中医 英语简介

1、Traditional Chinese Medicine,1. Philosophical background: principles human body is a self-regulating universe with a set of sophisticated closely-related subsystems. Philosophically, human body is operated on the movement of yin and yang (阴阳) and five elements (五行). Subsystems include qi (气) xu (血)

2、body fluid (津液) zng-f(脏腑 body organs) meridians (经络 circulation channels) etc. Health is perceived as harmonious interaction of entities of these subsystems and the outside world; disease is interpreted as a disharmony or imbalance in interaction between the human body and the environment (outside w

3、orld).,Hypothesis on TCM,2. Philosophical perceptions 1）yin and yang (as in Taoism) represent two abstract and complementary aspects that every phenomenon in the universe can be divided into. The concept of yin and yang is also applicable to the human body; for example, the upper part of the body an

4、d the back are assigned to yang, while the lower part of the body are believed to have the yin character.,2）Five Elements (五行) Five element theory presumes that all phenomena of the universe and nature can be broken down into five elemental qualities represented by wood (木, m), fire (火,hu), earth (土

5、, t), metal (金, jn), and water (水, shu), which are inter-generative and inter-contractive.,3. Subsystems of the body 1) Qi (气) Qi is a medium flowing inside the blood vessels and is distributed in the skin, muscles, and tissues transporting and circulating balanced yin and yang in the meridians(经络).

6、 Just as the Qi held by each of the zang-fu organs(脏腑器官), it is also considered to be part of the principal or essential qi (元气 、真气) of the body . Considerable part of Qi is inherited from the parents and will be consumed in the course of life; other part is believed to be partially generated from f

7、ood and drink, and partially from air (by breathing). Qi inherited from parents stored in the 丹田 (about 3寸 under the navel) is used to nourish the mind (brain).,Generally, Qi is said to have five cardinal functions, which are: Actuation (推动) of all physical processes in the body, especially the circ

8、ulation of all body fluids such as blood in their vessels. This includes actuation of the functions of the zang-fu organs and meridians (pathways of Qi). Warming (温煦) the body, especially the limbs. Defense (防御) against Exogenous Pathogenic Factors(外源病因) Containment (固摄) of body fluids, i.e. keeping

9、 blood, sweat, urine, semen etc. from leakage or excessive emission. Transformation (汽化) of food, drink, and breath into qi, xue ( blood 血), and jinye (“ body fluids”津液), and/or transformation of all of the latter into each other.,2) Xue (blood 血) In contrast to the majority of other functional enti

10、ties, xu (血, blood) is correlated with a physical form the red liquid running in the blood vessels. Its concept is, nevertheless, defined by its functions: nourishing all parts and tissues of the body, safeguarding an adequate degree of moisture, and sustaining and soothing both consciousness and sl

11、eep. Typical symptoms of a lack of xu (usually termed “blood vacuity” 血虚, xu x) are described as: pale-white or withered-yellow complexion, dizziness, flowery vision, palpitations (心悸), insomnia, numbness of the extremities; pale tongue; fine pulse.,3） jn y 津液 body fluid Closely related to blood are

12、 the jn y (津液, usually translated as body fluids), and just like blood, they are considered to be yin in nature, and defined first and foremost by the functions of nurturing and moisturizing the different structures of the body. Their other functions are to harmonize yin and yang, and to help with t

13、he secretion of waste products. 津液are ultimately extracted from food and drink, and constitute the raw material for the production of blood; conversely, blood can also be transformed into津液. Their palpable(易觉察的) manifestations are all bodily fluids: tears (泪), sputum (痰), saliva (唾液), gastric juice

14、(胃液), joint fluid, sweat, urine, etc.,4) Zang-fu ( 脏腑 body organs ) Zang-fu constitute the centre piece of TCMs systematization of bodily functions. Bearing the names of organs, they are, however, only secondarily tied to (rudimentary) anatomical assumptions (the 腑 a little more, the 脏 much less). A

15、s they are primarily defined by their functions, they are not equivalent to the anatomical organs to highlight this fact, their names are usually capitalized. The term zng (脏) refers to the five entities considered to be yin in nature Heart (心,) Liver (肝), Spleen (脾), Lung (肺), Kidney (肾) , while f

16、(腑) refers to the six yang organs Small Intestine (小肠), Large Intestine (大肠), Gallbladder (胆), Urinary Bladder (膀胱), Stomach (胃) and 三焦 (Snjia).,The 脏zngs essential functions consist in production and storage of (气) q and blood (血); in a wider sense they are stipulated to regulate digestion, breathi

17、ng, water metabolism, the musculoskeletal system, the skin, the sense organs, aging, emotional processes, mental activity etc. The f organs main purpose is merely to transmit and digest (传化, chun-hu) substances like waste, food, etc. Since their concept was developed on the basis of five element phi

18、losophy, each zng is paired with a f, and each zng-f pair is assigned to one of five elemental qualities (i.e., the Five Elements or Five Phases).,These correspondences are stipulated as: Fire (火) Heart (心) and Small Intestine (小肠) (and, secondarily, Snjia (三焦) and Pericardium (心包) Earth (土) Spleen

19、(脾) and Stomach (胃) Metal (金) Lung (肺) and Large Intestine (大肠) Water (水) Kidney (肾) and Bladder (膀胱) Wood (木) Liver (肝) and Gallbladder (胆) The zng-f are also connected to the twelve standard meridians十二经脉 each yang meridian is attached to a f organ and five of the yin meridians are attached to a z

20、ng. As there are only five zng but six yin meridians, the sixth is assigned to the Pericardium心包, a peculiar entity almost similar to the Heart zng.,5) Jing-luo: pathways of Qi ( 经络 ) human body, apart from the running blood in the vessels, is also ruled by a invisible flow of power called Qi that b

21、uilds up and store within the body. It is a force that has its own orders, rhythms, directions and moments. Big pathways of this force are 经 jing, and small pathways of it are 络 luo. These pathways (经络) are believed to be circulation channels running from the zng-f in the interior (里) of the body to

22、 the limbs and joints (the surface 表), transporting qi and blood. Blockage of pathways will cause Qi and blood stagnation, even worse is paralysis of the joints and muscles. TCM identifies 12 regular and 8 extraordinary pathways; the Chinese terms being 十二经脉 ( lit. the Twelve Vessels) and 奇经八脉 respe

23、ctively. Theres also a number of less customary channels branching off from the regular pathways.,4. Therapies 1) herbal medicine中草药- Typically, one batch of medicinals is prepared as a decoction of about 9 to 18 substances. Some of these are considered as main herbs, some as ancillary辅助性 herbs; wit

24、hin the ancillary herbs, up to three categories can be distinguished.,2）Acupuncture and moxibustion 针灸 zhn ji Acupuncture means insertion of needles into superficial structures of the body (skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles) usually at acupuncture points (acupoints) and their subsequent manipulatio

25、n; this aims at influencing the flow of qi. According to TCM it relieves pain and treats (and prevents) various diseases. Acupuncture is often accompanied by moxibustion the Chinese characters for acupuncture (针灸 ) literally meaning “acupuncture-moxibustion” which involves burning mugwort艾草 on or ne

26、ar the skin at an acupuncture point.,Acupuncture and moxibustion,3）cupping 拔罐 Cupping (拔罐) is a type of Chinese massage, consisting of placing several glass cups (open spheres) on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air

27、in the cup is heated, it expands, and after placing in the skin, cools, creating lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via suction. When combined with massage oil, the cups can be slid around the back, offering reverse-pressure massage.,4）Gua Sha 刮痧 Gua Sha is abradi

28、ng the skin with pieces of smooth jade, bone, animal tusks or horns or smooth stones; until red spots then bruising cover the area to which it is done. It is believed that this treatment is for almost any ailment including cholera. The red spots and bruising will heal in 3 to 10 days automatically w

29、ithout any extra aid, and there is often some soreness in the area that has been treated.,5) Chinese food therapy 食疗 Chinese food or Nutrition therapy, is a modality of traditional Chinese medicine. Central to this belief system is the idea that certain foods have a hot or heat-inducing quality while others have a cold or chilling effect on the body and its organs and fluids. An imbalance of this heat and cold is said to increase susceptibility to sickness or to directly cause disease itself. Such an imbalance