欧洲文化入门第一章xin

1、Introduction,1.Uses of the Subject Why should Chinese students of English bother about European culture? 1) English culture is a part of European culture and language cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture behind it. 2) Further, European culture itself is a part of world culture. So

2、me knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world, particularly when our country is going ahead with modernization and taking an active part in world affairs.,2.Two Major Elements in European Culture European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the

3、centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element. However, there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.,Division One,Greek Culture and Roman Culture,Knowledge o

4、f Greece,location: Southern Europe capital city: Athens neighboring countries: Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, famous Greek people: places of interest:,古代希腊比今天希腊共和国要大的多，以希腊半岛为中心，包括东面的爱琴海和西面爱奥尼亚海，以及今天土耳其西南沿海，意大利南部及西西里岛东北海岸地区。,The Lion Gate,Parthenon,I. Greek Culture,1. Historical context 2. Social and

5、political structure 3. Homer 4. Lyric poetry 5. Drama 6. History 7. Philosophy and science 8. Art, architecture, sculpture and pottery 9. Impact,1. Historical context,War between Greece and Troy in about 1,200 B. C. Greek culture in the 5th century B. C. Civil war between Athens and Sparta Rule of A

6、lexander in the 4th century B. C. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.,A legendary horse,Whats the name of the horse? In which war did it appear? What was it used for?,Trojan War 特洛伊战争,In Greek mythology and in Iliad and Odyssey by Homer About 1,200 B. C. War between Greece and Troy Fought over

7、 the beautiful Helen Lasted for 10 years Trojan horse, Laocoon(p33) Troy defeated,Greece and Troy,Laocoon,拉奥孔群雕,Rule of Alexander,Ancient Greek king of Macedon (336323 BC)马其顿, ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece Alexander fighting Persian king,2. Social and political structur

8、e,Democracy “exercise of power by the whole people”, the adult male citizens Economyslave labor Sports Olympus MountOlympic Games, revived in 1896,3. Homer Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. He probably lived around 700 B.C. Two such epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, 伊利

9、亚特与奥德赛 have survived. They are not about events of Homers own time, but about great men and wars of a remoter age, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The her

10、oes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he

11、ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope.,Movies to watch: Troy(2004),4. Lyric Poetry Homers epics were not the only form of poetry the Greeks had written. There were other forms, such as lyrics. Of the many lyric poets of the time, two are stil

12、l admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar. 1)Sappho (about 612 580 B.C.), woman poet of Lesbos, is noted for her love poems of passionate intensity, some of which are addressed to women. She was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Many Greek and Latin writers know nearly

13、all her poems by heart. But in the 10th century the Christian church burned her works. Only fragments remain. 2) Pindar (about 518438 B.C.) is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes. These were chanted by a chorus in a procession. They a

14、re marked by an elevated tone and stirring sound effects. Pindar, too, had imitators, such as the 17th-century English poet John Dryden.,5. Drama,Introduction to Greek Drama a. Aeschylus b. Sophocles c. Euripides d. Comedy,Introduction to Greek Drama,Ancient Greeks performed plays at religious festi

15、vals. Drama developed in the 5th century B.C. Open-air theatres, stone benches, looking down at the stage from three sides, actors with masks,a. Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) 埃斯库罗斯,The “Father of Tragedy” , one of the three great ancient Greek tragedians古希腊悲剧作家 Said to have written over ninety plays, onl

16、y seven have survived. Two actors and a chorus, written in verse, vivid characters, and majestic poetry Prometheus Bound被缚的普罗米修斯 Persians, the oldest surviving play in history Agamemnon p15,Prometheus Bound,Based on the myth of Prometheus, a titan泰坦神族人 who gave the gift of fire to mortals and was pu

17、nished by the god Zeus.,b. Sophocles(496-406 B.C.),Second of the three great tragedians of classical Athens 索福克勒斯 One of the great innovators of the theatre, he was the first to add a third actor, and decreased the size of the chorus. 123 or more plays, only seven survived Oedipus the King俄狄浦斯王 Stro

18、ng impact on European literature “the Oedipus complex”俄狄浦斯情节,Oedipus the King has a perfect plot. It is the story of a man who unknowingly committed terrible sin. An oracle said that the child Oedipus would grow up to kill his father and marry his mother. So the parents asked a shepherd to leave him

19、 on a hillside, but he was rescued and brought up as the son of the king of Corinth, Hearing the oracle, Oedipus ran away from Corinth. While travelling, he met and killed Laius, king of Thebes, without recognizing that the man was really his father. After ridding Thebes of the Sphinx, he married th

20、e queen of the country, Jocasta, knowing not that she was his own mother. Thus, unwittingly, he fulfilled the oracle. Later, realizing the truth of his birth, he stabbed out his eyes, while Jocasta hanged herself.,Antigone is about what happened to a girl by that name, who was the daughter of Oedipu

21、s and Jocasta. She had defied the kings order by performing funeral rites over her brother, executed by the state for treason, and was condemned to death on that account. It is thus a play with an important theme about the difficult choice one has to make between public duty and private feeling. Sop

22、hocles has had a strong impact on European literature. Some of his plots were taken over and adopted by later writers. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freuds term the Oedipus complex was also derived from Sophocless play.,c. Euripides (484-406 B.C.) 欧里庇得斯,Third of the three great tragedians of cla

23、ssical Athens, the first writer of “problem plays”社会问题剧 95 plays, 18 have survived complete More of a realist, strong women characters, ordinary people, concerned with conflicts-origin of realism Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women,Euripides He was more of a realist than Aeschylus and Sophocles, concern

24、ed with conflicts. His characters are less heroic, more like ordinary people. He was a friend of Socrates and the intellectuals, but the people who flocked to the performances often found him disturbing. Aristotle said of him, If a bad manager in all other points, Euripides is at least the most trag

25、ic of the poets. In the 19th century, the English poetess Elizabeth Browning called him Euripides the human.,Andromache The Trojan Women,During the Trojan War, Andromaches husband Hector was slain by Achilles. Their child Astyanax was dropped off the Trojan walls by the Greeks for fear that he would

26、 grow up and avenge his father and city. Andromache was made a slave of Neoptolemus, son of Achilles.,Andromache安德洛玛刻,d. Comedy,Flourished in the 5th century B.C. Aristophanes (阿里斯托芬 450-380 B. C.), ancient Greek Comic dramatist, the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy古希腊喜剧代表作家 11 play

27、s: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps, Birds Loose plot, satirical tone, clever parody, acute criticism, They treat of contemporary events and contain direct attacks on well-known people of the day, such as Socrates in Clouds and Euripides in Frogs. Coarse language is a striking feature of Aristophanes. Swift say

28、s of him: As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane.,6. History-Herodotus(484-430 B.C.),希罗多德,The Greek historical writing writes mainly about warsHerodotus and Thucydides Ancient Greek historian, “Father of History” 古希腊历史学家，“历史之父” He had a keen eye for drama and pathos. His histor

29、y, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. His object in writing was that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown. Almost exclusively known for writing The Histories, a record of his inquiries into the origins of the Gr

30、eco-Persian 历史 Wars which occurred in 490 and 479 B. C. The pass of thermopylae温泉关之战,Thucydides (460-404 B. C.)修昔底德,Ancient Greek historian古希腊历史学家 Author of the History of the Peloponnesian War伯罗奔尼撒战争史, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 B.C. Thucydides i

31、s considered by many to be a scientific historian because of his efforts in his History to describe the human world in terms of cause and effect, his strict standards of gathering evidence, and his neglect of the gods in explaining the events of the past. Macaulay, himself an eminent historian, call

32、ed Thucydides the greatest historian that ever lived.,7. Philosophy and science,Introduction a. Socrates b. Plato c. Aristotle d. Contending Schools of Thought e. Science,Introduction,The ancient Greeks curiosity about things, including what made the universe. They had the spirit of free enquiry and

33、 were quite ready to drop established ideas, to speculate, to use their imagination and to form their own conclusions. They were also not afraid to speak their minds. The Pre-Socrates Greek Philosophers Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯 Heracleitue 赫拉克利特 Democritus 德莫克里特,Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯,A bold thinker, founder of s

34、cientific mathematics, the father of numbers To Pythagoras, All things were numbers. To him and his school we owe the abstract conceptions underlying mathematics point, line, magnitude, surface, body and the first theory of proportion.,(about 580500 B.C,),Heracleitue ( 540-480 B.C.)赫拉克利特,Ancient Gre

35、ek philosopher Fire is the primary element of the universe. 火是万物之源 “All is flux, nothing is stationary.” “一切皆流，无物常住。” “You cannot step twice into the same riverThe sun is new everyday.” “人不能第二次踏进同一条河流。” He held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the o

36、pposites that produced harmony. 世界是对立中的和谐,Democritus 德莫克里特,A pre-Socratic Greek philosopher The earliest materiamlist, from whom we get the English word atom,a. Socrates The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 5th and 4th century

37、B.C. They were closely linked. Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle. But Plato and Aristotle had different views on many things, each with his own school of disciples. We know Socrates (about 470399 B.C.) chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues. Son of a sculptor, p

38、erhaps a sculptor himself in his early years, Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets, asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth, specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice, religiousness, virtue, wisdom, et

39、c. were used by others, he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong or illogical. This method of argument, by questions and answers, has come to be known as the dialectical method.辩证法 But his persistent questioning of people made him many enemies

40、. In 399 B. C, at the age of seventy Socrates was put on trial on a charge of injuring the city by not acknowledging its gods and corrupting the young. This trial was recorded by Plato in the dialogue The Apology of Socrates.,b. Plato (428-348 B.C.),Ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates D

41、ialogues 对话was twenty-eight when Socrates was put to death. He went abroad, travelled for twelve years, returned to Athens, bought a house and garden in a public park called the Academy, and there for 41 years, in the company of pupils and friends, studied and lectured on philosophy, mathematics and

42、 astronomy. His teaching was interrupted by a trip to Syracuse, where he served as tutor to the kings son. He tried to turn the young man into a philosopher-king, the kind of ideal ruler envisaged in his work Republic, but failed. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: The Apology (

43、Socrates defense of himself at the trial), Symposium (dealing with beauty and love), and the Republic (about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets). Idealismp26 Materialismp27 Influenceabsorbed into Christian thought,柏拉图,Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It deal

44、t with, among other things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever changing world, men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was: men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas, like beauty, truth, goodness. Only these ideas are completely real, while the physical world

45、 is only relatively real. For this reason, Platos philosophy is called Idealism. This view of the world has deeply influenced many religious teachers and writers. St. Paul expresses the same doctrine, when he says: We look not at the things which are seen but at the things which are not seen: for th

46、e things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal,c. Aristotle (384322 B.C.) Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.Born of a medical family in the small town of Stagire (hence Aristotle the Stagirite) in Macedonia, he studied in Pl

47、atos Academy for many years. Later he became tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King who conquered a large part of the world. In 335 he retired to Athens to found his own school at the Lyceum and spent his last years in teaching and research. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of scien

48、ce meet. On logic, moral philosophy, politics, metaphysics, psychology, physics, zoology, poetry, rhetoric, he wrote epoch-making works, which dominated European thought for more than a thou-sand years. He did much to form, through his various and diverse interpreters, the philosophical, scientific

49、and cosmological outlook of an entire culture. Dante called him “the master of those who know”. important works : Ethics (an introduction to moral philosophy), Politics, Poetics (a treatise on literary theory), and Rhetoric (dealing with the art of persuading an audience). These works were mostly ba

50、sed on the notes taken by Aristotles students. Aristotle was Platos pupil, yet he differed from his teacher in many ways。 Aristotle and Plato p28,The School of Athens,Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael. Aristotle gestures to the earth, represent

51、ing his belief in knowledge through empirical observation and experience, while holding a copy of his Ethics in his hand, while Plato gestures to the heavens, representing his belief in The Forms.,The School of Athens by Raphael,Aristotles definition of “tragedy” in Poetics,P28 “悲剧是对一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动

52、的摹仿，它的媒介是经过装饰的语言，以不同的形式分别被用于剧的不同部分，它的摹仿方式是借助人物的行动，而不是叙述，通过引发怜悯和恐惧使这些情感得到疏泄。所谓经过装饰的语言，指包含节奏和音调即唱段的语言，所谓以不同的形式分别被用于不同的部分，指剧的有些部分仅用格律文，而另一些部分则以唱段的形式组成。”亚里士多德：诗学，陈中梅译，商务印书馆，2003。,d. Contending Schools of Thought,Other philosophers Sophiststeachers of the art of arguing 诡辩家、智者 -Protagoras 普罗泰戈拉 Four scho

53、ols of philosophers in the 4th century B.C. arguing with each otherthe Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics,The Cynics 犬儒主义 got their name because Diogenes.第欧根尼(希腊的哲学家,公主张“简 单寡求”的生活。前 412-323), one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog and the word cynics means ”dog” in Greek.

54、 He rejected all conventions - whether of religion, of manners, dress, housing, food, or of decency. He advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life. In fact, he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood, not only with the whole human race, but also with animals. On the other hand

55、, he had no patience with the rich and powerful. The story is told of how Alexander the Great visited him and asked if he wanted any favour, Only to stand out of my light, he replied.,the Sceptics怀疑派Pyrrhon, doubt the truth, “not all knowledge was attainable” the Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁派 Epicurus, pleasure t

56、o be the highest good in life, materialist- atoms. the Stoics斯多葛派 Zeno, not pleasure but duty, endure hardship and misfortune. no chance, the course of nature is determined by natural laws, materialist.,Protagoras 普罗泰戈拉,“Man is the measure of all things: of things which are, that they are, and of th

57、ings which are not, that they are not” “人是万物的尺度”,e. Science,Philosophers=scientists p30-31 Platomathematician; Aristotlezoologist; Democritusscientist-philosopher Euclid 欧几里德Elements, geometry Archimedes 阿基米德 Applications of science Method of doing scientific work Limitations,Euclid 欧几里德,The Father

58、of Geometry Euclid is even now well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry, perhaps the most successful textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.,Archimedes 阿基米德(287212,Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist and engineer, did i

59、mportant work not only in geometry, but also in arithmetic, machanics, and hydrostatics. He discovered that when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced. He invented machines which greatly helped his native city Syracuse against the Romans. To illustrate the principle of the lever, he is said to have told the king: Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.,A modern historian of science, after reviewing Archimedess work in various fields, concludes: This represents a sum