Chapterwordation英语词汇构词法

1、Chapter IV WORD-FORMATION (II),The Minor Processes of Word-formation,Acronymy,Blending,Neoclassical Formation,Miscellaneous,Clipping,Back-formation,Reduplication,Words from Proper Names,The Minor Processes of Word-formation,Acronymy 首字母拼音法,A . Initialisms 首字母连写词,B . Acronyms 首字母拼音词,It is the process

2、 of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical words.,A . Initialisms 首字母连写词,A type of shortening , using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term ,or a phrase;,pronounced letter by l

3、etter.,e.g. :,VIP very important person,BBC British Broadcasting Corporation,Three types of initialisms,The letters represent full words ( main type ),“The letters represent elements in a compound or just part of a word ”,ID Identification (card),e.g. :,ETV educational television (CETV? ),国际标准书号（Int

4、ernational Standard Book Number）简称ISBN，是国际通用的图书或独立的出版物（除定期出版的期刊）代码。出版社可以通过国际标准书号清晰的辨认所有非期刊书籍。一个国际标准书号只有一个或一份相应的出版物与之对应。新版本如果在原来旧版的基础上没有内容上太大的变动，在出版时也不会得到新的国际标准书号码。当平装本改为精装本出版时，原来相应的国际标准书号号码也应当收回。,A letter represents the complete form of the first (or the first two) word, while the second word (or th

5、e third word) is in full form.,H-bomb,e.g.,G- man,V-J Day,Victory over Japan Day 抗日战争胜利纪念日,Government man （AmE) 美国联邦调查局人员,Hydrogen bomb 氢弹,Words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.,B . Acronyms 首字母拼音词,Pronounced as words.,E: Can you pick out the

6、acronyms in the following words? EU radar TB SST SAM BFA BRICS,Difference?,Rarely appear with periods,They are as old as language itself.,They become popular since World War II.,They rapid used in modern science and technology, military, governmental and voluntary organizations.,Space saving and tim

7、e saving devices,C .Rapid growth of acronyms and initialisms,Many are collq. and infml. (p.d.q.) But some used far more frequently, even in fml writing and speech.,Give full form when first mentioned and to follow it with the recognized abbreviation in parenthesis. E.g. Prison of War (POW),政协 中国人民政治

8、协商会议,CPPCC Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference,The initialisms and acronyms used in other languages,“ 东盟 ” 东南亚国家联盟ASEAN (Association of South-east Asia Nations ),E: P90-II,NPC,CPC,CPPCC,Clipping 截短法,Four main types :,A . Back clippings B . Front clippings C . Front and back clippings D

9、 . Phrase clippings,The process of clipping is the deletion of one or more syllables from a word which is also available in its full form .,A . Back clippings ( most common ),The deletion occur at end of the word,e.g. ad = advertisement memo = memorandum,auto = automobile gent = gentleman,B . Front

10、clippings,The deletion occur at the beginning of the word,e.g. plane = airplane quake = earthquake,phone = telephone copter = helicopter,. Front clippings . Back clippings . Phrase clippings . Front and back clippings,C . Front and back clippings (not common ),The deletion occurs at both ends of a w

11、ord,e.g. fridge = refrigerator tec=(sl. detective) flu=influenza jams = pajamas,D . Phrase clippings,Shortening of a phrase,pop = popular music,e.g. perm = permanent wave narc/nark=narcotics agent,. Front clippings . Back clippings . Phrase clippings . Front and back clippings,Clipping often alters

12、spelling,biz, bike, hanky, teeny, telly, veggies,gymnasium,sergeant,gasoline,influenza,comfortable,Exercises,sarge ( sl.),gym (colloq.),gas (colloq.),flu (colloq.),comfy (colloq.),Blending 拼缀法,It is a process of word- formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of tw

13、o words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.,Definition :,Four types:,Head+ tail,Head+head,Word+ tail,Head+ word,portmanteau 混成词,E: on P91-IV,The result of such a process is called a blend, or a portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compo

14、unding and abbreviation.,E: on P91-IV,Back-formation,Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.,逆向构词法,E: Please figure out the words that they are back fo

15、rmed.,beg, beggar,sculpt, sculptor,aggress, aggression,automate, automation,enthuse, enthusiasm,merry make, merry-making,mass-produce, mass production,laze, lazy,greed, greedy,gloom, gloomy,concord, concordance,The majority of back-formed words are verbs, for verbs have a peculiar property to develo

16、p around them a number of deverbal nouns, such as the agent noun and the noun of action .,Words from proper names,The coinage of common words from proper names (gradually).,They come from all sources, like :,Movies;,Literature;,Names of places;,Names of scientists, politicians and statesmen;,Tradema

17、rks,The names of scientists,The names of politicians and statesmen,E.g. Ampere French physicist Andre Ampere,Pasteurize French chemist and father of modern bacteriology Louis Pasteur,John Hancock American revolutionary leader,E.g. Nicotine-Jean Nicot (French diplomat),The names of places,Trademarks,

18、Literature and movies,E.g. champagne Champagne, France,Watergate a building complex in Washington, D.C.,E.g. kodak,xerox,E.g. Judas, Solomonthe Bible,Shylock，JuliaShakespeare,china, japan, Berlin wall,Simmons,文曲星,Godfather,Reduplication 重叠构词法,It is a type of word-formation by which a compound word i

19、s created by the repetition of,One word (go-go, yo- yo, wee-wee),(2) Two almost identical words with a change in the vowels (ping-pong, shilly-shally, tick-tock),(3) Two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants (teeny-weeny, willy-nilly),Common uses of reduplicatives,Imitate so

20、unds,2. Suggest alternating movements,tick-tick (of a watch),seesaw : up-and-down or to-and-fro motion,quack-quack( of a duck),e.g.,e.g.,zigzag,Express ones contempt of character , appearance and behavior of a person e.g. clever-clever “ostentatiously clever ”,4. Disparage by suggesting that somethi

21、ng is in disorder, or of small value, or of inferior quality e.g.,Hurry-scurry “proceed in disorderly haste ”,5. To show ones approval,e.g. Super-duper “extremely great ,impressive”,Neoclassical Formation,Neoclassical formation denotes the process by which new words are formed from elements derived

22、from Latin and Greek .,The majority are scientific and technical,Definition :,新古典词构成法,aeroacostics n. 空气声学 “the study of sound propagation in the air and its effect on the environment ”,bacteriocin n. 细菌素 “ISV an antibacterial agent produced by bacteria ”,Examples :,(International Scientific Vocabulary) in the 3rd Webster to denote that they are known to be current in at least one language other than English.,Miscellaneous 混杂词,An