美国妇女解放运动

1、中图分类号：h315 学号：07004110438南阳师范学院 本科毕业论文 论文题目： 二战后的美国妇女解放运动 作 者： 程 亮 指导教师： 史 心 讲 师 学 院： 外 国 语 学 院 专 业： 英 语 班 级： 2007 级 4班 二一一 年 四 月 二战后的美国妇女解放运动南阳师范学院外国语学院英语专业申请文学学士学位毕业论文作 者： 指导教师： womens liberation movement in united states after world war iia thesis submitted toenglish department,school of foreign

2、languages,nanyang normal universityin partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree of bachelor of artsbysupervisor： acknowledgementsi would like to thank my teacher. firstly, she helped me how to use many valuable referential books that is very helpful to my thesis. secondly, she tried her

3、best to correct my mistakes in my thesis. all in all, she gave me many valuable and useful advices. i also would like to thank all those who have given me their generous help, commitment and enthusiasm, which have been the major driving force to complete the current paper. during these days, i met a

4、 lot of problems. therefore, it is them that gave me confidence to fulfill this thesis. during these time, i learned a lot knowledge and experience and how to finish a good thesis at the same time.摘 要“妇女是唯一有与黑人类似的受虐史的集团”。美国妇女解放运动从18世纪末开始，一直延续到现在，并将继续延续下去。本研究重点解析二战后的美国妇女解放运动现代妇女的解放运动，并从背景和原因方面对二战后的美国

5、妇女解放运动作深层次的分析，最后对妇女解放运动的前景作出了预测。本文还根据妇女解放运动的过程及其成果，对其经验教训作出总结，以加强对妇女解放运动的理解。通过对美国妇女解放运动的深层次了解，使人们了解对妇女权利的来之不易,并去珍惜。关键词：妇女 解放 权利 斗争abstractwomen are the only group that suffered the same miserable discrimination as african americans. the womens liberation movement in united states has begun since 18t

6、h century and has been continued to the present and it will never end. the research puts the focus on the womens liberation movement in united states after world war ii. at the same time, the research tries to analyze the reasons of the womens liberation movement, and then forecast the future of the

7、 womens liberation movement in united states. the paper also talks the experiences and lessons of the womens liberation movement in united states after world war ii, so that the readers can strengthen the understanding of the movement. through the understanding of the womens liberation movement, peo

8、ple can know it is very difficult for them to get their deserved rights and cherish their valuable rights.key words：women liberation rights struggle contentsacknowledgements i摘要iiabstract iiicontents iv1. introduction 11.1 the history of womens liberation movement in united states 12. reasons of wom

9、ens liberation movement in united states after world war ii 32.1 womens low status in united states 32.2 social conflicts in united states 42.3 a brief conclusion 43. womens liberation movement in 1960s7 3.1 the process of the movement in 1960s 73.2 the achievement of the movement in 1960s 73.3 the

10、experiences and lessons of the movement in 1960s 84. womens liberation movement in 1970s-1980s 94.1 the process of womens movement in 1970s-1980s 104.2 the achievements of the movement in 1970s-1980s 115. the achievements of womens liberation movement after 1990s 136. the problems of the womens libe

11、ration movement 147. conclusion 14bibliography171introduction the womens liberation movement (also known as the feminist movement, the womens liberation movement, womens liberation, or womens lib) refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, m

12、aternity leave, equal pay, womens suffrage, sexual harassment and sexual violence. the movements priorities vary among nations and communities and range from opposition to female genital cutting in one country or to the glass ceiling in another. this paper focuses on the womens liberation movement i

13、n united states after world war ii.1.1 the history of womens liberation movement in united states during the war of independence (1775-1783), the womens liberation movement in the united states had already begun. american women took part in the war of independence and contributed to the victory of t

14、he war and raised their prestige, enhanced their faith to fight for their own rights. the declaration of independence, published in 1776, though stressed that all human beings are born equally, which lays the ideological foundation for feminism in the united states. but after the war, according to t

15、he bill of rights and the constitution 10 amendment, women, african americans, indians and non-property regulations, and the living conditions of people were excluded of the equal rights. this aroused the color and the bourgeois womens strong dissatisfaction. in 1848, due to the persistence of mrs.

16、e-stanton, women won some rights. after years of protest, appeals in the state council and the federal parliament, wyoming state gave women the right to vote. in 1890, when wyoming state was formed, this right was remained. in the late of 19th century, the education gradually towards women. in 1890,

17、 17 states and territories had given women the limited right in the election. at the same year, because wyoming joined the federation, it became the first state to give women the right to vote in the united states. then, after womens rights organizations arduous struggle, three sparsely populated st

18、ates also gave women the right to vote, that is, 1893, colorado, 1896, utah and idaho. 14 years later, another state started to give women the right to vote. parliament had ever held a formal hearing to decide whether the women should be given suffrage. but years later, the two house didnt agree wit

19、h it. women continued to struggle to achieve there dream.after the first world war, what american women did was to establish the womens federation of trade unions, womens club union, and christian womens day for alliance. these club and union supported each other and made a series of achievements. d

20、uring world war ii, more than 600 american women attended the war for the first time. the proportion of women in the labour increased from 1940, 25% to 1945, 36%. the war make women could do many skilled and high paid work. when the war ended, women bureau conducted a survey in 1945 and found that 8

21、0 of women would rather continue to work because many working women had undertaken some well-paid soldiers, especially african women gained a lot from the human resources crisis, during this period, the ratio of african americans women labor in factories increased by 19%. the world war ii gave them

22、“ second liberation ”. no doubt, the great dession and the world war ii affect the womens lives.2. reasons of womens liberation movement in united states after world war iiafter world war ii, american womens low status and difficult situation are the fundamental causes of womens awakening to the uni

23、ted states. secondly, american society is full of all kinds of conflicts.2.1 womens low statusduring world war ii, due to the rapid growth of the military industry in the united states, a large number of women joined the labour force during the war. with the end of the war, women appealed to improve

24、 their situation. but the society blamed the women for “ they are not only being a good mother, but also because they went out to work”, and a series of social problems especially young drug abusers and juvenile delinquency, was caused by the womens ignorance to their children. at that time, antifem

25、inist thought make a great noise. as a result, us age of marriage for women dropped to the lowest point on this century, the sharp increase in the number of child in the family, a large number of female students dropped out from school. “they only dream is to be a perfect understanding wife and lovi

26、ng mother, the biggest hope is to have a child and own a beautiful house”. they only fight is to find a good husband and maintained a stable relationship between them. women became the focus of attention of the whole society. in 1953, the book the feminine mystique（betty friedan,1963.）was published.

27、 the masses of women felt excited and happy, and a generation of women awaked rapidly. they realized their legitimate rights and status in the society can only be achieved through unremitting struggles. “the feminine mystique” affected the whole generation of americans and became a sign of further r

28、ise of the womens movement in the united sates in 1960s.2.2 social conflicts in united states the re-rise of feminist movement was the result of the internal contradictions. first was the ethnic conflict. for centuries, african american struggled to eliminate racial discrimination and gained equal r

29、ight had never stopped and after the end of world war ii become in full swing. in 1955, because dressmaker rosa luxemburg-parks refused to gave her sit in the bus to the white, she was arrested. then, 5,000 african americans assembed together, which triggered a series of african americans sports. in

30、 addition, the deadlock of the vietnam war caused the peoples strong anti-war sentiment in the united states, in 1965 , april, 2000 americans took part in the “end of the vietnam war” march in washington. the national anti-war mood disorders on the rise. african americans sports development and the

31、rise of the new leftist movement, directly led to the womens movement in the united states. the womens liberation movement combined the african americans civil rights movement directly result of the pass of the 7th of the civil rights act : “race, color, religion or nationality reasons cant cause em

32、ployment discrimination”, adding a word “sex”. that is to say, women also get equal employment opportunities. this reflects the feminist movement in combination with african americans civil rights movement is successful and fruitful.2.3 a brief conclusionthe phrase “womens liberation movement” and “

33、womens liberation” was first used in the united states in 1964, and first appeared in print in 1966. by 1968, although the term womens liberation front appeared in the magazine ramparts, it was starting to refer to the whole womens movement. bra-burning also became associated with the movement. the

34、term “liberation” was one that needs to be contextualized within american society. it was assuming that the oppressed are all women in america. the work of the womens liberation movement has had liberation as a specific goal for women but the agenda has evolved as culture has transformed and the iss

35、ues being addressed by the womens liberation movement have increased. keeping in mind that the “optimism about the outcome of a collective challenge will thus enhance the probability of participation; pessimism will diminish it”allowed women who therefore achieved some sense of liberation to feel ac

36、complished with the time and energy they were dedicating to the movement.participation lacked in respect to the broader spectrum of women in america, specifically women who were not white and part of the middle to upper class. the transitions made throughout history, however, helped to expand the ef

37、forts of the womens liberation movement to include women of different race, class, and sexual orientation. different actions have been seen to be highlights of womens liberation, but it was a goal of the greater movement rather than one specific moment in history. one of the most vocal critics of th

38、e womens liberation movement has been the african-american feminist and intellectual gloria jean watkins (who uses the pseudonym “bell hooks”), who argues that this movement glossed over race and class and thus failed to address “the issues that divided women”. she highlighted the lack of minority v

39、oices in the womens movement in her book feminist theory: from margin to center (1984). the division between women in america has been the result of differences of race, class, and sexual orientation. it has been “racism that keeps women from uniting against sexism”. it is important not to view race

40、 or gender with an eye of oppression (bhavnani 80). the origins of womens liberation in america can be identified as being part of two branches that essentially started the womens liberation movement and more specifically the actions towards womens liberation. the older of the two branches included

41、the formation of organizations such as womens equity action league, human rights of women, and the national organization of women (now). these organizations were primarily concerned with the legal and economic obstacles facing women. men and women worked to address issues of working women, gender ro

42、les, salary, and opportunities of women in the workforce. the second branch identified as the younger branch included a larger number of smaller groups that focused specifically on different activities. the efforts of the younger branch was influenced by the events and actions of the civil rights mo

43、vement, and the motivation to create change came from groups like students for a democratic society (sds) who targeted college campus communities to get involved. by increasing awareness about womens issues individuals were motivated to educate themselves, whether it was through experience or academ

44、ics.the difference between the older and younger branches was their organization and structure. the older branch was more likely to work with the structure of society whereas the younger group tended to defy the institutionalized aspect of working with the system. the younger branch made up many dif

45、ferent groups which tended to form among friend circles creating challenges like diversifying the groups. the two branches were important to recognize because they allowed the history of the womens liberation movement to be contextualized within american culture. the branches helped to identify the

46、efforts that have gone on in social circles, college campus, and cities all over the country.3. womens liberation movement in 1960sin the united states, the 1960s was a decade of rebellion. all form of struggle in the community by african americanss were very fierce. in 1956, because of the parks in

47、cident, montgomery in alabama state boasted in to a boycott campaign movement and quickly swept across the whole country, then “montgomery municipal association” was established. this movement showed african americans strong will and great force. 3.1 the process of the movement in 1960sin 1963, augu

48、st 28, 25 people marched in washington. the us government was forced to across the civil rights act and the voter registration act. african americans scored great victories in the struggle. under the situation, many of the womens movements leaders realized that womens equality and african american e

49、qual rights struggle in many areas were similar to each other and had the same interests. they tried to fight combined with african americans. many of feminist joined in the african americans civil rights movement organizations, tried to make the objectives of the struggle for emancipation of women

50、struggle objectives combined with the civil rights movement. 3.2 the achievement of the movement in 1960sin the area of business opportunities, wages and unemployment and for social equality right side, african americans and women have the same experiences and interests, meanwhile, through combinati

51、on of the civil rights movement, more men know more about the situation of women, sympathize them and understand them, support their proposal and views. in this way, the womens movement expanded the narrow shadow of the womens movement and get out the narrow definition of the womens movement. the re

52、sults of the integration of womens movement and the african americans civil rights movement of the civil rights act was that the u.s. court passed the 7th of civil rights act. this reflects the feminist movement and civil rights combining exercise is successful and fruitful. the movement changed a l

53、ot. in the past, the womens movement spread out with no order, but now the women struggled to establish a nationwide organizational system and fight organized and orderly. “they are not going to petitions, but to strive not to beg or through a mans weak links of the structure election rights to mobi

54、lize forces”. 3.3 the experience and lessons of the movement in 1960swith womens rights movement, the womens movement theory appeared quickly, especially the famous “gender politics”, “womens weakness” and “the dialectics of the sexes”,and the most influential book was the feminist betty friedans th

55、e feminine mystique. these works have strongly condemned the society against women discrimination and suppression, urged the women should break through the shackles of families into the community, strive for equal rights,to guide women by theory. these works and ideas widespread, promote the awakeni

56、ng of women so that women admitted the “oppression of women is mainly political oppression”, “act is the only effective way”. therefore, women demand the government to pass womens equal rights amendment to the constitution, “perform to repealed the employment discrimination law”, that “women have th

57、e right to control of their birth, by deleting the criminal code of the control of abortion law”. all these have greatly mobilized fighting enthusiasm and masses of womens organizations scale expanded rapidly. only a few years later, more than 2,500,000 people become its members. 4. womens liberation movement in 1970s-1980sthe second wave (1970s-1980s) was concerned with gender inequality in laws and culture. it built on what had been achieved in the first wave, and began adapting the ideas to a