Biol2343-lecture-18得克萨斯生态学课件

1、Todays Focus: Behavior and species interactions,Behavior and Species Interactions Ch. 51,What is behavior? (Pg.1122) What an organism does and how it does it,Why behavior? (pg. 1122) Behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors (behavior is an expression of genetic and environmen

2、tal cues),Behavior Continuum,Genetic,Environmental,Behavior is rarely just genetic or environmental,Ex.,Pure Species Individuals,Hybrid Individuals,What about INNATE behaviors? (Pg.1123-1124) Innate behaviors are developmentally fixed Not completely genetic, as a physical environment is necessary fo

3、r the gene to be expressed The key to innate behaviors is that they are expressed under a wide variety of environmental conditions,ex,Fixed action pattern a sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once started (Pg. 1124) Sign stimulus an externa

4、l sensory stimulus (can trigger a FAP),3 spine stickleback,Response!,Why behavior? Behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors (behavior is an expression of genetic and environmental cues) 2)Behavior is essential to understanding an animals evolution and ecological interactions,

5、Behavior is essential to understanding an animals evolution and ecological interactions (Pg.1057) This leads to Behavioral Ecology the study of how Darwinian fitness is influenced by behavior,Niko Tinbergens work on digger wasps nest-locating behavior - Why important? Tenbergen, von Frisch, and Lore

6、nz won Nobel Prize in 1973 for work they did starting in the 1930s.,How can behavior influence fitness?,Mating Success - finding a mate - Advertising once a mate a found -attractiveness and quality - Initiating copulation - Continuing copulation till successful fertilization - Post-copulation mate g

7、uarding,ex,Song Complexity,Mating Success,?,2) Foraging Behavior - search image - search strategies Optimal Foraging - prey captureconsiders all these - prey handlingcomponents COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: * time costs (energy costs) invested in searching, capturing, and consuming prey verses the benefits

8、 of eating the prey (energy benefits),Pg.1128,Why?,Judge based on “apparent size” size and distance!,Height of Drop (m)Number DropsTotal Flight Height 255110 31339 5x6=30 7535 15460 Actual height = 5.23 m,Crows and shells of Mollusks,Optimal foraging in action!,Learning (Pg.1128),Learning the modifi

9、cation of behavior resulting from specific experiences (Pg. 1128),Different calls for different dangers,Learning vs. Maturation (Pg. 1129) Maturation ongoing developmental changes in neuromuscular systems = behavior changes with maturation, and is not considered learning EX.,Birds “learning to fly”?

10、 Raised alone in captivity!?,Imprinting learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animals life and that is generally irreversible. (Pg. 1129) Critical period (sensitive period) a limited phase in an individual animals development when learning of particular behaviors can take place.,e

11、x,Two types of learning in Song Birds,Associative learning (associate one stimulus with another) Classical conditioning associating an arbitrary stimulus with a reward or punishment (Pavlovs Dog) (Pg.1132) Operant conditioning associating ones own behaviors with a reward or punishment,What type of c

12、onditioning is this? What has the Coyote learned?,Why has “play” evolved?,Why has “play” evolved?,Survival skills, social structure, and exercise (general health),Animal Cognition, Pg. 1133,Cognition the ability of an animals nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered b

13、y sensory receptors Pg. 1133,Some scientists study problem solving e.g., tool making!,Mechanisms animals use in their movement through space Kinesis change in activity or turning rate as a result of a stimulus Taxis movement away from or toward a stimulus Use of landmarks -,Remember!,LANDMARKS!,Lear

14、ning landmarks!,Ages?,Mechanisms animals use in their movement through space Kinesis change in activity or turning rate as a result of a stimulus Taxis movement away from or toward a stimulus Use of landmarks Cognitive maps an internal representation, or code, of the spatial relationships among obje

15、cts in an animals surroundings (ex. Jays and food storage) Migration regular movement over relatively long distances Ex.,Social Behavior and Sociobiology (Pg. 1137),What is Social Behavior? (Pg.1137) Is any kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species,What is Sociobio

16、logy? (Pg.1137) The study of social behavior in an evolutionary context,Types of Social Behavior: 1) Agonistic behavior the threatening and submissive behavior of organisms during competitive contests,Dominance hierarchies,Types of Social Behavior: 1) Agonistic behavior the threatening and submissiv

17、e behavior of organisms during competitive contests 2) Mating behavior behavior used to attract, coerce, and copulate with another individual of the same species,Courtship behavior,Will you mate with me?,Mating Systems: (Pg.1141) Monogamous one male mating with one female Polygamous one individual o

18、f a sex mating with many of the other sex Polygyny one male mating with multiple females Polyandry one female mating with multiple males Promiscuous males and females both mate with multiple partners,Social interactions depend on communication. Types of communication: 1) Behavioral displays 2) Vocalization 3) Chemical Pheromones within species Allomones betwee