第九讲 用于汇率风险管理的衍生产品ppt.ppt_第1页
第九讲 用于汇率风险管理的衍生产品ppt.ppt_第2页
第九讲 用于汇率风险管理的衍生产品ppt.ppt_第3页
第九讲 用于汇率风险管理的衍生产品ppt.ppt_第4页
第九讲 用于汇率风险管理的衍生产品ppt.ppt_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩32页未读, 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

1、第五章,用于汇率风险管理 的衍生产品 货币期货与远期市场,远期市场如何管理外汇风险,1. How MNCs Use Forward Contracts A forward contract is an agreement between a corporation and a commercial bank to exchange a specified amount of a currency at a specified exchange rate (called the forward rate). When MNCs anticipate a future need for or fu

2、ture receipt of a foreign currency, they can set up forward contracts to lock in the rate at which they can purchase or sell a particular foreign currency.,A forward hedge of the dollar,Underlying position of a French exporter (long $s) Sell $s forward at Ft/$ (short $s and long s) Net position,+$40

3、 million,+40 million,-$40 million,+40 million,-Goods,The forward contract provides a perfect hedge because the size and timing of the hedge transaction exactly offsets the size and timing of the underlying exposure.,Forward Market,2. Non-Deliverable Forward Contracts a. New type b. Frequently used f

4、or currency in emerging markets NDF是新兴市场货币频繁使用的一种远期合约。它也是一种约定在未来结算日,对约定数额的约定货币,按照约定的远期汇率进行交割的一种远期合同。但该合同在未来将不产生货币的实际交割,而是合约中的一方在未来的结算日向合约另一方进行一定的支付。(无本金非交割远期合约) c. No delivery required d. One party to the agreement makes a payment to the other party based on the exchange rate at the future date.,非交割

5、远期合约案例,例:假设现在是4月1日,美国一家跨国公司将在7月1日向德国供应商支付1亿欧元。该公司将与银行签订一个非交割远期合约。非交割远期合约中将约定货币(欧元)、结算日(距今天90天)和所谓的参考汇率,而该参考汇率将在结算日用盯市的方法确定。具体来说,该合约中包含以下信息: (1)买入1亿欧元; (2)结算日为7月1日; (3)汇率参考指数为90天后欧元区中央银行报出的欧元收市汇率。,假设现在欧元汇率为$1.20/,则公司在将来结算时所需要的金额为1.2亿美元。如果到了7月1日,欧元汇率上升为$1.30/,则该非交割远期合同中规定的头寸价值将上升为1.3亿美元。由于该公司的合约头寸价值比3

6、个月前签约时的价值增加了1000万美元,因此, 该公司将从银行那里得到1000万美元的支付。 而该公司在7月1日购买欧元所花费的美元成本与在4月1日购买相比,多花费了1000万美元,在非交割远期合约中从银行那里得到的1000万美元正好可以冲抵因欧元汇率升值而增加的本币成本。 如果到了7月1日,欧元汇率贬值为$1.0/,则该非交割远期合同中规定的头寸价值将下降为1.亿美元。由于该公司的合约头寸价值比3个月前签约时的价值减少了1000万美元,因此, 该公司将向银行支付1000万美元,因为,企业为支付进口而购买欧元的本币成本减少了1000万美元。,货币远期与期货市场,Comparing curren

7、cy futures contracts to currency forward contracts and shows how they are priced by the marketplace. Emphasis is placed on how currency futures contracts are similar to, and yet different from, forward contracts.,Forward versus Futures Contracts,Forwards are a pure credit instrument Forwards are a z

8、ero-sum game, and one party always has an incentive to default(违约动机) The futures contract solution A futures exchange clearinghouse takes one side of every transaction (and makes sure that its exposures cancel one another) Contracts are marked-to-market daily Require initial and maintenance margins,

9、Forwards versus futures,ForwardsFutures CounterpartyBankCME Clearinghouse (Forward contracts are created by commercial and investment banks, whereas futures contracts are usually found on futures exchanges) MaturityNegotiated 3rd week of the month (US) AmountNegotiated Standard contract size FeesBid

10、-ask买卖价差 Commissions手续费 CollateralNegotiated Margin account保证金帐户 SettlementAt maturity在到期日 Most are settled early,期货合约与远期合约的区别,期货合约与远期合约虽然都是在交易时约定在将来某一时间按约定的条件买卖一定数量的某种标的物的合约,但他们存在诸多区别,主要有: (1)标准化程度不同 远期合约遵循契约自由原则,合约中的相关条件如标的物的质量、数量、交割地点和交割时间都是依据双方的需要确定的;期货合约则是标准化的,期货交易所为各种标的物的期货合约制定了标准化的数量、质量、交割地点、

11、交割时间、交割方式、合约规模等条款。 (2)交易场所不同 远期合约没有固定的场所,交易双方各自寻找合适的对象;期货合约则在交易所内交易,一般不允许场外交易。 (3)违约风险不同 远期合约的履行仅以签约双方的信誉为担保,一旦一方无力或不愿履约时,另一方就得蒙受损失;期货合约的履行则由交易所或清算公司提供担保。,Forwards versus futures,Futures contracts are similar to forward contracts Futures contracts are like a bundle of consecutive one-day forward con

12、tracts (期货合约是一连串可更新的1天期远期合约的组合: Each day, the previous days forward contract is replaced by a new one-day forward contract with a delivery price(交货价 ) equal to the closing price from the previous days contract. 如三个月期的远期合约,相当于90个可更新的1天期的远期合约 Daily settlement(每日结算) is the biggest difference between a

13、forward and a futures contract Futures and forwards are nearly identical in their ability to hedge risk,Hedging with forwards and futures,Forward contracts can be tailored(可定制) to match the underlying exposure Forward contracts thus can provide a perfect hedge of transaction exposure to currency ris

14、k Futures contracts will not provide a perfect hedge if they do not match the underlying exposures Currency mismatch - there may not be a futures contract in the currency that you would like to hedge Maturity mismatch(期限错配) - there may not be a futures contract expiring到期 on the same day as your und

15、erlying transaction exposure Contract size mismatch - the underlying transaction exposure may not be an even increment(增量) of existing futures contracts These mismatches are not a problem for forward contracts because forward contracts can be custom tailored(可量身定做 )to the particular circumstance.,In

16、terest rate parity revisited(重温),Some definitions St,Td/f = spot price at time t for expiry(期满) at time T Ft,Td/f = forward price at time t for expiry at time T Futt,Td/f = futures price at time t for expiry at time T Forward and futures prices are equal through interest rate parity Interest rate pa

17、rity is usually expressed as a forward-looking relation(前瞻性的关系 )from time zero to time t. (Ftd/f / S0d/f) = (1+id)/(1+if)t In the slide, IRP is expressed as a backward-looking relation from time t through the expiration date T Futt,Td/f = Ft,Td/f = Std/f (1+id)/(1+if)T-t STd/f (as t T),Spot and futu

18、res price convergence at expiration,Maturity mismatches and Delta hedges,期货套期又称为Delta hedges ,是因为期货合约与外汇暴露的到期日期限不一致造成的。当存在到期日不匹配时,期货套期保值被称为Delta 套期保值。 If there is a maturity mismatch, futures contracts may not provide a perfect hedge The difference (id-if) is called the basis,The basis determines th

19、e relation of futures prices to spot prices through interest rate parity. The risk of change in the relation between futures and spot prices is called basis risk(基差风险是指即期价格与期货价格间发生不确定性变化的风险) When there is a maturity mismatch, basis risk makes a futures hedge slightly riskier than a forward hedge,Del

20、ta值(),又称对冲值:是衡量标的资产价格变动时,期货价格的变化幅度,Dec 16,Oct 26,Mar 13,-S$10million underlying obligation,Futures expiration date following the cash flow,Delta 套期保值的例子,time 0,time t=227/365天,Sept 11,Futures expiration date following the cash flow,An example of a delta hedge,There are 227days between March 13 and O

21、ctober 26. 利用9月11日到期的期货合约进行套期保值仅仅能规避截止9月11日的外汇风险。该公司从该期货合约结束至10月26日期间仍有外汇风险。 The December futures contract is a better choice because it can hedge currency risk through October 26 and then be sold. December 16 is 278 days after March 13. so the time until expiration of the December contract is T=(27

22、8/365)of one year. 假定3月13日即期汇率为S0$/s$0.6010/s$,美元的年利率为: i$6.24% 新加坡元的年利率为:is$4.04% 根据利率平价,10月26日到期的远期合约价格是: F0,t$/s$ = S0$/s$ (1+i$)/(1+is$)t (0.6010)(1+6.24%)/(1+4.04%)227/365=$0.6089/s$ 该公司通过持有远期多头合约就能完全套期保值:在10月26日,以($0.6089/s$)(s$10,000,000)=$6,089,000.购买新加坡元用来偿还到期债务 下面我们会看到,利用12月16日到期的期货合约套期保值的

23、效果不是最精确的或完全的。,An example of a delta hedge,该公司利用期货合约套期:12月到期的期货合约价格: Fut0,T$/s$ = S0$/s$ (1+i$)/(1+is$)T (0.6010)(1+6.24%)/(1+4.04%)278/365=$0.6107/s$ 同时,根据远期汇率预测法,10月26日的即期汇率是: ES0,t$/s$ = F0,t$/s$ =$0.6089/s$ 有三种情况: 情况一:基差不变:basis i$-s$=6.24%-4.04%=2.20%,因此,10月26日的即期汇率不变,仍是=$0.6089/s$,在10月26日,到12月1

24、6日交割的期货合约价格就建立在之前预期的即期汇率: St$/s$ =$0.6089/s$的基础上,期限T-t27822751天: Futt,T$/s$ = St$/s$ (1+i$)/(1+is$)T-t (0.6089)(1+6.24%)/(1+4.04%)51/365=$0.6107/s$ 此时,公司在期货与现货的损益为零:(期货是多头,现货是空头) Profit on futures: Futt,T$/s$ - Fut0,T$/s$ =$0.6107/s$-$0.6107/s$=0 Profit on underlying short position in the spot curre

25、ncy: -(St$/s$ - ESt$/s$ )=-(=$0.6089/s$- $0.6089/s$=0,An example of a delta hedge,情况二:10月26日,新加坡利率上升至: is$=4.54%,导致新元汇率上升至: St$/s$ =$0.6255/s$ 因此,在10月26日,到12月16日交割的期货合约价格就变为: Futt,T$/s$ = St$/s$ (1+i$)/(1+is$)T-t (0.6255)(1+6.24%)/(1+4.54%)51/365=$0.6269/s$ 此时,公司在期货与现货的损益: Profit on futures: Futt,T$

26、/s$ - Fut0,T$/s$ =$0.6269/s$-$0.6107/s$=$0.0162/s$ Loss on underlying short position in the spot currency: -(St$/s$ - ESt$/s$ )=-(=$0.6255/s$- $0.6089/s$=-$0.0166/s$ 净损益+0.01620.0166$0.0004/s$,损失总额为:$4000(总债务支出是10百万) 损失增加是因为新加坡利率上升,基差改变所致。,An example of a delta hedge,情况三:10月26日,美元利率上升至: i$=6.74%,导致新

27、元汇率贬值至: St$/s$ =$0.5774/s$ 因此,在10月26日,到12月16日交割的期货合约价格就变为: Futt,T$/s$ = St$/s$ (1+i$)/(1+is$)T-t (0.5774)(1+6.74%)/(1+4.04%)51/365=$0.5795/s$ 此时,公司在期货与现货的损益: Profit on futures: Futt,T$/s$ - Fut0,T$/s$ =$0.5795/s$-$0.6107/s$ =$0.0312/s$ Loss on underlying short position in the spot currency: -(St$/s$

28、 - ESt$/s$ )=-(=$0.5774/s$- $0.6089/s$=+$0.0315/s$ 净损益 $0.0312/s$ +$0.0315/s$ +$0.0003/s$,损失总额为:$3000(总债务支出是10百万) 所得增加是因为新加坡利率上升,基差改变所致。 但总的来讲,futures contracts can provide very good hedge, because basis risk is small relative to currency risk.,Contract size mismatch and the Hedge Ratio,The Forward

29、Hedge: The hedge ratio NF*of a future position is defined as NF*of=Amount in forward position/Amount exposed to currency risk=-1 The Futures Hedge: 是指保值者持有期货合约的头寸多少与需要保值的基础资产之间的比率。 即期汇率变化率与期货汇率变化率的关系如下: std/f = a + b futtd/f + et std/f=percentage change in the spot rate futtd/f=percentage change in

30、the futures price std/f = (Std/f-St-1d/f)/St-1d/f and futtd/f = (Futtd/f-Futt-1d/f)/Futt-1d/f d = domestic currency f1 = currency in which the underlying exposure is denominated f2 = currency used to hedge against the underlying exposure f = foreign currency when f1 = f2,futtd/f,std/f,定义b :它用来衡量期货价格

31、与即期价格变化的关系。 The hedge ratio is used to minimize the variance of the hedged position NFut*=(Amount in futures)/(Amount exposed) =-b (通过历史数据对上式回归可以得出b ) 对冲质量(Hedge quality)可由r-square来衡量,其取值在(0,1)之间。如果r2很高,则表明对冲的基差风险低,对冲质量高。反之,如果r2很低,则表明对冲的基差风险高,对冲质量低。,Contract size mismatch and the Hedge Ratio,假设b1.02

32、5,则期货套期保值比率: NFut*=(Amount in futures)/(Amount exposed) =-b 1.025 推出: Amount in futures (1.025)( Amount exposed) 如上例中,该公式有100000新元的空头,需要持有的期货多头为: Amount in futures (1.025)( 10000000) s$10,250,000 芝加哥商品期货交易所一份新元期货合约金额为125,000,所以,持有期货合约的规模为82 份期货合约:10,250,000/125,000=82,An example of a CME delta hedge

33、,It is now January 8. You need to hedge a 100 million obligation due on June 3. The spot exchange rate is S0$/ = $1.10/ A 100,000 CME euro futures contract expires on June 16 Based on st$/ = a + b futt$/ + et , you estimate b = 1.020 with r2 = 0.95. How many CME futures contracts(芝加哥商品交易所期货合约) shoul

34、d you buy to minimize the risk of your hedged position?,The delta hedge solution,The optimal hedge ratio for this delta hedge is given by NFut* =(amount in futures)/(amount exposed) = -b (amount in futures) = (-b)(amount exposed) = (-1.020)(-100 million) = 102 million or (102 million) / (100,000/con

35、tract) = 1,020 contracts,Currency mismatches and cross hedges,交叉套期是指在货币选择上存在错配的套期保值。 A cross hedge is used when there is a maturity match but a currency mismatch 即选择的期货避险合约标的商品与现货商品不同,市场上没有类似现货所发行的期货来避险时,就要找另一个现货价格有正相关,或者是同质的产品来避险。 例如,一家英国公司有加元债务,可以利用美元期货的多头来规避汇率风险,因为,美元与加元是高度相关的。为加元债务避险的美元套期保值法:加元债

36、务的现货价格变化率与美元期货价格变化率的关系如下: st/c$ = a + b futt/$+ et 当二者的期限匹配时,上式可变化为: std/f1 = a + b std/f2 + et (由前面的公式转化而来,由即期汇率变化率替代期货汇率变化率是因为期货到期时的价格与即期江率具有趋同性。这里假设期限是匹配的),An example of a CME cross hedge,It is now January 18. You need to hedge a DKr (丹麦货币)100 million obligation due on June 16. Spot (cross) excha

37、nge rates are $0.75/DKr, 0.75/DKr, and $1.00/. A CME futures contract expires on June 16 with a contract size of 100,000 Based on st$/DKr = a + b st$/ + et , you estimate b = 1.040 with r2 = 0.89. How many CME futures contracts should you buy to minimize the risk of your hedged position?,The cross h

38、edge solution,Optimal hedge ratio: NFut* = (amt in futures)/(amt exposed) = -b (amt in futures) = (-b)(amt exposed) = (-1.040)(-DKr100 million) = DKr104 million or 78 million at (DKr104m) (0.75/DKr) or 780 contracts,交叉货币套期保值,什么是交叉货币套期保值 外汇期货市场上一般只有各种外币对美元的合约,很少有两种非美元货币之间的期货合约。在发生两种非美元货币收付的情况下,就要用到交叉

39、货币保值。所谓交叉货币保值是指利用一种外汇期货合约为另一种货币保值。 交叉套期保值,就是当套期保值者为其在现货市场上将要买进或卖出的现货商品进行套期保值时,若无相对应的该种商品的期货合约可用,就可以选择另一种与该现货商品的种类不同但在价格走势互相影响且大致相同的相关商品的期货合约来做套期保值交易。一般地,选择作为替代物的期货商品最好是该现货商品的替代商品,两种商品的相互替代性越强,套期保值交易的效果就越好。,交叉货币套期保值举例 5月10日,德国某出口公司向英国出口一批货物,价值5000000英镑,9月份以英镑进行结算,当时英镑对美元汇率为1英镑=1.2美元,德国马克对美元汇率为1美元2.5马

40、克,则英镑和德国马克汇率为1英镑3马克。9月期的英镑期货合约正以1英镑=1.1美元的价格进行交易,9月期的马克期货正以1马克0.4348美元的价格进行交易,这意味着人们认为9月份英镑对德国马克的现汇汇率应为1英镑2.53马克,即英镑对德国马克贬值。为了防止英镑对德国马克汇率继续下跌,该公司决定对英镑进行套期保值。由于英镑对德国马克的期货合约不存在,出口公司无法利用传统的期货合约来进行套期保值。但该公司可以通过出售德国马克对美元的期货台约和买进英镑对美元的期货合约达到保值的目的。具体操作过程如下:,5月10日出售80份英镑期货合约(5000000英镑62500英镑80),每份合约面值62500英

41、镑,价格1英镑1.1美元。购进120份德国马克期货合约(5000000英镑3马克/英镑125000马克120),价格1马克0.4348美元。 9月10日,英镑对德国马克的现汇汇率为1英镑2.5马克,则现货市场上损失2500000马克(3马克/英镑-2.5马克/英镑)5000000英镑)。期货市场上9月期英镑期货价格为1英镑1.02美元,9月期德国马克期货价格为1马克0.5美元,出口公司对冲其在期货市场上的头寸,购回80份英镑期货,卖出120份德国马克期货。在英镑期货市场上的盈利为(1.1美元/英镑-1.02美元/英镑)62500英镑80份400000美元,在德国马克期货市场上的盈利为(0.5美元/马克-0.4348美元/马克)125000马克120份=978000美元。期货市场上的盈利共计为1378000美元。当时德国马克对美元现汇汇率为1美元=1.8500马克,所以1378000美元可折合成2549300德国马克。在不计保值费的情况下,现货市场上的损失可由期货市场的盈利完全抵消且还有49300马克的盈利。,Delta-Cross Hedge (德尔塔交叉套期保值),总结: 1.The most general case is the delta-c

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论