高一完型解题培优.ppt

1、英语复习专题,完形填空,一、考纲要求与说明,完形填空题型考查考生语篇中灵活运用语言知识的能力。这种题型既可以测试词汇、句法等语言方面的知识，又可以考查学生的理解、联想、判断、推理等方面的思维能力，具有较强的区分度，对考生的能力要求较高 。,二、完形填空的命题原理,一篇文章有其主题思想，篇章结构，行文逻辑关系及语言特色，即使挖去一些词语，仍可通过对剩余部分的内容所作的分析与判断，准确推知空去的词语。,三、NMET完形填空试题特点,1、所选文章题材广泛如日常生活、文史知识、科技小品、政治经济、人物、社会、故事等，体裁主要是记叙文说明文甚至于夹叙夹议。但总的看来，所选文章行文结构紧凑层次分明，逻辑性

2、强，难度稍低于阅读理解。,2、文章长度一般300词左右，空距15词左右；选项为单个词汇为主，词汇考查以信息词汇为主（如名词、动词、形容词、副词等）尤其以动词和名词为主，文章第一句往往不挖空，保留提示句。,3、难度逐年稳步增加：一、NMET完形填空立足语篇的试题数量在逐年增加；二、干扰项的干扰性也在逐年增加，干扰项一般与正确选项都属于同等词性或同等范畴，与空前空后的词语也大多构成搭配，因而极具迷惑性、干扰性。,四、试题类型,按照试题层次可分为四个类型：,1、单词层次（用于考查单词拼写或词形变换）,2、词组层次（考查词组的固定搭配）,3、句子层次（考查句法内容）,4、语篇层次（考查对全文的把握）,

3、五、完形填空解题技巧,主要失分原因,1、不善于抓住文中的主旨大意，片面理解，具体表现是边看边填； 2、不善于逻辑推理，容易受思维定势的干扰，忽视特定语境中知识的应用； 3、对完形填空怀有厌倦、恐惧心理，对完形填空处于应付状态，解题能力得不到提高。,解题技巧：,1、要首先把握文章的主题思想，篇章结构，行文逻辑甚至语言特色，克服只从语法角度推理思考的不良习惯。 2、要善于把握文中的关键信息，信息句（往往就是文章或自然段的首尾句）和信息词（上文伏笔、下文呼应）。 3、采用正确的解题步骤： （1）跳空猜读，领悟大意。 （2）准确推理，逐空选填。 （3）及时复读，验证选项。,解题时应遵循的原则： 立足语

4、篇原则 前后贯通原则 先易后难原则,跳过空格，通读全文， 把握大意,再读全文，反复检查,结合选项，综合考虑，初定答案,瞻前顾后，先易后难， 个个击破,完形填空的解题步骤,把握整体,具体分析,1. 跳读首尾句进行预测,一般来讲，高考完形填空的首、尾句通常是不挖空的。先跳读这两句，便可判断体裁，猜想它要讲什么。若首句交代了when, where, who, what，即四个W，那么就是记叙文，很可能就是一个故事，为了测试语篇的理解能力，出题者特别注意选材的趣味性，其结尾往往出人意料，耐人寻味；若首句是提出或解释说明某事物，一般来说是说明文；若首句提出一个论点，那么就是议论文. 首句往往开宗明义，是

5、文章的主题。细读首句可启示全文。而尾句又往往是对文章主题的总结。所以，它们是了解文章大意的一个窗口，对我们理解全文有着重要的启示作用。因此，要充分利用段首句提供的信息，去挖掘文章的思路，寻找文章的脉络与线索。,Evelyn Glennie was the first lady of solo percussion in Scotland. In an interview, she recalled how she became a percussion soloist (打击乐器独奏演员) in spite of her disability. 本文主要讲述的是苏格兰第一位女打击乐器独奏演员E

6、velyn Glennie在耳聋的情况下成功学习打击乐器的经历。根据首句给出的信息，下面我们可以猜想Evelyn Glennie学习打击乐器过程必然充满困难，而能够在耳聋的情况下学习打击乐器，Evelyn Glennie对音乐肯定也是充满热情的。,2. 利用语法分析解题,完形填空虽然以语境填空为主，但也有部分考查语法项目的题目。对于这类题，考生可以利用平时所学的词汇知识，分析单词(组)的使用范围、动词的及物和不及物，并利用句子结构、句式特点等知识全面衡量所有选项排除干扰。如： 51 do you suppose he asked for them? A. What B. How C. Who

7、D. Which,【解析】本题中，do you suppose为插入成分。he asked for them是一个相对独立和完整的句子，因此空格处应该用副词How来修饰谓语动词asked，而不能用代词What, Who或 Which。,B,_8_ I had been born in the 16th century, I would have had no job. A. Because B. While C. If D. Since,【解析】根据后面的I had been born in the 16th century可知这只是个假设，是一个虚拟语气的条件句。故前面要用if引导。,C,I

8、 went into a caf and asked for a coffee. 21 I was waiting for my drink, I realized that there were other people in the place , but I sensed 22 (loneliness). ABefore BSince CAlthough DWhile,3. 利用固定搭配解题,完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查，主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面。习惯用法是英语中某种固定的结构形态，即所谓的“习语”，不能随意改动。所以，考生平时应掌握好习惯用法。对词义辨析题的考查有

9、加大力度的趋势。要做好这类题，需要有较大的词汇量和词语搭配能力、词语辨析能力，特别是在特定的语境中能灵活运用的能力。如： They couldnt read or write. They didnt like to work and they never 12 baths. A. took B. washed C. ran D. covered,A,【解析】本题考查的是固定搭配take a bath，意为“洗澡”。,I did very badly at school. My headmaster thought I was useless and when I was 14 he said,

10、 “Youre never going to be 2 but a failure. A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing,【解析】本题考查习语anything but，意为“决不”“根本不”，即校长认为我肯定是一个失败的人,A,1) He was only fourteen and was not good at swimming_1_.So he shouldnt have gone into that place. 1.A.after all B. in all C.at all D. for all 2) So I trie

11、d hard with my writing and went to college . My first novel 45 while I was at college. 45. A. came on B. came in C. came out D. came back,从词汇辨析和固定搭配方面来解题,4. 利用固定句型解题,完形填空虽然注重考查语境理解，但同时也会考到一些固定句型，考生掌握好这些句型，对确定题目的答案很有帮助。如 I havent had a phone in the house for three weeks now, and its several days 19 I

12、 used a phone box A. as B. when C. if D. since,【解析】本题考查的是itssince句型，意为“自从已(多长时间了)”。这句话的意思是“自从我上次打投币电话已经有好几天了”。,D,It wasnt long 18 the police caught the thief. A. after B. when C. before D. until “Why 14 you take a big man with you? You have to fight the sailor who is drunk.” A. dont B. couldnt C. ca

13、nt D. do,【解析】It wasnt long before是常用句型，意为“不久就”。这里说的是不久警察就把小偷捉到了。,【解析】Why dont you do sth?是表示建议的固定句型，意为“为何不？”。,C,A,5. 利用复现信息解题,语篇复现的信息包括原词复现、同义词和反义词复现、上义词和下义词复现、概括词复现和代词复现等。语篇中有词汇和结构同现的现象，如与语篇话题相关、意义相关的词汇同时出现，结构同现，同义同现，修饰同现，因果同现等。因此，利用上下文寻找解题信息，确定正确答案。,利用词汇的复现解题 许多词汇在上下文中以不同形式反复出现，如： (1) 同一词上下文复现：很多正

14、确选项常是上文或下文中出现的词。 (2) 同义词复现：如and连接两同义的词或句子。happy and gay； unhappy and disappointed. (3) 反义词复现： but 连接两个含义相对的词：small but neat； expensive but tasty (4) 词汇链即不同词类的联想：如：believe和belief；think和thought；repairman 和fix ones car.,First of all, I respected his 3 to teaching. Because his lectures were always well-

15、prepared and clearly delivered, students crowded into his classroom. A. attention B. introduction C. relation D. devotion,【解析】空格后面的句子说到教授的讲座准备充分、讲解清楚（well-prepared and clearly delivered），由此可知教授为教育做出了很大的贡献，devotion to sth意为“对贡献”，与下文相通。,D,I put my head in, expecting the worst. But to my surprise, the

16、room wasnt empty at all. It had furniture, curtains, a TV, and even paintings on the wall. And then on the well-made bed sat Amy, my new 44 , dressed neatly. A. roommate B. classmate C. neighbor D. companion,【分析】名词同现，空格前出现了room, furniture, curtains, a TV等同现信息可知坐在铺好的床上的是“我”的室友。,A,6. 利用跳读法解题,一般而言，完形填空

17、要填的20空中总有一些空是相对简单的。 对于这类空格考生可以先将其确定下来，之后再逐个去突破其他空。跳过那些不太容易得出答案的题。切忌做题时循规蹈矩地一个顺着一个地去完成。如：,“Visitors!” repeated Josh, wide-awake at once. He 1 up and looked around. A short distance away, a group of 2 stood quietly watching us. One of them 3 walking towards us. We both jumped to our 4 not knowing what

18、 to expect. 1. A. sat B. stayed C. thought D. put 2. A. pilots B. natives C. editors D. assistants 3. A. avoided B. delayed C. began D. desired 4. A. boat B. car C. horses D. feet,D,C,A,B,【解析】在通读全文的第一遍中，我们可以很容易地将第四空填出来，这是固定搭配jump to ones feet (跳起来)；由此也可推出第三空的答案，因为有人开始向“我们”走了过来，所以“我们”才跳了起来；再根据第一空前面的w

19、ide-awake可知，此处指的应该是“我和Josh完全清醒，坐起来，环顾四周”，所以第一空的答案为A；最后，根据句首Visitors可推知第二空的答案为B。,7. 巧用排除法解题,在有些情况下，考生如果不能很有把握地直接得出某一道题的答案，可以把排除法和词汇、语法分析结合起来运用，缩小选择的范围，提高正确率。如： The woman looked carefully at me _5_ through her glasses, and then questioned me in a low voice. A. as usual B. for a while C. in a minute D.

20、 once again,【解析】这篇文章讲述的是没有工作经验的作者找到工作的故事。此题的解题关键词是carefully，既然是“认真地看”，就不会是in a minute (立刻、马上)；既然互不相识，作者也未曾去找过工作，不会是as usual(像往常一样)；前面没说已经打量过作者一次了，所以用once again(再一次)是不合理的。,B,He put the books into the return box. And after a brief _6_ in the toilet, he would be on his way to the playground to meet Eri

21、c. 6. A. rest B. break C. walk D. stop When I started playing _19_ him, he told me I needed to relax because I looked nervous. 19. A. at B. by C. for D. around,【解析】此题答案为D。人不可能在厕所里休息（rest, break）或是散步（walk），由此排除另外三个选项。,【解析】此题用排除法，by 和around都有“在旁边”的意思，要选都要选，故排除这两个答案，play at后接游戏名，是“做游戏”的意思，也可排除。故答案为C。,D

22、,C,8 句际间的逻辑推理关系,完形填空中的任何一句话往往都不是孤立存在的，而是要靠上下问作依托，看前因后果才能确立的。它涉及到文章的起承转合、上下连贯。这类题主要考查考生对上下文逻辑关系的理解，如转折关系、让步关系、因果关系、递进关系、增补关系、比较关系以及对比关系等。,例1： It has been many years since I was last in London, _ I still remember something that happened during that visit. A. and B. for C. but D. as,例2： A transistor ra

23、dio半导体收音机 is sometimes very small. It is very easy to carry 48 , radio broadcasts are better for blind people. 48. A. Besides B. However C. Yet D. Sometimes,and the officers then began to eat their meal , saying that the mushrooms had a very strange_37_quite pleasant taste. 37. A. besides B. but C.

24、and D. or,Students generally appreciate these special 50 opportunities. They are almost always fun and interesting, and professors 51 them too because students learn so much in just a few short months. 50. A. working B. living C. teaching D. learning 51. A. hold B. like C. dislike D. discover,Practi

25、ce,9. 巧用背景常识解题,解答完形填空题时，有时文章中提供的信息还不够，还需要把读者头脑中储存的一般知识信息结合起来考虑，最后作出符合常识的最佳答案。因此，考生的知识范围越广，则对文章的理解会更容易，整体上知道所选短文在说什么，那么局部上的每一个空填起来也会得心应手。因此解答完形填空题时，考生的英语语言知识和有关世界的知识，都发挥着重要的作用。当对语言的把握不很准确时，可充分利用自己已掌握的文化背景和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，先找出并理解文章主题和主线，并根据主题猜测细节，注意从重复出现的词语中寻找、体会文章表达的氛围。这样将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思

26、路阅读下去。如：,After _2_ the British flag at the Pole, they took a photograph of themselves before they started the 950-mile journey back. A. growing B. putting C. planting D. laying 。 Salina Joe began to _2_ when she was one-year old. 2. A. say B. cry C. sing D. talk,【解析】根据常识，南极地区冰雪覆盖，须费好大的劲将旗插进极地，plant在

27、这里的意思是“安插”“插牢”，故答案为plant,【解析】根据常识判断，婴儿在一岁的时候应该是开始学说话，而不是学哭或学唱歌，故答案只能在A、D之间选出。又因为say是及物动词，其后面需接宾语，而talk是不及物动词，其后不需要接宾语，故正确答案为D。,C,D,Every morning she would give him breakfast in bed and bring him the paper to 30 . A. check B.read C. keep D.sign Owning springs and streams sometimes means control, part

28、icularly in the 37 areas like the desert. A. dry B. distant C. deserted D. wild,【解析】外国人早上有读报的习惯，题中的paper指的是报纸，这是理解本文细节的关键，有了这些文化背景知识，可迅速推断出正确答案为B。,【解析】我们知道，沙漠以“干旱”著称，有了这点常识，不难得出本题的答案为A。,B,A,10. 利用对比结构解题,对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空题常常利用句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子的不同部分之间的对比关系设计题目。如,A pupil who ca

29、n do his homework in a quiet and_59_room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on. A. furnished B. expensive C. comfortable D. suitable,【分析】本题利用相似短语之间的对比关系来命题。设空部分与下文的a small, noisy room with the television on存在对比关系。作者想借此说明“相同的作业”对

30、于“不同家庭背景的学生”所表现出的事实上的不公平。答案为C。,If he did not know them, he would greet them with a few words about the weather, 15 he did, he would ask about their families or make 16 , always cutting his cloth 17 his customers. 15. A. and then B. and so C. even if D. but if,【解析】本题考查了相似句型的对比关系。空格处要填的部分与前部分if he did

31、 not know them形成对比，这句话的大意是说：如果店主认识那些顾客了，就会询问他们的家庭或是开些玩笑。,D,11. 利用平行结构解题,平行结构指的是结构相同或相似，意思密切关联，语法一致的句子或词组成串排列的语言现象。这些结构的形式整齐匀称，内容联系紧密。命题者常从平行结构的句式相同或相似这一角度，利用其表现意义的关联或对比这一特点来设空。高考完形填空短文常常会出现这样一些平行结构，掌握这些结构极为相似的句子可大大提高我们的解题效率。如：,Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. They s

32、ay that it is_51_for children to work at home in their free time. _52_, they argue that most teachers do not_53_ plan the homework tasks they give to pupils. 51. A. unnecessary B. uninteresting C. unfortunate D. unimportant 52. A. Nevertheless B. however C. Therefore D. Moreover 53. A. considerably

33、B. favorably C. properly D. pleasantly,A,D,C,【解析】排比结构由Many people think that.They say that.they argue that.所组成。在意义上表现了人们（学生家长）对学生课业负担过重的抱怨。该结构中所设置的三个空格的正确填入，要求考生首先把握结构所体现的“主题” 抱怨作业太多。其次，要求考生理解三句之间在表达意义上的递进关系。即：作业过多“too much homework”；所以，课余学生在家做作业是没必要的“unnecessary”；不仅如此，教师对作业的设计也不合适“not properly”。故答案

34、分别为A、D、C。,Companies with low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them _42_ and active. 42. A. alive B. vivid C. mobile D. diverse,【解析】因空格处与and后面的active是平行的，所以答案为与active意思相近的alive。,12. 利用暗示和对应解题,完形填空题中虽然也穿插了对语法、短语和词的辨析、句子结构的考查等，但对文章故事情节发

35、展线索的逻辑考查仍是重点。暗示与上下对应的思维方法，是突破此类完形填空最关键的思维方式。考生在做题时要有全局观念，进行连贯性思维，做题时要把每个空白处的含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解，进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。难选之处前后通常多有暗示，这种暗示多为后面暗示前面。如：,.he would join student groups to discuss a variety of _47_: agriculture, diving and mathematics. questions B. subjects C. matters D. contents Everybody moved quickly i

36、n order to 6 the seats they wanted. I was 7 to get a seat near the tail, but 6. A. fetch B. hold C. keep D. get,【解析】此题后面的冒号部分有提示：agriculture，diving and mathematics是他们谈话讨论的话题，由此可得出本题的答案为B。,【解析】本题的答案可由后面的get a seat得出。,.I raised the pistol and fired. The animal fell backwards with an angry cry. Father

37、took the _38_ smoking pistol from my hand , and fired another shot, which killed the gorilla. 38. A. still B. yet C. even D. already,14.利用语气副词的情景解题,15. 综合利用各种线索解题,完形填空题主要考查短文阅读理解的能力。因此考生必须阅读全文，弄清句子与句子之间的关系，准确理解全文。为了答好题，考生必须从字里行间寻找能够利用的线索。如书写和形态变化线索(graphic and morphological clues)、词汇线索(lexical clues

38、)、句法线索(syntactical clues)、社会文化线索(socio-cultural clues)，并根据有关的线索进行猜测，作出合理的判断。如： 有时题目的答案在短文中就有出现，如能找出线索，解题就易如反掌。如：,And the clerk confirmed that his plane was leaving at nine oclock three days from that day Since he was _44_ in three days, Andy didnt lose anytime. 44. A. moving B. returning C. staying

39、D. leaving,【解析】单从这句来看，考生实难判断出正确答案，但如果结合前文，就可以找到设空部分的解题线索上文中出现的词汇leaving。故本题答案为D。,D,Many experts believe parents should gently look over the work of younger children and ask them to rethink their 12 . exercises B. defects C. mistakes D. tests,【解析】许多专家认为家长应简单地看看孩子的作业，并让他们自己重新思考自己做的练习。能与句中work照应的只有选项A。

40、,A,Four methods(四种常用的方法)：,1、context 上下文语境 2、word distinctions or collocations 词语辨析和固定搭配 3、information given in the passage 利用文章中的信息（原词复现、近义词和反义词等） 4、cultural background and common sense 文化背景和常识,例 His big stomach has always ballooned out between his T-shirt and trousers. Although his family often 43

41、about that, Ed refused to buy a 44 T-shirt or to lose weight. （2003年全国） 43. A. cared B. forgot C. quarreled D. joked 44. A. clean B. straight C. larger D. darker,1) 根据上下文语境来确定最佳选项 近年来的完形填空试题在选项的设置上越来越淡化语法结构，重在文意的干扰，即把具体的语言知识溶进具体的语言情景中去，考查考生通过上下文的前后提示或暗示，对整体文意进行把握的能力。这种考查方式所占的比例较大。,例1the mother was h

42、olding their baby daughter, Ally. The little girl had some food stuck in her throat, and could hardly breathe. Mr. White drove them to the 2 hospital. The ambulance was running very fast along the road. 2. A. best B. biggest C. nearest D. Childrens,例2 But we ran so fast that, afterwards, we had trou

43、ble _. A. speaking B. sleeping C. breathing D. moving,2) 根据生活常识及文化背景知识进行逻辑推理,The other day I was sitting in a small restaurant 1(having) a quiet drink and a talk with a few friends when it suddenly 2 me that almost everyone in the restaurant was smoking. It wasnt long 3 the whole room was filled wit

44、h smoke. 2. A. seemed B. struck C. sank D. showed 3. A. ago B. after C. before D. now,例,3) 根据词语的习惯用法和固定句型结构等来选择答案。 ,例1 When the papers were _, she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the same mistakes throughout the test. A. examined B. completed C. marked D. answered,例2：She noticed how nervous he was and suggested he should stand near the stage where he could watch and follow the play.It was a good 1 of getting rid of his nervousness, she said. She was right, it seemed to 2 . A. idea B. way C. path D. plan A. do B. win