsaregeographicallyconcentrated—forexample，theDemocraticRepublicofCongoproducesmorethan70%oftheworld‘scobalt—makingsupplychainsvulnerabletodisruptionfrompoliticalinstabilityortradedisputes.Thesupplychallengeiscompoundedbythelongleadtimesfornewminingprojects.Onaverage，bringinganewmineintoproductiontakes10to15years，fromexplorationtopermittingtoconstruction.Thistimelinesitsawkwardlywiththeurgencyofclimateaction，whichdemandsrapiddeploymentofcleantechnologieswithinthenextdecade.Thereisalsogrowingpublicoppositiontonewminingoperations，particularlyinenvironmentallysensitiveareas，ascommunitiesworryaboutwaterpollutionandhabitatdestruction.Recyclingoffersapartialsolution，butitspotentialislimitedbythefactthatmostmineralscurrentlyinuseremainembeddedinproductsthathavenotyetreachedtheendoftheirlifecycle.Anelectricvehiclebattery，forexample，mightserveausefullifeof10to15yearsbeforeitcanberecycled.Thismeansthatrecyclingalonecannotmeetthesurgingdemandinthenearterm.Geopoliticsfurthercomplicatesthepicture.Chinadominatestheprocessingofmanycriticalminerals，handlingmorethanhalfofgloballithiumrefiningandcobaltprocessing.Westerngovernments，concernedaboutsupplysecurity，areseekingtodiversifytheirsourcesandinvestindomesticprocessingcapacity.Theresultisanewgeographyofresourcecompetition，reminiscentoftheoilpoliticsofthe20thcenturybutwithdifferentplayersanddynamics.Someexpertsarguethattheanswerliesnotonlyinincreasingsupplybutalsoinreducingdemandthroughinnovation.Moreefficientmotors，smallerbatteries，andalternativechemistriesthatreplacescarcemineralswithabundantonescouldsignificantlyeasethepressure.Advancesinsodium-ionbatteries，forinstance，whichrelyoncommonmaterialsratherthanlithium，areshowingpromise.Ultimately，thetransitiontocleanenergywillsucceedorfailnotmerelyonthebasisoftechnologicalbreakthroughsinenergygeneration，butontheabilitytosecurethematerialfoundationsofapost-carboneconomy.21.Theauthorviewsthemineralshortageas______.A.alargelyexaggeratedproblemB.achallengecomparabletotechnologicalbarriersC.adifficultythatwillresolveitselfwithinnovationD.asecondaryissuebehindpoliticalconflicts22.Whichofthefollowingiscitedasareasonforsupplyvulnerability？A.Rapidtechnologicalobsolescenceofmineral-basedproducts.B.Decliningdemandfromdevelopingcountries.C.Geographicconcentrationofmineraldeposits.D.Excessiverecyclingofcriticalminerals.23.The“longleadtimes”mentionedinParagraph3meanthat______.A.newminingprojectsrequire10-15yearsbeforeproductionbeginsB.cleanenergyinfrastructurelastslongerthanexpectedC.environmentalassessmentsdelayclimateactionD.miningcompaniesresistadoptingcleantechnologies24.Whyisrecyclingdescribedasonlya“partialsolution”？A.Mostmineralsaretoodifficulttoextractfromend-of-lifeproducts.B.Currentrecyclingprocessesgeneratesignificantpollution.C.Theapplicablemineralsarestillinuseandnotyetavailableforrecycling.D.Recyclingreducesthevalueofnewlyminedminerals.25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheprospectofovercomingthemineralchallengeis______.A.deeplypessimisticB.cautiouslyoptimisticC.indifferentD.stronglyoptimistic答案21.B22.C23.A24.C25.B解析21.第一段明确指出，关键矿物短缺是“同样艰巨的障碍”，与技术挑战并列，故选B。22.第二段指出矿产地理分布集中（如刚果民主共和国占全球钴产量70%以上），使供应链脆弱，故选C。23.第三段说明勘探、许可、建设平均需10至15年才能投产，即“从立项到生产周期长”，故选A。24.第四段解释回收潜力受限是因为大多数矿物仍在使用中的产品中，尚未到报废阶段，故选C。25.末段提出需求侧创新（如钠离子电池）等缓解途径，但措辞留有保留（“能否成功取决于”），体现“谨慎乐观”，故选B。Text4Amongstudents，thegapbetweenlearningoutcomeshasbeenwideningfordecades.Yetthestandardexplanations——differencesinschoolfunding，teacherquality，orfamilyincome——failtoaccountforastrikingpattern：high-achievingstudentsareincreasinglyconcentratedinasmallnumberofschools，whileothershaveseentheirtopperformersallbutdisappear.Thisphenomenon，whicheducationresearcherscall“academicconcentration”or“élitemigration，”hasmultipledrivers.Oneistheexpansionofschoolchoicepolicies，whichallowfamiliestoselectschoolsbeyondtheirdesignatedneighbourhoodinstitutions.Middle-classandaffluentfamilies，whopossessthetime，information，andtransportationflexibilitytonavigatetheapplicationprocess，aredisproportionatelyrepresentedamongthosewhotakeadvantageofchoice.Whentheirchildrenleavelocalschools，theytakewiththemnotonlyacademictalentbutalsothesocialcapital——involvedparents，fundraisingnetworks，andinstitutionaladvocacy——thathelpssustainstrongeducationalprogrammes.Aseconddriveristhegrowthofspecialisedprogrammesandselectiveadmissionswithinpublicschoolsystems.Magnetschools，InternationalBaccalaureateprogrammes，andacceleratedtracksaredesignedtoservehigh-abilitystudents，buttheyalsohavetheeffectofsiphoningthosestudentsawayfromcomprehensiveschools.Schoolsthatlosetheirmostadvancedlearnersfaceadifficultcycle：advancedcoursesbecomeeconomicallyunviablewithsmallerenrollments，whichinturnmakesithardertoattractthekindsoffamilieswhovaluerigorousacademicoptions.Theconsequencesextendbeyondtestscores.Researchershavefoundthatthedepartureofhigh-achievingpeerscanaffecttheaspirationsandachievementofremainingstudents，particularlythosefromdisadvantagedbackgrounds.Thereisevidencethatlow-incomestudentsbenefitacademicallyfromattendingschoolwithmoreaffluentpeers，andsegregationbyachievementtendstocompoundsegregationbyincomeandrace.Policyresponseshavebeenuneven.Somedistrictshaveeliminatedselectiveprogrammesinanattempttoreverseconcentration，whileothershaveexpandedmagnetschoolsontheassumptionthatspecialisedoptionsbenefitallstudents.Neitherapproachisvindicatedbystrongevidence.Themostpromisinginterventions，accordingtosomeanalysts，maybeprocedural：centralisedschoolassignmentalgorithms，transparentadmissionscriteria，andoutreachtofamilieswhomightnototherwiseconsiderselectiveoptions.Thesemeasures，however，donotaddresstheunderlyingquestionofwhetheracademicconcentrationisitselfundesirable.Ifsomeschoolsaregenuinelybetterateducatingstudents，concentratingtalentmightbeefficient.Theuncomfortablepossibilityisthatthesortingofstudentsbyabilityreflectsnotonlydifferencesinschoolsbutalsodifferencesinparentalprivilege—andthatthemachineryofschoolchoice，presentedasatoolofequity，hasbecomeamechanismofstratification.26.Thephenomenonof“academicconcentration”refersto______.A.thegrowingnumberofhigh-achievingstudentsnationwideB.theclusteringoftopstudentsinasmallsetofschoolsC.thedeclineofacademicstandardsinurbanschoolsD.theincreasingcompetitionforadmissiontoeliteuniversities27.AccordingtoParagraph2，affluentfamiliesaremorelikelytobenefitfromschoolchoicebecausethey______.A.havegreateraccesstoprivatetutoringB.showstrongerpreferenceforneighbourhoodschoolsC.possesstheresourcesandflexibilitytonavigatetheprocessD.receivefinancialassistancefromthegovernment28.Thephrase“siphoningaway”(Paragraph3)suggeststhatselectiveprogrammes______.A.attractstudentsfromotherschoolsB.reducethequalityofcomprehensiveschoolsC.drawhigh-abilitystudentsawayfromgeneralschoolsD.createcompetitionamongschools29.WhatisthemainfunctionofParagraph5？A.Torecommendeliminatingallselectiveprogrammes.B.Topresentpossiblepolicyresponseswithoutendorsingeither.C.Toarguethatschoolchoiceshouldbeexpanded.D.Toevaluatetheeffectivenessofmagnetschools.30.Whatuncomfortableconclusiondoestheauthorreachinthelastparagraph？A.Academicconcentrationmayactuallyimproveeducationalefficiency.B.Schoolchoicepoliciesmightreinforceexistingsocialinequalities.C.Parentalprivilegehaslittleeffectonschoolassignmentoutcomes.D.Transparencyinadmissionscannotsolvetheproblem.答案26.B27.C28.C29.B30.B解析26.第一段描述的是高成就学生越来越集中在少数学校，故选B。27.第二段明确指出富裕家庭拥有时间、信息和交通灵活性来应对择校流程，故选C。28.siphoningaway意为“抽走”，即特长项目将高能力学生从普通学校吸走，故选C。29.第五段呈现了两种政策回应（取消和扩大特长项目），并指出都缺乏有力证据，作者未表态支持任何一种，故选B。30.末段点明择校机制“以公平工具的面貌出现，实则成为阶层固化的机制”，故选B。三、ReadingComprehensionB/阅读理解B节（共5小题，每题2分，共10分）Directions：Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Howdouniversitiessuccessfullycommercialiseacademicresearch？Arecentstudyoftechnologytransferoffices(TTOs)atmajorresearchuniversitiesrevealsthatnosingleformulaguaranteessuccess，yetseveralfactorsconsistentlydistinguisheffectiveprogrammesfromineffectiveones.First，institutionalcommitmentmatters.UniversitiesthatallocatestablefundingtotheirTTOs，ratherthanrequiringthemtobefullyself-financing，tendtogeneratemorelicencesandstart-upcompanies.Areliablebudgetallowsofficestohireexperiencedstaffandtosupportearly-stageinventionsthatmaytakeyearstoattractcommercialinterest.Second，flexibilityinlicensingarrangementsiscritical.SuccessfulTTOsofferarangeoflicensingoptions——exclusive,co-exclusive，andnon-exclusive——dependingonthetechnologyandmarket.Exclusivelicencesarecommoninbiotechnology，wherestartupsneedstrongintellectualpropertytoattractventurecapital.Incontrast，softwareandengineeringinnovationsoftenfarebetterwithnon-exclusivearrangements，whichpermitmultiplefirmstoexploitthetechnology.Third，themosteffectiveofficescultivateextensiverelationshipswithindustrybeforeinventionsaredisclosed.Ratherthanwaitingforfacultytosubmitdisclosures，theyactivelybrokerintroductionsbetweenresearchersandpotentialcorporatepartners.Thisapproachhelpsresearchersunderstandcommercialneedsandhelpscompaniesidentifyemergingtechnologiesearly.Fourth，andperhapsmostimportantly，successfulTTOsaligntheirincentiveswiththoseoffacultyinventors.Universitiesthatreturnalargershareoflicensingrevenuetoinventorstendtoattractmoredisclosures，andasmallnumberofinstitutionshavefoundwaystoinvolveexperiencedentrepreneursinmentoringfaculty，whichimprovesthequalityofthebusinessplansthataccompanynewventures.Fifth，patientcapitalisessential.ThemostproductiveTTOsunderstandthatcommercialisationoftenrequirespatientsupport，andtheyactivelyseekfundingsourcesthatdonotdemandimmediatereturns.Aprominentwest-coastuniversity，forexample，hascreatedaninternalventurefundthatinvestsinspin-offcompaniesattheirearlieststages，acceptingthatmostwillfailbutthatafewwillgeneratesubstantialreturns.Thestudy‘sauthorscautionagainstaone-size-fits-allstrategy，notingthatdiscipline-specificfactors——thematurityofthetechnology，thesizeofthepotentialmarket，andtheregulatoryenvironment——mattergreatly.Nevertheless，thefindingssuggestthatsuccessfulcommercialisationislessabouthavingabrilliantinventionthanaboutbuildinganinstitutionalecosystemthatsupportsresearchtranslation。LeftColumnRightColumn31.StablefundingofTTOsA.helpsattractmorefacultydisclosuresandencouragesfacultyparticipationincommercialisationventures.32.ExclusivelicensingB.enablesofficestohireexperiencedstaffandsupportlong-termprojects.33.Non-exclusivelicensingC.servesasaninternalventurefundforspin-offcompanies.34.AlignmentofincentivesD.iscommoninbiotechnology，wherestartupsneedstrongintellectualpropertyprotection.35.PatientcapitalE.oftenworksbetterforsoftwareandengineeringinnovationswithmultiplepotentialusers.F.involvesbrokeringintroductionsbetweenfacultyandcompaniesbeforeinventionsaredisclosed.G.requiresaone-size-fits-allstrategythatworksacrossallacademicdisciplines.答案：31.B32.D33.E34.A35.C解析：31.第二段说稳定的经费使TTO能聘用有经验的员工并支持早期发明，对应B。32.第三段说生物技术领域常用排他性许可，因为初创企业需要强大的知识产权来吸引风险投资，对应D。33.第三段还说软件和工程类创新通常更适用于非排他性许可，允许多家公司使用该技术，对应E。34.第四段说将更多许可收入返还给发明人的大学往往能吸引更多发明披露，对应A。35.第五段以西海岸大学为例，设立内部风险基金投资于初创衍生公司，对应C。F是第三种因素的内容，G与文中“反对一刀切”相悖，为干扰项。四、Translation/翻译（共1小题，满分15分）Directions：TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.Remotework，onceanichearrangement，hasbecomeadefiningfeatureofmodernemployment.Proponentsarguethatitoffersemployeesgreaterautonomyandwork-lifebalance，whileallowingcompaniestoreduceoverheadcostsandtapintoabroadertalentpool.Yettheshiftisnotwithoutcosts.Manyremoteworkersreportfeelingsofisolationanddifficultyinseparatingprofessionalfrompersonallife，andmanagersoftenstruggletoevaluateperformanceintheabsenceofdirectsupervision.Moreover，theinformallearningthatoccursnaturallyinsharedofficespaces——observinghowcolleaguessolveproblems，absorbingcompanyculture，andbuildingprofessionalnetworks——isfarhardertoreplicateonline.Asorganisationssettleintotheirlong-termarrangements，thechallengewillbetopreservethebenefitsofflexibilitywhilemitigatingthesocialanddevelopmentallossesthatremoteworkcanentail.答案：远程办公曾是一种小众安排，如今已成为现代就业的一个标志性特征。支持者认为，它赋予员工更大的自主权和更佳的工作与生活平衡，同时使企业能够降低管理费用、开拓更广泛的人才库。然而，这种转变并非没有代价。许多远程工作者反映，他们感到孤立，且难以将职业生活与个人生活分开；管理者也常常苦于在缺乏直接监督的情况下评估员工表现。此外，在共享办公空间中自然发生的非正式学习——观察同事如何解决问题、吸收公司文化、建立职业人脉——在网上复制起来要困难得多。随着各类组织确定各自的长期安排，未来的挑战将是在保留弹性工作益处的同时，减轻远程办公可能带来的社交与发展方面的损失。解析：本段为论说文，翻译时注意“nichearrangement”译为“小众安排”，“tapintoabroadertalentpool”译为“开拓更广泛的人才库”，“mitigatingthesocialanddevelopmentallosses”为动宾结构，需调整语序以符合中文表达习惯，破折号部分在中文中可用“——”“、”处理，保持书面语风格。五、Writing/写作（共2小题，第1小题10分，第2小题15分，共25分）PartA51.Directions：SupposeyouareLiMing，apostgraduatestudent.Thegraduatestudentassociationisorganisingavol