新编MBA英语综合教程（第二版）课件 Unit 1 Globalization

Unit

OneGlobalizationLead-inoffshoring n.离岸外包outsourcing n.

外包originalequipmentmanufacturer原始设备制造商productlifecycletheory 产品生命周期理论multinationalcorporation 跨国公司mass-production 大批量生产seekout 找出subcontract v.

转包externalize v.

使……外部化in-house 内部hierarchicalorganization 等级结构specialty n.

专长economiesofscope 范围经济principal a.

主要的productioncapacity 生产力flexibility n.敏捷性manufacturer n.制造商market v.营销brandeddistributors 品牌经销商retailer n.零售商technologicalupgrading 技术升级functionalcapacity 功能能力

IntensiveReading

ParadoxofGlobalizationvs.Localization

AbeyFrancisStart-upquestionIntoday’sworld,businessescontinuetoexpandandgobeyondtheirborders.Inanattempttotakeadvantageofinternationalmarketshares,localizationandglobalizationarebothtoolsbusinesscanuse.Iftheendgoalforeithertoolistoreachmorepeople,whataretheirdifferences?unaware[ʌnəˈweə(r)]adj.未意识到的Hemaybeunawareofotheroptionsforhislifeifthepathhechoosesgoesnowhere.如果他选择的道路行不通，他可能不会意识到其他的生活选择。improperly[ɪmˈprɒpəli]adv.不适当地Companiescannowsuffersubstantiallosseswhentheirproductsareimproperlyusedevenwhenusersareamplywarned.现在，如果产品使用不当，即使用户得到了充分的警告，企业也可能遭受重大损失。label[label]v.（尤指不公正地）把……称为Itisalltooeasytolabeltalentshowsas"vulgar".Someofthemdogiveparticipantsanequalchancetobringforththeirtalents.给选秀节目贴上“低俗”的标签太草率了。有些选秀节目确实给参赛者们提供了一个平等的展示才能的机会。illustration[ˌɪləˈstreɪʃ(ə)n]n.插图Inthisbook,eachphysicsconceptisilluminatedbyadifferentcolorillustration,fromphotographstopaintings.这本书中从照片到绘画，每个物理概念都用不同颜色的插图来说明。manual[ˈmænjuəl]n.手册，说明书

Aninstructionmanual,alsoknownasa“usermanual”isanimportantdocumentthathelpsyourcustomersgetonboardwithyourproductorservicequickly,orhelpsthemsolveanissuewhentheygetstuck.说明书，也被称为“用户手册”，是一份帮助你的客户快速了解你的产品或服务，或者帮助他们在遇到问题时解决问题的重要文件。localize[ˈləʊkəlaɪz]v.使本地化WesterndevelopersmustalsoconsidertheneedtolocalizeappsinAsiancountries.西方开发者也必须考虑应用在亚洲国家的本地化。sensitivity[ˌsensəˈtɪvəti]n.敏感性

Asforpricesensitivity,highlyloyalcustomersmayinfactcometoexpectapricediscountasarewardfortheirloyalty.就价格敏感性而言，忠诚度高的顾客实际上可能会期望以价格折扣作为对他们忠诚的回报。gender[ˈdʒendə(r)]n.性别Genderinequalitycontinuestofrustratealotoffemaleemployees.

性别不平等持续让许多女性员工感到沮丧。geographic[ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪk]adj.

地理的，地理学的Outdooradvertisinghasahighdegreeofgeographicflexibility.

户外广告具有高度的地域灵活性。integration[ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃ(ə)n]n.结合；整合；一体化Uganda'sPresidentsaidhebackedeconomicintegrationbutsaidAfricawastoodiverseforonegovernment.乌干达总统表示，他支持经济一体化，但非洲太过多样化，不可能只有一个政府。unrestricted[ˌʌnrɪˈstrɪktɪd]adj.

不受限制的，自由的Themonkeysthatatefewercalorieslookyoungerandhealthierthanfattermonkeysonanunrestricteddiet.摄入较少卡路里的猴子看起来比不受限制饮食的肥胖猴子更年轻、更健康。coexist[ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪst]v.共存Thehighrateofprofitandhighrateofriskcoexistinstocks.

高利润率和高风险在股票市场中共存。initiate[ɪˈnɪʃiˌeɪt]v.使开始；发起Weplantoinitiatearangeofactivitiestoactivelyaddressthismajorinhibitortooureconomicgrowth.我们计划开展一系列活动，积极解决这一阻碍我们经济增长的主要因素。openness[ˈəʊpənnəs]n.开放Microsoftiscommittedtoopenness,innovationandtheprotectionofprivacyontheInternet.微软致力于互联网的开放、创新和隐私保护。productivity[ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti]n.

生产率Informationtechnologyhashadasignificantimpactontheproductivityoflargeenterprises.信息科技已经对大型企业的生产率产生了重大的影响。distinctiveness[dɪˈstɪŋktɪvnɪs]n.独特性，特殊性Thewinemarketisburstingwithbargains，soyoudon'treallyhavetocompromisetostaystockeduponaffordablebottlesofdistinctiveness.葡萄酒市场上到处都是便宜货，所以你真的不必为了买那些价格合理、味道独特的葡萄酒而妥协。comprise[kəmˈpraɪz]v.包含Mexicanscomprisealargeproportionofthemorethan12millionillegalimmigrantsintheUnitedStates.在美国1200多万非法移民中，墨西哥人占很大比例。distinction[dɪˈstɪŋkʃn]n.特质ShehadthedistinctionofbeingthefirstwomantoflytheAtlantic.她不同凡响，是第一个飞越大西洋的女子。odds[ɒdz]n.(pl.)可能性，概率TheoddsthatLabourwillgetanoverallmajorityarejustslightlybetterthaneven.工党获得绝对多数席位的几率略高于五成。dissimilar/dɪˈsɪmɪlə(r)/adj.

不同的Fromaphilosophicalpointofview,dissimilarproblemsshouldbeapproacheddifferently.

从哲学角度来说，具体问题要用不同的方法解决。override[ˌəʊvəˈraɪd]v.

比......更重要；凌驾Thewelfareofachildshouldalwaysoverridethewishesofitsparents.孩子的幸福应该永远比其父母的心愿更重要。unavoidable[ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəb(ə)l]adj.

不可避免的It'struethatthesequestionshavebeendebatedforaverylongtimebuttheveryfactthattheyhaverecurredandpersistedmaysuggestthatthoughthey'reimpossibleinonesense,they'reunavoidableinanother.诚然，这些问题争论已久，但正因为这些问题反复出现也许表明，虽然在某种意义上它们无法解决，但另一种意义上，却又无可避免。dynamic[daɪˈnæmɪk]n.动力Thedynamicofthemarketdemandsconstantchangeandadjustment.市场的动力要求有不断的变化和调整。discourage[dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ]v.

阻止，阻拦Legislationintheseareaswouldthreatendrugcompanyearningsanddiscouragedevelopmentofnewproducts.这些领域的立法会威胁到制药公司的收益并阻碍新产品的开发。viceversa反之亦然

Someoftoday'swinnersmightlooklikeloserstomorrow,andviceversa.

一些今天的赢家在明天看也许会像输家，反之亦然。tension[ˈtenʃ(ə)n]n.紧张局势（或关系、状况）；矛盾Theincreaseinracialtensionconstitutesathreattooursociety.种族间紧张状态的升级是对我们社会的一种威胁。dominate[ˈdɒmɪneɪt]v.支配；控制Inaseriesofinterconnectedmoves,Microsoftislayingthegroundworktodominatethegamingindustry.通过一系列相互关联的举措，微软正在为主导游戏行业奠定基础。CheckYourUnderstandingA.Readthepassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whyaremanydifferentactivitiesorchangesincorrectlyviewedasglobalization?Key:Manydifferentactivitiesorchangesareincorrectlyviewedasglobalizationbecausemanypeopledon’tunderstandthefocusandmeaningofglobalizationandthenuseittorefertomanychangesanddifferencesthatcan’tbeexplained.2.Accordingtothepassage,whatislocalization?Key:Localizationistheprocessofadaptingaproductorservicetoaparticularlanguage,culture,anddesiredlocalpreferences.3.Whatshouldweconsiderwhenweadaptaproductorservicetoalocalculture?

Key:Whenweadaptaproductorservicetoalocalculture,weshouldconsidersuchdetailsastimezones,money,nationalholidays,localcolorsensitivities,productorservicenames,genderroles,andgeographicexamples.4.Whatarethebenefitsofglobalization?Key:Globalizationisagoodwayforacompanytomakemoremoneyandinitiatemoreopennessbetweencountriesontheeconomiclevel.Globalizationalsoincreasestheproductivityandimprovesthestandardsofliving.5.Isthedeclineoftradeandinvestmentabenefitoracost?Why?Key:Itisacostbecauseitdeniesthecountrytheabilitytocommunicatewithothercountriesandtoincreaseitstechnologyandstatus(byimportingandlearningaboutothercountries’products).6.Howdoestheauthorcompareglobalizationandlocalizationfromtheeconomicpointofview?Key:Fromtheeconomicpointofview,globalizationfocusesontheexpansionofproductionandtradewhereaslocalizationfocusesonmorenarrowandspecificactivitiesofconsumersandproducers.7.Howdoestheauthorcompareglobalizationandlocalizationfromthesocialandculturalaspect?Key:Fromthesocialandculturalaspect,globalizationattemptstoextenditsideasandpracticesbeyonditsoriginalandpresentsettingwhereaslocalizationdiscouragesnewideas,normsandpractices.8.Howdoyouunderstandtheparadoxofglobalizationandlocalizationafterreadingthepassage?Key:Globalizationandlocalizationaretwosetsofdynamics,bothreachingallareasofbusinessbutindistinctlydifferentways.Theyareintertwinedconceptsandpractices,bothaffectingtheaffairsandprocessesinthisintegratedworld.CompletethefollowingsentencesbyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.In___a___(使本土化)aproduct,inadditiontolanguagetranslation,suchdetailsastimezones,money,nationalholidays,localcolor___b___(敏感性),productorservice

names,genderroles,andgeographicexamplesmustallbeconsidered.key:a.localizingb.sensitivitiesCompletethefollowingsentencesbyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Globalizationisalsoatermthatreferstotheprocessofglobal___a___(一体化)oftheeconomiesofnationsbyallowingthe___b___(不受限制的)flowofgoods,

services,investmentsandcurrenciesbetweencountries.key:a.integrationb.unrestrictedCompletethefollowingsentencesbyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Thecostsofglobalizationmainly___a___(由……组成)givingupacountry’s___b___(特质)ofitspolitics,culture,economywhereascostsoflocalizationinvolve

lesstradeandinternationalinvestment.key:comprise distinctionCompletethefollowingsentencesbyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Anincreaseintradewouldalsoallowacountrytoadvertiseitsproductsandabilitiesand___a___(出口)itemstodifferentcountrieswithhigh___b___(概率)ofmaking

aprofit.key:export oddsCompletethefollowingsentencesbyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Inaddition,thesetwosetsof___a___(动力)arelinkedinawaythatitseemseverychangeinglobalizationcausesachangeinlocalizationand___b___(反之亦然).key:dynamics viceversaCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Localizationistheprocessofadaptingaproductorservice______aparticularlanguage,culture,anddesiredlocalpreferences.key:toCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Theprocessofglobalizationhasbothpositiveandnegativeimpacts______lifeattheindividualandnationalslevels.

Globalizationcanbrieflybedefined______“something”thataffectsandchangesthetraditionalarrangements.key:onkey:asCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Itisatermthatdirectlyimplieschangeandthereforeisacontinuousprocessoveralongperiodoftimeascomparedtoquicklychanging______awantedordesirableendbusinesssystem.key:intoCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Otherpositiveaspectsofglobalizationincludetheincrease______productivityandimprovementinstandardsofliving.Thebenefitsoflocalizationaremorebeneficialtoasinglestate/countrybecauseitinvolvesandallowsacountrytohaveitsownspecificnationalstyleofeconomic

practicesthatreflect

______thecountry’sdistinctiveness.key:inkey:on/uponCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.Asuccessfullylocalizedserviceorproductis______(似乎是在当地文化中发展起来的).key:onethatappearstohavebeendevelopedwithinthelocalcultureCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.Bothglobalizationandlocalizationhavemanycostsandbenefits,althoughnotalwaysconsidered______(在做出对一个集团或国家的结果有重大影响的决定时).key:whenmakingdecisionsthatsignificantlyaffectagrouporcountry’soutcomeCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.Twomainbenefitsofglobalizationincludeitbeingagoodwayforacompanyto______(赚更多钱并在经济层面上促进了国家之间的开放).key:makemoremoneyandalsoinitiatemoreopennessbetweencountriesontheeconomiclevelCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.

Fromthesocialandculturalaspect,globalizationattemptstoextenditsideasandpracticesbeyonditsoriginalandpresentsetting______(而本地化则阻碍新的思想、规范和实践).key:whereaslocalizationdiscouragesnewideas,normsandpracticesTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.很多人没有意识到全球化的主要焦点和意义，尤其是与本地化相比较。Key：Manypeopleareunawareofthemainfocusandmeaningofglobalization,especiallyincomparisontolocalization.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.全球化的代价没有本地化的代价那么沉重，因为时间将压倒许多不可避免的问题。key：Thecostsofglobalizationarenotweighedasheavilyasthosecostsoflocalizationbecausetimewilloverridemanyoftheunavoidableproblems.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.全球化是不可阻挡的，随着政治和文化变革的发生，具有强劲经济表现的组织将生存、成功并取代那些生产力较低的组织。Key：Globalizationcannotbestoppedandasthepoliticalandculturalchangesoccur,organizationswithstrongeconomicperformanceswillsurvive,succeedandreplacethoselessproductive.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.当今世界事务和进程受到全球化与本地化不同方面和特点之间紧张关系的极大影响。Key：Today’sworldaffairsandprocessesaregreatlyaffectedbythetensionsbetweenthedifferentaspectsandcharacteristicsofglobalizationversuslocalization.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

▶Toconclude,thebenefitsofglobalizationdiscussedinthispaperarefarmoreimportantthanitscostsorthecostsandbenefitsoflocalization.Althoughlocalizationandglobalizationwillcontinueco-existing,globalizationwillcontinuetoincreasinglydominateovertimebecausemostcountriesaregenerallyleadingtoandbecomingmoreacceptingoftheideaofglobalization.Thebenefitsgainedbyglobalizationarethemostimportanttopeople’slivesbecauseitaidsinthelearningprocessofpeopleexpandingtheirhorizonsandunderstandingthebenefitstocountries,organizations,andgroupsworkingtogether.Althoughlosingsomepartofone’snationalidentitycanbeadisadvantageattimes,theadvantagesofbeingabletoworktogetherandhelpeachotherinagloballyintegratedworldaremuchmore.▶

总之，本文所讨论的全球化的好处远比其成本或本地化的成本和收益重要得多。尽管本地化和全球化将继续共存，但随着时间的推移，全球化将日益占据主导地位，因为大多数国家正普遍走向全球化并越来越接受全球化的理念。全球化带来的好处对人们的生活来说是最重要的，因为它有助于人们在学习过程中扩展视野，并了解合作对国家、组织和团体的好处。虽然失去民族身份的某些部分有时可能是一个劣势，但能够在全球一体化的世界中共同努力并互相帮助的优势要大得多。ExtendedReadingBitcoinTechnologySeenGoingGlobalNathanielPopperA.Questionsfordiscussion.1.Whatistheblockchain?Whatdoesitmeanforaveragepeople?2.Whatcouldblockchainmeanforthefinancialservicesindustry?3.Shouldpeoplebefearfulorhopefulaboutvirtualcurrencies?Why?

B.Preparea10-minutepresentationonthetopicof“Thepositiveandnegativeeffectsofglobalization”withreasonsandexamplesanddeliveritintheclass.ListeningA.Listentothefirstpartofalectureandanswerthefollowingquestions.constraint[kənˈstreɪnt]n.约束continuum[kənˑtɪnjʊəm]n.连续统一体recede[rɪˑsiːd]v.减弱version[ˑvɜːʃ(ə)n]n.版本1.WhatisglobalizationdefinedbyWalters?2.WhatdoesDavidHeldbelieveaboutglobalization?3.Whatisthetraditionalwayofthinkingaboutidentity?AccordingtoWalters,globalizationisasocialprocess,inwhichconstraintsofgeographyonsocialandculturalarrangementsrecedeandinwhichpeoplebecomeincreasinglyawarethattheyarereceding.DavidHeldbelievesthatitisnotjustaboutlosingpower,butalsoaboutgainingpowerinsomeways.Itisourbasicidentityformedbyournationalidentity.B.Listentothesecondpartofthelectureandanswerthefollowingquestions.clash[klæʃ]n.冲突interdependence[ɪntədɪˑpendəns]n.互相依赖multifaceted[mʌltɪˑfæsɪtɪd]a.多方面的pensioner[ˑpenʃ(ə)nə]n.养老金领取者pensionfunds

养老基金self-expressivevalue

自我表达价值stumble[ˑstʌmb(ə)l]v.跌倒theorist[ˑθɪərɪst]n.理论家1.Accordingtothelecturer,howdoesglobalizationaffectmostofourexperienceseconomically?2.Whatdoesthelecturermeanbyself-expressivevalue?3.Whataresomeofthethreatsandopportunitiesofferedbyglobalizationmentionedbythelecturer?Whatglobalizationaffectsmostofourexperiencesinournationstatesiswhatwewouldcalleconomicexchangeandeconomicinterdependence.Thevaluemeansthatpeoplearebecomingmuchmoreindividually-minded.Theyarethinkingaboutthemselvesandtheywanttotellyouaboutthemselves.Sothegroupmentalityisbreakingdowntosomeextent.Thethreatsaresomethinglikemassmigrationandrefugees;theopportunitiesareinternet,andworldtravel,whichisfastandfairlycheap.C.

Listentothethirdpartofthelectureandanswerthefollowingquestions.

culturalimperialism文化帝国主义episode[ˑepɪsəʊd]n.(电视连续剧的)集impose[ɪmˑpəʊz]v.

强加locality[lə(ʊ)ˑkælɪtɪ]n.（某人或某物存在的）地点pessimist[ˑpɛsɪmɪst]n.悲观主义者sceptic[ˑskeptɪk]n.

怀疑论者traditionalist[trəˑdɪʃənəlɪst]n.传统主义者transformationalist[trænsfəˑmeɪʃənəlɪst]n.转型主义论者1.Whatisasceptic?2.Canyouinterpretculturalimperialismthroughexamples?

3.Whatarethetwoevidencetraditionalistsorscepticsusetosupporttheiridea?Itreferstosomeonewhodoesn’tbelieve,orsomeonewhodoubts.Culturalimperialismmeansonecountrywouldimposeitscultureoneverybodyelse.Americaisagoodexampleofthis:itisgoodatgettingthecultureouttoeverywhereintheworldsuccessfully,likethemovies,TVdramas,anditsfood.Oneisculturalimperialismandtheotheristhatpeopledon’tfeelglobal,buttheyfeelthattheirnationalidentityisthemostimportant.D.Listentothelastpartofthelectureandanswerthefollowingquestions.contingent[kənˑtɪndʒ(ə)nt]a.权变的implement[ˑɪmplɪm(ə)nt]v.

实施，执行1.Whatdotransformationalistsmeanbysayingthatglobalizationisacontingentprocess?2.Whydothetransformationalistsarguethatpeopletodayaregettingcitizensoftheworldratherthannationalcitizens?3.Whatexampleoftheshiftofnationalpowerfromindividualnationstoglobalorganizationsdothetransformationalistsgive?Globalizationiscontingentuponcertainthingshappening,likecertainbehaviorsthatgovernmentsputforward,certainpolicies,certainattitudes.Theyarguethatthenationisstillimportantbutitsfunctionsareweakened.TheysaythateconomicpoliciesofthenationsarebeingshapedandpromotedbytheWorldTradeOrganization.Writing

求职信

求职信写求职信（ApplicationLetter）的目的是争取面试机会，也就是要使对方相信你是一个值得考虑的人选。最有效的方法莫过于强调你为何将来可以成为对方的可用之材。求职信通常包括：开头、介绍自己的年龄和经验、叙述个人能力、附件、薪酬待遇、离职原因、请求面谈几个部分，根据需要可进行增减。a.

在信中简要表达你对所应聘工作感兴趣的原因。b.

告诉收信人你是从何处获悉招聘信息，例如报纸广告等。c.

提供你的教育背景、工作经验，与此有关的个人兴趣、爱好等。如果是刚毕业的学生，可以说明做过何种兼职工作，向对方表明你具有一定的工作能力。d.

提供个人资料，例如年龄、民族、婚姻情况、兴趣爱好、所参与的团体活动等。e.

如果有必要，提供两三个推荐人的姓名及其电话号码。推荐人应对你的为人及工作情况有所了解，最好是前雇主或以前的老师。f.

表示你想获得面试机会，如果你前去面试的时间有所限制，也应该在信中说明，但需要有一定的调整空间。g.

表达尽量客观，不要过于自夸，避免出现“品学兼优、工作态度认真”等主观评价。A.Readthefollowingsampleofanapplicationletterandfamiliarizeyourselfwiththewayitiswritten.B.Suppose,lastSunday,yousawanadsearchingforanexperiencedregionalsalesmanagerinNewspaperEnterpriseCompany.PleasewriteanapplicationlettertoMr.Moore,thecontactperson,describingyourpreviousexperienceandexplainingwhyyouwouldbesuitableforthejob.TipsforTranslation

翻译概述

WarmupComparethefollowingversionsoftranslationandtellwhichoneisyourfavoriteandexplainthereasons.我们双方不必在目前共同的市场上进行自杀性的竞争，以防鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。1)Wedonotneedtobeengagedinthemarketweshareinsuchafiercecompetitionthatathirdpartywouldbetheonlyonetobenefitfromourexhaustion.2)Pleasebemoreconsiderate.Donotonlypayattentiontotheimmediateinterests.Wemusttakethelongruntoavoidthethirdcompetitor'sattack.3)Wearefightinghardintheboxingmatch,whilethenextplayeriswaitingforourtouchdownwithacoffee.1.翻译的标准翻译标准就是指翻译实践时译者所遵循的原则，也是翻译批评家评论译文时必须遵循的原则。任何翻译实践都要遵循一定的翻译标准或原则，衡量一篇译文的好坏也离不开一定的翻译标准，因此翻译标准的确立对于指导翻译实践有着重要的意义。然而，由于人们看待翻译的角度不同，自然就有了不同的翻译标准。1898年，我国清末时期的著名学者严复（1854—1921）在《天演论》（译例言）中提出了“信、达、雅”三字标准。“信”是“意义不背原文”，“达”是不拘原文形式，尽译文语言的能事以求原意明显。“信”“达”互为照应，不可分割开来。“雅”在今天看来不一定可取，因为这个“雅”是指用地道的文言文。鲁迅先生（1881—1936）曾提出“信与顺”的翻译标准。他认为：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一则当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”近人在讨论文学翻译时曾提出“重神似不重形似”、“译者和原作者要达到一种心灵上的契合”、“文学翻译的标准是‘化’”、译者要有跨文化敏感性等主张。

目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实（Faithfulness）和通顺（Smoothness）。

所谓“忠实”，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏或任意增删的现象。忠实还指保持原作的风格，即原作的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格，作者个人的语言风格，源语言文化的特殊性等，译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。所谓“通顺”，即指译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。译文必须是明白晓畅的现代语言，没有逐词死译、硬译的现象，没有语言晦涩难懂的现象，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。2.对译者的要求翻译是一门综合性学科，它集语言学、文学、心理学、信息论等于一身，涉及政治、经济、文化、科技等诸多领域，因此，翻译人员不仅要具备多方面的知识、技能、修养等条件，而且要经过必要的学习和训练，掌握翻译的科学和艺术，这样才能成为合格的翻译工作者。具体说来，翻译人员需要具备以下几个方面的条件和水平：1）扎实的语言基本功。译者应具有较强的驾驭译出语和译入语的能力，能正确理解原文，熟练运用本族语。Thislargebodyofmenhadmetonthepreviousnight,despitetheelementswhichwereopposedtothem,aheavyrainfallingthewholeofthenightanddrenchingthemtotheskin.(R.

G.

Gammage)这一大群人头天晚上还是聚到了一起，尽管老天与他们作对，整夜下着倾盆大雨，大家被淋得浑身透湿。（R.G.甘米奇）原文中的despitetheelementswhichwereopposedtothem译作“尽管老天与他们作对”，读起来未免平板滞重、佶屈聱牙，如译作“尽管天公不作美”不仅传神达意，而且文字简练、十分得体。2）合理的知识结构。作为一名合格的译者，要有丰富的知识，不仅要“专”，而且要“博”，要成为一名“杂家”，即熟悉以英语为母语的国家的诸如历史、宗教、政治、地理、军事、外交、经济、文艺、科学、风土人情、民俗习惯等方面的社会文化。这有助于正确理解原文，完美地表达原作所要传达的思想内容。Baudelaire’stranslationofPoemaybe“better”poemsthanthosePoewrote;thosewhoreadthemhavereadBaudelaire’sversionofPoe,notPoe.