飞机技术英语

1、English for Aircraft 飞机技术英语,Abbreviation 一、general description 1,information, requirement, services from the manufactures or service providers or authorities AD,SB,AC 2, A kind of manual AMM, CMM,SRM,TSM,WDM 3,Units for measuring something Ft,gal,lb,oz,psi,amp,v, 4,Abbreviation for noun phrases DC,A

2、C,CG,CSDU,DFDR,FADEC,FCU,F/O,FQI,PA,PCB,PCU,PES,PTU, T/R 5,position/location: Front,rear,upper,lower,inner,overhead,down(lock),L/E,T/E,I/B,O/B,FWD,AFT,outflow valve, outlet,inlet,over wing.,Units and numbers 1,units of measurement Inch， foot,yard, meter, kilometer, knot, mph, kph,gallon, liter, cels

3、ius, fahrenheit, cubic foot, cubic meter Common abbreviations,Fractions numbers,Numbers,Physical characteristics,dimensions,movement 一、shapes,colors,characteristics,materials 1,shapes:lines and objects straight, curved pointed, sharp broken line (hidden line) real line(visible line) circular rectang

4、ular square triangular cylindrical cubic box shaped Stretched shortened flat,2,colors Brown,grey,amber,orange,pink,purple. 3,Characteristics(物理特性） 4，Materials,二、Dimension 1,main A/C dimensions,2,dimension description,height,width,length,depth,thickness,Example 1)The depth of the wing center tank is

5、80 cm. 2)The wing center tank is 80 cm deep. 3)The weight of the A/C is 57,000KG. 4)The A/C weighs 57,000KG. 5)The capacity of inner tank is 6,900litres. 6)The inner tank holds 6,900litres.,sentence structure Basic structure: 1）subject+predicate+object noun verb noun noun verb(vt) noun noun verb(vi)

6、 noun noun be noun/adj(predicative) The boy came. Kids prefer books. It is a nice day. This part is very expensive. Noun /noun phrase: (article+adv+adj+)noun Very delicious food, a happy smile, a very funny story 一份非常昂贵的礼物，易燃性气体,Verb phrase: verb+adv negative:auxiliary verb(do not/does not/did not)+

7、verb+adv Work hard, smile bitterly,damage seriously Do not work hard. 严重受伤，迅速移动，缓慢行走 Adverbial modifier: preposition+(articleadj)+noun In an early morning, in my house 在老地方，在如此重要的时刻 Exercise: Which are the subject, predicate, and object? 1,This procedure contains instructions to drain the shroud for

8、 APU fuel ine. 2,The second task fills the HYD reservoirs with the manual procedure. 3,The best airplane attitude to drain the sumps is a pitch of 0.3 degree nose down longitudinal,and a 0.0 degrees lateral roll. 4,This procedure is used to drain all fuel that remains in the fuel tank after defuelin

9、g and before purging and fuel tank entry. 5,If the output voltage of DC regulator attempts to rise above 16 vdc, the emitter of Q2202 follows this rise decreasing the conduction through Q2202. 6.工作者必须按照以下步骤来排放通风的集油槽。(翻译）,1)(article)+(adv)+(adj)+noun+(auxiliary verb)+verb+ (adv) +adverbial modifier(e

10、.g.in/at/during.) (The extremely naughty )boy (did not )come suddenly (to my home in the last several months.) 2) (article)+(adv)+(adj)+noun+(auxiliary verb)+verb+ (adv) + (article)+(adv)+(adj)+noun +adverbial modifier(e.g.in/at/during.) (Many young) kids prefer (interesting sci-fic) books (in their

11、 spare time).,Tenses In technical documents, generally the present tense is used most of the time. 1)present tense:verb-s/es,beis/are/am; 2)past tense: verb-ed/d,be-was/were; 3)present continuous tense:be +verb-ing 4）the imperative（不定式）:verb(basic form)+object,or do not+verb（basic form);verb(basic f

12、orm),5）the perfect tenses(完成时)：have+done,have+been done 3,the most common tenses in technical English (1)the infinitive:to+verb(B.F.),it is used to express the purpose or function for sth. The lever is used to extend the flaps. To open the circuit, pull the circuit breaker. There is a knob to set th

13、e altitude. 方向舵是用来调整飞机飞行方向的。 Rudders are used to adjust the flight direction. 松开螺杆才能打开盖板。 To open the access panel, loosen the bolts. (2)the present simple tense:this is the basic and essential tense for all technical English.It is mainly used in the 3rd person.It is used to describe general situati

14、on,process,repetitive phenomenon,laws, etc.,The lights illuminate at 45 p.s.I. Air temperature decreases at high altitude. The AC generator supplies 115V current. 前起落架使用中系统液压压力来收放。 The nose landing gear uses center SYS HYD pressure to extend and retract. 水在100摄氏度煮开。 Water boils at 100.C (3)be/have:i

15、ndicates a state/condition,or possession The landing gear lever is at down. The probes are on the FWD fuselage. The window is cracked. The propeller has four blades. 灯亮了。 The light is on. 这飞机有三套液压系统。 The A/C has three sets of HYD SYS./There are three HYD SYS in this A/C.,(4),The imperative sentence(

16、祈使句):it is used for all instructions, procedures, checklist, job cards etc, requiring the workers to do sth or not to do sth.It is like a command that you have to obey. Positive: verb+sth, Negative:do not +verb sth The 1st word is the instruction or action you do.Then the element,component, equipmen

17、t,etc.concerned. Set the parking brake, Supply nitrogen air to the wheel tire. Do not touch the wheels when they are still very hot. Do not get close to the engine when it is running. 中英互译 反推限动。 Deactivate the T/R. 接近货舱地板龙骨梁。 Get access to cargo floor keel beam.,中英互译 给各主油箱添加大概等量的燃油。 Refuel each main

18、 tank(main tanks) with equal quantities of fuel. 加油前，确保这些部件是处于关闭状态的。 Make sure that these components are in closed position before refueling. 加油时，不要操作高频通信系统。 Do not operate the HF communication SYS while refueling. 如果驾驶舱的火警灯或发动机过热警告灯亮，不要开始加油。 Do not start the refuel operation if the fire warning lig

19、ht or engine overheat warning light shows(comes on) in the flight compartment. 不要灌充或更换氧气瓶。 Do not charge/fill or replace/change oxygen bottles/cylinders. 英译中 Make sure that the surge tank vents are not blocked before you begin the refuel operation. 加油前，确保通气油箱的通风口没堵塞。 Do not operate the HYD SYS if th

20、ere is less than 600 US gallons of fuel in either main fuel tank. 如果任一主油箱里的燃油少于600加仑，则不要操作液压系统。,（5）the past participle:be+verb+ed/d,indicating that an action is taken passively. The antenna is located on the vertical stabilizer. This SYS is operated by HYD pressure. The L/E slats are damaged. 以下燃油批准

21、在757飞机上使用。 The fuel above is approved to use on 757 A/C. 只有授权人员和车辆允许进入加油加油区域。 Only the authorized personnel are allowed to enter the refuelling area. 确保通风油箱的释压活门是关闭的。 Make sure that the surge tank relief valve is closed. When fueling is done, put the fueling valve switches for all the applicable tan

22、ks to the OFF position. 加油完成后，把相应油箱的加油活门开关放到关位。,Exercise: 1,空调组件调节气温。 2，起落架已经完全打开。（be+preposition(介词),or reach) 3,飞机通过前轮来控制转弯。（be+done) 4,做误差检查并确保误差在规定范围之内。（discrepancy check) 5,在负载选择显示器上监控燃油量。 6，松开（扳动）燃油关断控制活门以停止加油操作。 7，要使燃油里不含水，那么在加油前先把油箱集油槽排放。(keep sth out of sth) 8,拆下排放管以关闭集油槽排放活门。 1)Pack regula

23、tes air temperature. 2），the LDG is in full extension./The LDG reaches its full extension/extended position. 3)A/C steering is controlled by nose wheels./The A/C nose wheels control its steering. 4)Do discrepancy check and make sure that it is within limit（standard). 5)Monitor the fuel quantity on th

24、e load select indicator. 6)Release the fuel shut off control switch to stop the refuel operation. 7)To keep water out of fuel,drain the fuel tank sump before refuel operation. 8)Remove the drain line to close the sump drain valve.,word configuration 一、prefixes（前缀）,suffixes（后缀），roots（词根） 1,Prefixes:

25、itself is not an independent word,it usually will change the meaning of the words it joins. Root:the basic component for a word, whom the meaning of the word is based on. suffixes:usually at the back of a word, without much actual meaning, but indicating the part of speech of a word. Word=prefixes+r

26、oot+suffixes Reverse=re+vers(旋转）+e, predict=pre+dict(说）,1, 此活门处于打开状态。 2，水在0摄氏度以下结冰。 3，起飞前拆下此标牌。placard 4，发动机运转时不要靠近。 彬 Supporter/or, ing,二、Derivation(派生法，引伸法）floor cabin;wall, panels 2, long technical terms 1)Handle,control,spoiler,2)flight, oxygen, crew,system;3)bulkhead, aft,pressure; 4)distributi

27、on,cabin,conditioned, system,air;5)receptacle, ground,door,access,power,救生衣的作用是拯救生命。（save ones life）safe The use of lifevest saves peoples life. Lifevest function save pe The use of lifevest is save Saving lives is the function of lifevest. The function of the lifevest is to save Lifevest is used to

28、 save.,typical grammar for technical English 一、Purpose:means the objective, target, function, aim or utilization for something. 1,The purpose of _is to_ 2,The_is used/designed/made for/to_ 3,_provides_ 4,_act as/serve as/serve to_ 5,_enable/permit/allow_ 6,simplified sentence The purpose of the foll

29、ow-up mechanism is to shut down the control valve. The purpose of the follow-up mechanism is designed for shutting down/to shut down. The follow-up mechanism shuts the control valve. The APU provides electrical power for ground operation. The spill valve in the fuel pump acts as a safety valve.,二、Co

30、njunction(连词) Conjunction words are connection words. They connect the ideas in a sentence. They define the logical relation between the ideas.,三、Capability,probability, necessity, conditions 1,capability(能力) Can: expresses physical or technical possibility, capacity etc.that is designed for. The A3

31、20 can carry 172 passengers. The APU can be started up to 25,000 feet. 2,probability(可能性) May: used to indicate that an action or event could occur. In technical contexts, may applies more to natural phenomenon, unplanned technical incidents, failures, etc. In dense cloud, ice may form on the wings.

32、 N.B. in everyday English, can and may are often interchangeable. In simplified English, use can only.,3,necessity(必要性) Must/shall Mandatory/compulsory:often used in offical documents. Airworthiness authority approval is mandatory. It is compulsory to inform the captain of any dangerous cargo. Forbi

33、dden/prohibited: direct prohibition It is forbidden to smoke during refueling. Smoking during refueling is prohibited. Should:express a recommendation rather than necessity. Chocks should be placed under the main gear wheels during a night stop. Need:express a requirement which is necessary. The fil

34、ters need to be replaced every 500 hours. The mechanics need a special tool for the job. 4,conditions(条件从句) If/when(present simple+future, or present simple+present simple) If the normal servo valve fails, the alternative servo valve will take over.,Exercise 1,The hand pump _pressurize the yellow SY

35、S. 2,The tires _be damaged by a hard landing. 3,A safety pin_be inserted on the ground. 4,bird strikes _damage the fan blades. 5,The tank _contain 25,000 liters. 6,The unit _be replaced, but it is not mandatory. 7,You _use a mask when you cut composite materials.,四、comparisons 1，Comparative(比较级) 1）e

36、r:adjective with no more than two syllables 2)more/less+adj:adjectives with more than 2 syllables, or past/present participles/adverbs. *irregular or unusual cases,E.g.The L wing is less damaged than the R one. Carbon brakes wear more slowly than steel brakes. 2,superlatives(最高级) The+est/most The mo

37、st damaged part (the part damaged most)is the forward section.,3,conjunctions:a difference between two things can be expressed by words like But,whereas,whilst,however, (in places, instead of) E.g.1)the L navigation light is red, whereas/but the R one is green. 2)The primary flight controls are powe

38、red by three HYD SYS, however, the secondary controls are powered by two. 4,comparison for the same level: as, asas As.as:expresses quality, identity, similarity, etc. as+adj/noun+as+noun this equipment has as many functions as the other one. The wheel can be lifted as far as 105mm. Tail-plane means

39、 the same as Horizontal stabilizer. 5,double comparative:used to express two parallel progressions, states,etc. The+adj/noun, the+adj/noun,越.越,The higher the altitude, the colder the temperature. The longer the flight, the heavier the trip fuel. 五、active and passive(主动和被动) In the description and ope

40、ration section of many documents, the passive is much used.Passive sentences are impersonal. There is no mention of the person who does the job. Only the action or function id indicated. E.g.The mechanic checks the oil level.(passive) The oil level is checked.(passive) A target operates the proximit

41、y sensor. The proximity sensor is operated by a target. The passive is also used with can, must, shall, need, should, could, ect. The gear door can be opened from the ground. The circuit must be connected to the bus. Both wheels need not be changed if the damage to the tire is not so serious.,Exerci

42、se:active-passive 1,(The engineer) must inspect the air intakes for any damage. The air intake must be inspected for any damage (by engineer). 2,(You) must set the master switch to OFF. The master switch must be set to OFF. 3,(You) can adjusted the rudder pedals with a screw. The rudder pedals can b

43、e adjusted with a screw. 4,(The pilot) can rotate the trim wheel 3 times in either direction. The trim wheel can be rotated 3 times in either direction. 5,Smoke is detected by an optical sensor. An optical sensor detects smoke. 6,Static electricity is transmitted by bonding jumpers. Bonding jumpers

44、transmit static electricity. 7,The C/B must be secured. Secure the C/B.,Functions 12 common functions: quantity,duration,happening,indicating,informing,inspecting,composition,computing,making possible, compliance,prevention,and equipping. 1,quantity A few, a little, several, many 2,duration Take,las

45、t,for(+a period),since(+a starting point in the past),ago(indicate the starting point in the past),fromto(limit a duration),until(indicate the end of a period),during(a moment inside a larger period) A wheel change takes 50 minutes. The flight lasts 2 hours.,The plane has been grounded for 3 days. T

46、he plane has been grounded since Tuesday. The plane was grounded 3 days ago. This restaurant is opened from 7.am to 2 p.m T/S lasts until the failure is identified. The failure occurred during climb. 3,happening:occur, take place, happen,recur,in case of. Autopilot disengagement took place/happened/

47、occurred at FL290. Disengagement recurred immediately after the pilot reset the engagement lever. The oxygen masks drop in case of cabin depressurization. 4,indicating:display,indicate, read, show. Rate of climb is displayed on the V.S.I. The VSI indicates the rate of climb. 5,informing:notify, advi

48、se,report,tell The operations notify the flight crew of any changes in flight plan. The NOTOC informs the crew of any restricted or damaged cargo. The EFIS advises the crew of the status of the A/C. The ground engineer reports any anomalies to the flight crew. The coordinator tells the captain when

49、the passengers are ready to board.,6,inspecting:examine,inspect, check, investigate, scan,test Examine/inspect the condition of the external lighting. Check oil level. Test the fire detection loops. 7,composition:comprise, consist of, include, be made up of The gear comprises a gear leg, a shock abs

50、orber, a boggie, two axles, four wheels etc The gear consists of a gear leg, a shock absorber, a boggie, two axles, four wheels etc The gear includes a gear leg. The gear is made up of a gear leg 8, computing(计算，处理)：count,compute, calculate, estimate, evaluate(evaluation), assess(assessment). The da

51、ta recorder counts the number of cycles. The Maintenance recorder computes the MTBF. You can estimate the time of arrival. The number of manhours can be assessed. Engineer evaluates/assesses the damage./The damage needs engineers evaluation/assessment.,9,making things possible:provide, ensure, assur

52、e, make sure, permit,allow, enable The CSD provides/ensures/assures constant generator speed. The CSD permits/allows/enables the generator to rotate at a constant speed. 10,compliance(顺从，遵守)：enforce, obey, comply with, conform to He enforces/obeys the directive. He complies with/conforms to the dire

53、ctive. 11,prevention:avoid,prevent,(preventfrom.) The center fuel tank avoids making a “tech stop” for refueling on long flights. Probe heating prevents the probe from icing up. 12,equiping(配备):indicates that a component is part of an assembly. Equip, fit, provide, mount, locate The outflow valve is

54、 equipment/provided/fitted with a vacuum relief diaphragm. A vacuum relief diaphragm is mounted/located on the outflow valve.,Exercise 1,The HYD SYS c_of 3 independent SYS. 2,Turnaround _45 minutes. 3,Bird strikes usually _during take-off or approach. 4,The ADI _the A/C attitude. 5,The anti-skid SYS

55、 _the wheels from locking. 6,The audio control panel is _on the center pedestal. 7,The flight engineer _the ground crew of any failures.,States,failures, damage 一、states: *states or actions are completed, *action in progress The circuit is closed. The slats are extended.The autopilot is armed. The l

56、ight is flashing. The doors are extending. 1,brakes:apply, set, on, ,release The brakes are applied during roll-out. Parking brake is/was set.The parking brake is released for pushback. 2,electrical circuit:closed, open, shorted, short-circuited The circuit may be shorted by faulty insulation. 3,cir

57、cuit breakers, selectors. 3，Circuit breakers, selectors:pulled, safetied(breaker maintained in open position by a clip), set(on/off),trip off, pop out. The circuit breaker shall be pulled and safetied before any work is performed on the SYS.,4,data, computers:back up, clear,update, upgrade 5,doors,

58、valves, etc:closed, shut, deploy,extend, unfold, lock, latch, torque The proximity switches sense that the doors are closed and locked. The bolts are torqued to 4,000 in-lbs. The T/R doors are deployed during landing roll-out. 6,fitings:fasten, secured, tighten, loose,safety Check that access panels

59、 are closed and secured. 7,flight controls(flaps, slats, spoilers, air breakers), landing gear:extend, down, out,retract, up, in,trim 8,indicators, warning:blink(眨眼)，flash(闪烁)，illuminate, extinguish, go on/out, on/off,9,push buttons:press, hold(press and maintain), release(pressure removed), reset(press again)P143 10,SYS:activate, d