语法复习八：动词时态和语态

1、语法复习八：,动词时态和语态,语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1） 一、动词的分类和形式： 动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。 1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两 种 2、动词的4种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。 3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。 1）实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间 动词； 2）连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。 4、五种不同的短语动词： 1）“动词+介词”； 2）“动词+副词”； 3）“动词+副词+介词”； 4）“

2、动词+名词（或代词）+介词”； 5）“be+形容词（包括相当于形容词的过去分词+介词”。,二、动词的时态： 1、一般现在时的用法： 1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。 2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。 3）表示客观事实或真理。 4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词。） 2、一般过去时的用法： 1）表示过去的动作或状态。 2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。 3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。 3、一般将来时的用法： 1）表示将来的动作或状态。 2）表示将来的经常动作。 4、现在进行时的用法： 1

3、）表示说话时正在进行的动作。 2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行。）,5、过去进行进的用法： 1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。 2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行 时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。 3）was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。 6、现在完成时的用法： 1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just连用。 2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与 since, for连用，但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。 3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影

4、响或结果。 7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 1）现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、 影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在 没什么联系。 2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。,8、过去完成的用法： 1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介 词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。 2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和 for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。 9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的

5、动作或存 在的状态。,练习一：动词时态与语态（1）,When I saw Mary, she _ on the piano. A. is playing B. plays D. played 2. She _ the door before she goes away. A. had locked B. is locking . D. was locking. 3. A hunter is a man who _ animals. A. catch C. will catch D. was catching 4. What _ if I drink this? A. happens B. is

6、 happening D. is happened 5. I will visit you if Father _ me. A. let C. is letting D. will let,C. was playing,C. has locked,B. catches,C. will happen,B. lets,答案,6. Look out! That tree _ fall down. B. will be C. shall D. would 7. My uncle _ to see me. Hell be here soon. A. comes C. had come D. came 8

7、. They cant leave until they _ their work. A. did B. are doing D. has done 9. Has he seen this film? Yes. He _ it several days ago. B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing 10. Now Mike isnt here. He _ Mr Greens. Perhaps he _ back in a few minutes. A. went to; is coming C. has been to; will be D. is go

8、ing to; has come,答案,A. is going to,B. is coming,C. have done,A. saw,B. has gone to; will come,11. That day he ._ his clothes before he came to see me. A. has washed B. washed D. was washed 12. I havent finished my composition. I _ for two hours and a half. have written it C. wrote it D. am writting

9、it 13. I will take my daughter with me when I _ ShangHai, B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to 14. This bright girl _ the truth in front of the enemy. A. didnt say B. couldnt speak to C. said 15. The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful. B. built C. was set up D. had been built,答

10、案,C. had been washing,B. have been writing it,A. go to,D. didnt tell,A. w7as built,16. When _ school begin? Next Monday. A. has C. did D. is going to 17. I will _ here till you give me some money. A. leave C. come D. return 18. I _ here since I moved here. A. will work B. worked C. work 19. Every ti

11、me I _ there, I will buy him something nice. A. went B. will go D. have gone 20. It was said that his father _. A. has died B. died. C. has been dead,答案,B. does,B. not leave,D. have been working,C. go,D. had died,21. We wont go unless you _ soon. A. had come B. came C. will come 22._six years since

12、I began studying English. A. They have been C. It was D. There are 23. They _ the Summer Palace three times. A. have gone to C. have been in D. have gone into 24. How long havent we seen each other? “ Well, it _ nearly two years since we _ last. A. is/have met B. was/had met D. has been/had met 25.

13、Have you seen the art exhibition? No, _ there. B. they didnt hold C. it had not held D. they were holding it,D. come,B. it is,B. have been to,C. is/met,A. it was not being held,答案,26. Dont get off the bus until it _. A. stop B. will stop C. stopped 27. Where _ the recorder? I cant see it anywhere. I

14、 _ it right here. But now its gone. A. did you put/have put C. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put 28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I _ a good drink. B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying 29. Dont come tonight. I would rather y

15、ou _ tomorrow. A. come C. will come D. coming 30. _ you _? Do/marry B. Have/married C. Have/been married,答案,D. has stopped,B. have you put/put,A. had enjoyed,B. came,D. Are/married,31. When he _ all the newspapers, hell go home. A. sells C. will have sold D. will be sold 32. This cloth _well and _ l

16、ong. Ok. Ill take it. B. is washed/lasted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting 33. Hurry up, you _ on the phone. Oh, Im coming. Thank you. B. are being wanted C. want D. are wanting 34. I _ see you, but I didnt, for I had no time. B. has wanted to C. wanted D. was wanted 35. I _ in Guang Zhou f

17、or six years by this October. have lived B. was living C. will be living,答案,B. has sold,A.washes/lasts,A. are wanted,A. had wanted to,D. shall have lived,36. By this time next year he _ from the college. A. will be graduating B. should be graduating D. is graduating 37. Our teacher told us that the

18、earth _ from west to east. B. turn C. has turned D. had turned 38. My brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself. B. fell/were riding C. had fallen/rode D. had fallen/was riding 39. Bill said he _ twenty-one the next year. B. was about to be C. could be D. was to be 40. It is high time you _

19、in bed now. A. are C. will be D. would be,C. will have graduated,A. turns,A. fell/was riding,A.was going to be,B. were,答案,41. After a while an agreement _. B. was arrived in C. was arrived D. has been arrived 42. The air liner from Beijing _ at 3:00 p.m. A. is about to arrive B. has arrived D. is go

20、ing to arrive 43._,that step is not safe! Look around B. Look up D. Look down 44. Have you _ him to give up smoking? No. I _, but he wouldnt listen. B. tried/persuaded C. tried/tried D. persuaded/persuaded 45. The research laboratory is going to _ the new type of computer to use. A. take B. make D.

21、send,答案,A.was arrived at,C. arrives,C. Look out,A.persuaded/tried,C. put,46. I dont know when he _, but when he _, Ill let you know. B. comes/will come C. comes/comes D. will come/will come 47. How much do you think that vase _? A. is cost B. used C. was paid for 48. I _ that he would be able to lea

22、ve tomorrow, but its beginning to look diffcult. A. hope C. hoped D. am hoping 49. “Come on, Peter, I want to show you something.” “Oh, how nice of you, I _ you _ to bring me a gift.” A. never think/are going C. didnt think/ are going D. hadnt thought/ were going 50. Its a nice flat, but it _ a prop

23、er bathroom. A. havent got C. wouldnt get D. doesnt have got,答案,A.will come/comes,D. cost,B. had hoped,B. never thought/ were going,B. hasnt got,51. She had a shock when she heard the news, _? A. hadnt she C. wouldnt she D. wont she 52. This liquid _ the salt at room temperature. A. became mixed wit

24、h B. was mixed by D. has been mixing by,答案,B. didnt she,C. mixes with,动词时态和语态（2） 一、时态的呼应： 在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。 1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什 么时态就用什么时态， 如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears. 2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过 去时态，但要注意到下列情况： （1）如果从句中的谓语

25、动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表 示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时， 如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时， 如：I didnt know that she had been to London twice.,(3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时， 如：They didnt know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动

26、词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时， 如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时， 如：Tome said he was born in 1975.,二、被动语态： 英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引

27、起的短语来表示， 如: We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。 They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。 1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。 2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的 基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者， ， 如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall o

28、f the People was built in 1959.,如: (1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：Your tractor is being

29、repaired now. (6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasnt been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.,3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态： （1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时， 如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受

30、者的作用时， 如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker. 4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型： （1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行： 先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语； 再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词； 最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语； 由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动 词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动 词be不同的形式来表示的， 如：Trees are planted

31、 every spring.,（）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间 接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将 直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时， 一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for， 如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.was told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为

32、主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况： 宾补为动词不定式， 如：They asked her to sing a song. She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省,如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab. 宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.They were heard singing at that time.

33、宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. I was kept busy all the morning. （）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注 意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性， 如：She always takes good care of the children. The children are always taken good care of. （）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原 形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动 词be就

34、要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. The work must be finished before Friday.,（）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作 用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词 原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. The football match is not going to be put off.,练习二、动词时态与语态（2）

35、,53. An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next week. A. are to be held C. are holding D. will hold 54. Im sorry, sir. Your recorder isnt ready yet. It _ in the factory. B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasnt repaired 55. Every possible means , but none prove successful. A. has tried C. i

36、s being tried D. tried,B. is to be held,A. is being repaired,B. has been tried,答案,答案,56. _ that they can pass the written exam this time. A. That is hoped C. That hopes D. It hopes 57. My little sister has broken my watch. - My watch _ by my little sister. A. is broken B. has broken C. have been bro

37、ken 58. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house. - His room _ by him when I entered the room. B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned 59. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time. - This novel _ reading (by me) by dinner time. A. will have finished . B. will

38、has been finished C. will have being finished 60. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. -These three rooms _ (by you). A. are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean,B. It is hoped,D. has been broken,A. was being cleaned,D. will have been finished,C. ought

39、to be kept clean,61. You are about to write a poem, arent you? - A poem _ (by you), _ ? A. is about to be written, arent you B. is about to be writing, isnt it C. is about to be writing, arent you 62. She had better leave a note to him. - A note _ to him (by her). A. had better left B. had be better

40、 left D. had better been left 63. He doesnt do his homework every day - .His homework _ by him every day. A. doesnt be done B. arent done C. dont be done 64. We must take care of our parents when they are old. - Our parents _ when they are old. must be taken care B. must be took cars C. must take ca

41、re of 65. People look down upon him because he is a liar. - He _ because he is a liar. A. is looked down C. looks down upon D. looks down,答案,D. is about to be written, isnt it,C. had better be left,D. isnt done,D. must be taken care of,B. is looked down upon,66. Father will give me a dictionary on m

42、y birthday. - A dictionary _ me by Father on my birthday. B. will give C. shall give to D. will be giving to 67. We elected her leader. - She by us. A. is elected leader B. was leader elected D. leader was elected 68. - People who live along this road receive their mail in these boxes. - Why are all

43、 of the_? A. grey painted mailboxes B. mailboxes grey painted D. painted grey mailboxes 69. I saw him enter the room. - He _ the room. A. is seen enter B. is seen to enter D. was seen enter 70. The question asked by him is hard _ . B. to be answered C. to be answering D. for answer,答案,A. shall be gi

44、ven to,C. was elected leader,C. mailboxes painted grey,C. was seen to enter,A. to answer,71. How sweet the music _! A. sounds to be B. is sounded C. is sounded to be 72. In warm weather fruit and meat _ long. B. cannot be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping 73. He received a telegram _ Mother Si

45、ck. A. written B. said D. writing 74. The classroom _ 30 feet long. B. is measured C. has D. has length 75. Do you remember _ ? B. it how to be done C. How is it done by D. how to do,答案,D. sounds,A. dont keep,C. reading,A. measures,A. how it is done,76. to have been rich. A. They say B. It is said D

46、. That was said 77. Mathematics is difficult _. B. for learning C. to be learned D. of learning 78. My hair is so long that I must go to a barbers shop and_. A. have to cut it C. get it to be cut D. to cut it 79. The pencil _ well. B. is written C. was written D. writing 80. - I cant see the blackbo

47、ard very well. - Perhaps you need _. A. to examine your eyes C. to have examined your eyes D. to be examined your eyes,答案,C. He is said,A. to learn,B. have it cut,A. writes,B. to have your eyes examined,81. - Where is the coffee table? - Tom just had it _ away. A. move B. moving D. moves 82. Good medicine _ to the mouth. B. tastes bitterly C. is tasted bitter D. is tasted bitterly 83. Which girl won the prize? _ A. By