语言学总复习

1、语言学总复习,Chapter1 Invitations to linguistics,1. the definition and the design features of language语言的定义与特征 2. the origin and the function of language语言的起源和功能 3.main branches of linguistics study语言学研究的范围和内容 4. important distinctions in linguistics语言学的一些重要概念的区分,Definition of language,Language is a syste

2、m of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,Design features of language,1. arbitrariness任意性 2. duality二重性 3. creativity创造性 4. displacement不受时空限制性/移位性,Origin of language,Divine- origin theory 神授说 Bow-wow theory 汪汪理论 摹声说 Pooh-pooh theory 噗噗理论 感叹说 Yo-he-ho theory 呦嘿吼理论 劳动叫喊说,Functions of

3、 language,1. informative function信息功能 2. interpersonal function 人际功能 3. performative function 施为功能 4. emotive function 感情功能 5. phatic communion 寒暄交谈 6. recreational function 娱乐功能 7. metalingual function 元语言功能,Definition of linguistics,Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 语言学是对语言的科学研究。,Ma

4、in branches of linguistics,1. phonetics 语音学 2. phonology 音系学 3. morphology 形态学 4. syntax 句法学 5. semantics 语义学 6. pragmatics 语用学,Macrolinguistics,1. psycholinguistics 心理语言学 2. sociolinguistics 社会语言学 3. anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 4. computational linguistics 计算机语言学,Important distinctions in lin

5、guistics,1. prescriptive & descriptive 规定式和描写式 2. synchronic & diachronic 共时研究与历时研究 3. langue & parole 语言与言语 4. competence & performance 语言能力与语言运用,Chapter2 Speech sounds,1. speech organs 发音器官 2. distinction, classification and the criteria of description between consonants and vowels 辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规

6、则 3. coarticulation and phonetic transcriptions 协同发音和语音转写,4. phonmes and allophones音位和音位变体 5. phonological process, phonological rules and distinctive features 音系过程、音系规则和区别特征 6. syllable structure, stress and intonation音节结构 重音和语调,Major branches of phonetics,Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 Acoustic phon

7、etics 声学语音学 Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学,Speech organs,The lungs（肺），the tracheatrek(气管), the throat（咽喉）, the nose and the mouth The mouth: the tongue, the palate plt(颚) The throat: pharynx frks(upper)(咽), larynx lrks (lower)(喉头) The vocal tract(声道): the pharynx, mouth, and nose The mouth: the oral cavit

8、y(口腔) The nose: the nasal cavity(鼻腔),Table 2.1 A chart of English consonants,English vowels(RP),Four basic requirements for the description of vowels 1) the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low) 2) the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back) 3) the length or tenseness o

9、f the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short) 4) lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded),Coarticulation协同发音,anticipatory coarticulation (先期协同发音). lamb it is perseverative coarticulation (后滞协同发音).map,Phonetic transcription标音,Narrow transcription严式标音 Broad transcription 宽式标音,Phonemes and allophones音位与音位变

10、体,1. minimal pairs 最小对立体 2. phoneme 音位 3. allophones 音位变体 4. complementary distribution 互补分布 5. free variation 自由变体,Assimilation rule 同化规则,Progressive assimilation 顺同化 map Regressive assimilation 逆同化 lamb,Suprasegmental features超音段特征,Syllable音节 Stress重音 Tone声调 Intonation语调,The syllable structure, 音节

11、 Onset 节首 Rime韵基 Nucleus节核 Coda节尾 k r k t,Chapter 3 From morpheme to phrase,1. the formation of word词的构成 2. the classification of word 词的分类 3. word formation（1）：from morpheme to word构词法1：从词素到词 4. word formation（2）：lexical change 构词法2：词汇的变化,The formation of word词的构成,1. morpheme 词素 2. free morpheme 自由

12、词素 3. bound morpheme 黏着词素 4. root 词根 5. stem 词干 6. affix 词缀 7. inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折词缀与派生词缀,The classification of word 词的分类,1 variable and invariable words可变词与不变词 2 grammatical (functional) and lexical (content) words词汇词和语法词 3 closed-class and open-class words 封闭类词和开放类词 4 word

13、 class词类,Word formation(1):from morpheme to word构词法1：从词素到词,1. inflectional morphology 屈折构词 2. derivational morphology (root+affix)派生构词 （其中包含compounding(word+word)）,Word formation(2): lexical change构词法2：词汇的变化,1. Invention 新创词语 2. Blending 混拼词 3. abbreviation (clipping) 缩写词 4. Acronym 首字母缩写词 5. Back-f

14、ormation 逆构词法 6. Analogical creation类推构词 7. class shift 词性变换 8. Borrowing 外来词,Chapter 4 From Word to Text,1. Syntactic relations句法关系 2. Grammatical construction and its constituents语法结构与成分 3. Syntactic function句法功能 4. Category 范畴 5. Phrase, clause and sentence 6. Recursiveness递归性 7. Beyond the sente

15、nce,Definition of syntax,Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationship between elements in sentence structures. 句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。,Syntactic relations句法关系,1. positional rela

16、tion位置关系 2. relation of substitutability替代关系 3. relation of co-occurrence同现关系 注意每种关系的不同名称及举例,Functional approach功能学派,Identification of Subject, Predicate, (predicator) Object.,The structural approach结构主义学派(Saussure),IC Analysis: Immediate Constituent Analysis直接成分分析法 Tree diagram树形图 Endocentric and e

17、xocentric constructions向心结构与离心结构（有无head） Coordination and subordination并列与从属（有几个head）,Traditional approach传统学派,Number数(singular, plural, dual etc.) Gender 性(masculine, feminine, neuter) Case 格 (accusative宾格, nominative, 主格dative与格 etc.) Agreement 一致性(anaphoric前照应, head and its dependent与中心词的一致, verb

18、 and subject 主谓一致),Phrase, clause and sentence,Phrase & word group Clause (finite&non-finite, coordinate and subordinate clause) Sentence,Recursiveness 递归性,Conjoining并列 Embedding从属,Beyond the sentence,Sentential connection句子 Cohesion 衔接 Cohesion is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than

19、with syntax. It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.,Cohesive devices衔接手段,conjunction连接词 ellipsis省略 lexical collocation词汇搭配 lexical repetition词汇重复 reference所指 substitution,替换 etc.,Chapter 5 Meaning,1. Leechs seven types of meaning 2. referential theory

20、指称论 3. sense relations涵义关系 4. sense relations between sentences句子之间的涵义关系 5. componential analysis语义成分分析法 6. sentence meaning,Leechs seven types of meaning,1. conceptual meaning概念意义 2. connotative meaning内涵意义 3. social meaning社会意义 4. affective meaning情感意义 5. reflected meaning反射意义 6. collocative meani

21、ng搭配意义 7. thematic meaning主位意义,Referential theory指称论,1. definition The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. 将词的意义和它所指或所代表的事物联系起来的意义理论叫做指称论。,Semantic triangle语义三角 Sense and reference涵义和所指,Sense relations 涵义

22、关系,1. synonymy同义关系 2. antonymy反义关系 3. hyponymy上下义关系 4. polysemy一词多义 5. homonymy同音/同形异义关系,Sense relations between sentences,1. synonymy同义关系 2. inconsistency不一致关系 3. entailment蕴含关系 4. presupposition预设关系 5. contradiction自相矛盾 6. semantic anomalynmli语义异常,Componential analysis语义成分分析法,Componential analysis

23、 is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach is based on the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic components, semantic features or semes.,father: PARENT (x, y) & MALE (x) x is a parent of y, and x is male.

24、 take: CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y) x causes x to have y. give: CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y) x causes x not to have y. die :BECOME(x, (ALIVE (x) x becomes not alive. How about “Kill”? kill : CAUSE(x, (BECOME (y, ( ALIVE ( y) x causes y to become not alive.,Sentence meaning,An integrated theory综合理论 Logical seman

25、tics逻辑语义学（propositional logic命题逻辑） （predicate logic 谓词逻辑）,Chapter 8 Language in use,1. sentence meaning and utterance meaning 2. speech act theory言语行为理论 3. conversational implicature会话含义理论,Speech Act Theory言语行为理论,Performatives and constatives施为句和叙事句 Theory of illocutionary act行事行为理论 Locutionary act发话行为 Illocutionary act行事行为/言外之意 Pe