学术英语 综合 Unit 1 课件

1、,学术英语 综合,Academic English An Integrated Course,1,PPT学习交流,What is EAP?,English for Academic Purposes/EAP,内容：教材分为学术英语综合、人文、理工、社科等。我们的课程分为读学科主题文章、听专业相关讲座、练学术口语、写学科专业论文以及做学科相关研究等环节。,目标：训练对信息的获取、分析、整合、利用能力；提高学生撰写学期论文及学术论文的技能；帮助学生过度到专业双语课程及全英课程学习；全面培养学生的学业能力、思辨创新能力和解决实际问题的学术研究能力。,2,PPT学习交流,3,PPT学习交流,Unit

2、1Economics,Unit Contents,Unit objectives,Text A,Text B,Text C,Academic language and discourse,Listening,Speaking,Writing,4,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Unit Objectives,1. Professional Knowledge Get acquainted with some important economic concepts(e.g. the invisible hand, signaling theory, antitrust law,

3、comparative advantage,etc.) 2. Reading Summarize the main ideas of a text and identify essential supporting points Understand difficult sentences (e.g., sentences with abstract meaning or ambiguous reference) Analyze complex or controversial issues critically (e.g. monopoly, free market vs. governme

4、nt regulation, etc.),5,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Unit Objectives,3. Listening Make predictions about the content of a lecture 4. Speaking Ask for information and clarification in a polite and effective way Learn to do interviews and report the findings in an oral presentation 5. Writing Understand wha

5、t kind of topic is suitable and manageable for a term paper,6,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Unit Objectives,6. Researching Independently locate and study a variety of resources (articles, books, videos, etc.) to know more about the Microsoft case 7. Academic language and discourse Know what is specialized

6、 vocabulary and acquire some specialized vocabulary of economics Understand the functions of parenthetical statements Comprehend stylistic differences between formal and informal English and acquire some formal expressions,7,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text A Lead-in,How do you celebrate Spring Festival

7、? Write down your activities in the table in the textbook and analyze whose skill and labor are required to make these activities possible. Share your answers with your partner and discuss the following questions: Whats the power that leads people to work and cooperate? What do you understand about

8、economic life from the table?,8,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Cultural Points,1. Contribute as much as possible what you know about the following: Thanksgiving Adam Smith the invisible hand,9,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text A Supplementary information,1. Thanksgiving It is an annual national holiday in the U

9、.S. and Canada. Americans celebrate Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November, honoring the early Plymouth settlers and their harvest feast. They commonly trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, where the Plymouth settlers held a harvest feast after a s

10、uccessful season. Although prayers and thanks were probably offered at the 1621 harvest gathering, the first recorded religious Thanksgiving in Plymouth happened two years later in 1623. On this occasion, the colonists gave thanks to God for rain after a nearly catastrophic drought.,10,PPT学习交流,Unit

11、1Economics,Text A Supplementary information,2. The invisible hand The invisible hand is a metaphor used by Adam Smith to describe the natural force that guides free market capitalism through competition for scarce resources. The general idea is that individuals pursuing self-interest end up doing wh

12、at is best for society as if guided by an invisible hand. For example, when the price of something increases due to higher demand or lower supply, more people will start producing it. This is done out of self-interest, but it also benefits society. As a whole it will make the goods available to more

13、 people as well as lowering the price again.,11,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Adam Smith(16 June 1723 17 July 1790) was a Scottishmoral philosopher, pioneer ofpolitical economy, and keyScottish Enlightenmentfigure. Smith is best known for two classic works:The Theory of Moral Sentiments(1759), andAn Inqui

14、ry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations(1776). The latter, usually abbreviated asThe Wealth of Nations, is considered the first modern work ofeconomics. Smith is cited as the father of modern economics and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today.,1

15、2,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text A Overview,1. Summarize the main ideas of Text A. 2. Do Task 1/Critical reading and thinking.,Use the labor and skills behind the Thanksgiving weekend as examples to illustrate the concept of “the invisible hand”,Echo the beginning, emphasizing we should be grateful to

16、 the miracle on this Thanksgiving Day and every day,13,PPT学习交流,Giving thanks for the invisible hand,1. GRATITUDE TO THE ALMIGHTY is the theme of Thanksgiving, and has been ever since the Pilgrims of Plymouth brought in their first good harvestToday, in millions of homes across the nation, God will b

17、e thanked for many gifts for the feast on the table and the company of loved ones, for health and good fortune in the year gone by, for peace at home in a time of war, for the incalculable privilege of having been born or having become American.,14,PPT学习交流,2.But it probably wont occur to too many of

18、 us to give thanks for the fact that the local supermarket had plenty of turkey for sale this week. Even the devout arent likely to thank God for airline schedules that made it possible for some of those loved ones to fly home for Thanksgiving. Or for the arrival ofMaster and Commander at the local

19、movie theater in time for the holiday weekend. Or for that greatcranberry-apple pie recipein the food section of the newspaper.,15,PPT学习交流,3. Those things we take more or less for granted. It hardly takes a miracle to explain why grocery stores stock up on turkey before Thanksgiving, or why Hollywoo

20、d releases big movies in time for big holidays. Thats what theydo.Where is God in that? 4. And yet, isnt there something wondrous something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers?,16,PPT学习交流,5. To bring that

21、 turkey to the dining room table, for example, required the efforts of thousands of people the poultry farmers who raised the birds, of course, but also the feed distributors who supplied their nourishment and the truckers who brought it to the farm, not to mention the architect who designed the hat

22、chery, the workmen who built it, and the technicians who keep it running. The bird had to be slaughtered and defeathered and inspected and transported and unloaded and wrapped and priced and displayed. The people who accomplished those tasks were supported in turn by armies of other people accomplis

23、hing other tasks from refining the gasoline that fueled the trucks to manufacturing the plastic in which the meat was packaged.,17,PPT学习交流,6. The activities of countless far-flung men and women over the course of many months had to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed, so that when you s

24、howed up to buy a fresh Thanksgiving turkey, there would be one or more likely, a few dozen waiting. The level of coordination that was required to pull it off is mind-boggling. But what is even more mind-boggling is this: No one coordinated it.,18,PPT学习交流,7. No turkey czar sat in a command post som

25、ewhere, consulting a master plan and issuing orders. No one rode herd on all those people, forcing them to cooperate for your benefit. And yet they did cooperate. When you arrived at the supermarket, your turkey was there. You didnt have to do anything but show up to buy it. If that isnt a miracle,

26、what should we call it?,19,PPT学习交流,8. Adam Smithcalled it the invisible hand the mysterious power that leads innumerable people, each working for his own gain, to promote ends that benefit many. Out of the seeming chaos of millions of uncoordinated private transactions emerges the spontaneous order

27、of the market. Free human beings freely interact, and the result is an array of goods and services more immense than the human mind can comprehend. No dictator, no bureaucracy, no supercomputer plans it in advance. Indeed, the more an economyisplanned, the more it is plagued by shortages, dislocatio

28、n, and failure.,20,PPT学习交流,9. The social order of freedom, like the wealth and the progress it makes possible, is an extraordinary gift from above. On this Thanksgiving Day and on every day, may we be grateful. (Jeff Jacoby is a columnist for The Boston Globe).,21,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text A In-d

29、epth analysis,2. Focus on some of the difficult sentences in Text A by doing Task 2/Critical reading and thinking. 3. Have a group discussion about the questions in Task 3/Critical reading and thinking,22,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text B Text Analysis,What is case study?,A case study is a descriptive

30、or explanatory analysis of a person, group or unit. An explanatory case study (e.g. Case 1/Text B) is used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles.,23,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text B Text Analysis,2. How do you understand the title “Gifts as signals”?,Signaling theory is useful fo

31、r describing behavior when two parties have access to different information. Typically, the signal sender chooses whether and how to communicate certain information, while the receiver chooses how to interpret the signal. Signaling theory tackles a fundamental problem of communication and applies in

32、 various areas.,24,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Back in 1974, Nobel laureate Michael Spence introduced the notion of signaling in economic thinking. Spence developed the theory of signaling to show how better-informed individuals in the market communicate their information to the less-well-informed to av

33、oid the problems associated with adverse selection.,Text B Text Analysis,25,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,3. Work in groups of 4-5 to discuss the questions in Task 1/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text B.,4. Read Case 2 quickly and try to summarize the main idea of Case 2 on the basis of Task 2/Critical Re

34、ading and Thinking/Text B.,Text B Text Analysis,26,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text B Text Analysis,Internet browser,Windows operating system,deter,entering the market and offering new products,cars today include many built-in products,monopoly,reliable,easier to use,80,severely limited,changing,competi

35、tors,low,27,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text B Researching,Form into teams to do the task in Researching/Text B. Within each team, there are: facilitator: Think about the whole group and manage the task Make sure everyone feels included and has a job to do before and during the discussion. Preside over

36、the classroom discussion. recorder: Make notes of the group discussion. Work with the reporter, who will have to read from the notes. reporter: Summarize and present the results to the class. Speak on behalf of the group.,28,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text B Supplementary information,Microsoft case Uni

37、ted States v. Microsoft Corporation is an antitrust law case. It was initiated in 1998 by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and 20 states. In this case, Microsoft was accused of abusing monopoly power, and the central issue was whether Microsoft was allowed to bundle Internet Explorer wi

38、th its operating system. Microsoft claimed that Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer were inherently linked together and the merging of the two was the result of innovation. The case was ultimately settled by DOJ.,29,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text B Supplementary information,Microsoft case The prop

39、osed settlement required Microsoft to share its application programming interfaces with third-party companies and appoint a panel of three people who will have full access to Microsofts systems, records, and source code for five years in order to ensure compliance.20 However, the DOJ did not require

40、 Microsoft to change any of its code nor prevent Microsoft from tying other software with Windows in the future.,30,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Contribute what you know about the following terms and then give examples as many as possible.,Comparative advantage Free trade,Text C Text Analysis,31,PPT学习交流,

41、Unit 1Economics,Text C Supplementary information,David Ricardo David Ricardo (1772-1823) is an English economist who gave systematized, classical form to the rising science of economics in the 19th century. At age 27, after reading Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations, Ricardo got very interested in ec

42、onomics. He wrote his first economics article at 37 and then spent the rest of his life as a professional economist. In one of his most famous books On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Ricardo clearly illustrates the theory of comparative advantage.,32,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text C

43、 Supplementary information,An inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (国富论) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations，usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is Adam Smiths masterpiece. It was first published in 1776, and is widely considered to be the

44、first modern work in economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the book touches upon broad topics as the division of labour, productivity and free market.,33,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Text C Supplementary information,Comparative advantage Comparativ

45、e advantage is an economic theory first developed by English economist David Ricardo. A person has a comparative advantage at producing something if he can produce it at lower cost than anyone else. And having a comparative advantage is not the same as being the best at something. It can explain why

46、 a country might produce and export things that it doesnt seem good at producing when compared directly to another country.,34,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,2. Do the translation task in Text C.,每一个精明的一家之主都知道，如果买一样东西所花的钱比在家里自己生产所花的成本要小，那就永远不要尝试在家里生产。裁缝不会去做自己的鞋子，而向鞋匠购买；鞋匠不会去做自己的衣服，而雇裁缝来做；农民不会去做鞋也不想缝衣，宁愿雇用不

47、同的工匠来做。他们都会为了自身的利益而采取某种方式来利用整个产业，在这种方式里，他们会比邻居更有优势，并用自己生产的一部分产品或者相同的东西，即以一部分产品的价格来购买他们所需要的其它任何物品。,Text C Text Analysis,35,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Academic language and discourse,1. What is specialized vocabulary. ? 2. Do Task 1 Specialized vocabulary/Language building-up/Text A.,Specialized Vocabula

48、ry,36,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Academic language and discourse,3. Additional classroom activity: Translate the following economic terms, which appear in Texts B and C, from Chinese into English. 信号传递理论 市场支配力 商品 反垄断法 垄断 相对优势 股票经纪人 税收（制度）,37,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Academic language and discourse,Suppl

49、ementary information,Effects of parenthetical statements A traditional parenthetical statement is a thought enclosed in parentheses. Brackets and dashes may also be used. According to Handbook of Effective Writing (by Walter K. Smart), the information in a parenthetical statement is not crucial to t

50、he sentence, but is related to the main statement. The following are possible functions of a parenthetical statement:,38,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Academic language and discourse,Supplementary information,It allows a writer to insert extra information without creating a new sentence. The extra informa

51、tion may be too short to require a full sentence. Or if a full sentence is created for the extra information, it may cause a departure from the theme. A parenthetical statement marked by dash can in fact stand out. In other words, the obvious separation serves to emphasize the interrupter. A parenth

52、etical statement interrupts the normal flow of a sentence, thus creating a variety in sentence rhythm. A parenthetical statement slows down the development of a sentence. This might help to create a sense of suspension. When using parenthetical statements, please pay attention to the following point

53、s:,39,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Academic language and discourse,Supplementary information,If your sentence ends with parenthetical material, place the period outside of the parenthesis. For example, They can be taken from myth, from history, or from contemporary occurrence, or they can be pure inventi

54、on (but even if they are invented, they are nonetheless constructed from the constant materials of real experience, no matter how fantastic the invention). If you have a parenthetical statement independent of a sentence, capitalize the first word and place the period within the parentheses. For exam

55、ple, Her gown was covered with jewels. (Those jewels must have cost a fortune.) Keep in mind that the rest of the sentence should still flow naturally.,40,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Academic language and discourse,Signpost language,3. Additional Classroom Activity: Find parenthetical statements in Text

56、 B.,But your reaction is very different when someone who (you hope) loves you does the same thing. (Para.3) It is costly (it takes time), and its cost depends on the private information (how much he loves her).(Para. 4) Certainly, the case did not lack drama. It pitted one of the worlds richest men

57、(Bill Gates) against one of the worlds most powerful regulatory agencies (the U. S. Justice Department). Testifying for the government was a prominent economist (MIT professor Franklin Fisher). Testifying for Microsoft was an equally prominent economist (MIT professor Richard Schmalensee). At stake

58、was the future of one of the worlds most valuable companies (Microsoft) in one of the economys fastest growing industries (computer software).(Para. 6),41,PPT学习交流,Unit 1Economics,Academic language and discourse,Signpost language,The government claimed that Microsoft was bundling these two products t

59、ogether to expand the market power it had in the market for computer operating systems into an unrelated market (for Internet browsers).(Para.7) It also argued that the low price it charged for Windows about $50, or only 3 % of the price of a typical computer was evidence that its market power was severely limited.(Para.9),42,PP