新核心综合学术英语教程第二册 Unit 4

1、unit 4 responsibility of scientists,in this unit, you will learn about ancient chinas contribution to modern science; research “four great inventions”, “the genius of china” and “the nobel prize” on the internet and find reliable information; learn words, expressions, and sentence patterns related t

2、o the theme and use them in writing and speech; learn strategies such as listening for numbers and statistics (listening), scanning (reading), using the sources (discussing), achieving lexical variety (writing), etc; give an oral presentation on an assigned topic to the class.,background information

3、,approaching the topic,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercises,background information,about technological ethics,the manhattan project,albert einstein,the emergency committee of atomic scientists,fritz haber,about technological ethics,if there is technological advance withou

4、t social advance, there is, almost automatically, an increase in human misery. michael harrington there is an evil tendency underlying all our technologythe tendency to do what is reasonable even when it isnt any good. robert pirsig humanity is acquiring all the right technology for all the wrong re

5、asons. r. buckminster fuller,about technological ethics,with every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments our capacity of realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise. bertrand russell,alber

6、t einstein,albert einstein, (14 march 187918 april 1955) was a german-born theoretical physicist. he developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). he is best known in popular culture for his massenergy equivalence formula e = mc2

7、(which has been dubbed the worlds most famous equation). he received the 1921 nobel prize in physics for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. einstein was visiting the united states when adolf hitler came to power in 1933 and,

8、being jewish, did not go back to germany, where he had been a professor at the berlin academy of sciences.,albert einstein,he settled in the u.s., becoming an american citizen in 1940. on the eve of world war ii, he endorsed a letter to president franklin d. roosevelt alerting him to the potential d

9、evelopment of extremely powerful bombs of a new type and recommending that the u.s. begin similar research. this eventually led to what would become the manhattan project. einstein supported defending the allied forces, but largely denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as

10、a weapon. later, with the british philosopher bertrand russell, einstein signed the russelleinstein manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. einstein was affiliated with the institute for advanced study in princeton, new jersey, until his death in 1955.,the manhattan project,the m

11、anhattan project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during world war ii. it was led by the united states with the support of the united kingdom and canada. from 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of major general leslie groves of the u.s. army

12、corps of engineers. the army component of the project was designated the manhattan district; manhattan gradually superseded the official codename, development of substitute materials, for the entire project. along the way, the project absorbed its earlier british counterpart, tube alloys. the manhat

13、tan project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly us$2 billion. over 90% of the cost was for building factories and producing the fissile materials, with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons. research and production took place at m

14、ore than 30 sites across the united states, the united kingdom and canada.,the russell-einstein manifesto,the russelleinstein manifesto was issued in london on 9 july 1955 by bertrand russell in the midst of the cold war. it highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leade

15、rs to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. the signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists, including albert einstein, who signed it just days before his death on 18 april 1955. a few days after the release, philanthropist cyrus s. eaton offered to sponsor a

16、conferencecalled for in the manifestoin pugwash, nova scotia, eatons birthplace. this conference was to be the first of the pugwash conferences on science and world affairs, held in july 1957.,the emergency committee of atomic scientist,the emergency committee of atomic scientists (ecas) was founded

17、 by albert einstein and le szilrd in 1946. its aims were to warn the public of the dangers associated with the development of nuclear weapons, promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and ultimately work towards world peace, which was seen as the only way that nuclear weapons would not be used ag

18、ain. the committee was established in the wake of the szilrd petition (1947) to united states president harry s. truman opposing the use of the atomic bomb on moral grounds, which was signed by 68 scientists who had worked on the manhattan project. a majority of scientists working on the manhattan p

19、roject did not know entirely what they were creating at the time.,fritz haber,fritz haber (9 december 186829 january 1934) was a german chemist of jewish origin, who received the nobel prize in chemistry in 1918 for his development for synthesizing ammonia, important for fertilizers and explosives.

20、the food production for half the worlds current population depends on this method for producing fertilizer. haber, along with max born, proposed the bornhaber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid. he has also been described as the father of chemical warfare for his w

21、ork developing and deploying chlorine and other poisonous gases during world war i. haber was a patriotic german who was proud of his service during world war i, for which he was decorated. he was even given the rank of captain by the kaiser, rare for a scientist too old to enlist in military servic

22、e. haber defended gas warfare against accusations that it was inhumane, saying that death was death, by whatever means it was inflicted.,exemplary adj. extremely good and deserving to be admired and copied e.g. as a hospital volunteer you have given exemplary service to your community stem v. to mak

23、e headway against (as an adverse tide, current, or wind) e.g. once, in trying to stem a retreat, he was wounded and his leg broken. tenacity n. the quality or state of being tenacious e.g. talent, hard work and sheer tenacity are all crucial to career success.,approaching the topic reading 1/languag

24、e points,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,convert v. to change (something) into a different form or so that it can be used in a different way e.g. they had many chances to score but they couldnt convert their opportunities. hydrogen n. a chemical element that has no co

25、lor or smell and that is the simplest, lightest, and most common element e.g. hydrogen and oxygen atoms can vary in how much they weigh. helium n. a chemical element. helium is a very light gas that does not burn, often used to fill balloons and to freeze food e.g. using helium as a coolant has at l

26、east a couple of advantages.,reading 1,language points,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,catalyst n. a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen more quickly e.g. the bombing attack was the catalyst for war. senior adj. higher in standing or rank than another

27、person in the same position e.g. he recently became a senior partner in the accounting firm. intense adj. very great in degree : very strong e.g. after many years of intense study, he received his medical degree.,reading 1,language points,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exerci

28、se,dismantlement n. taking (something, such as a machine or structure) apart so that it is in separate pieces e.g. all construction, dismantlement and reinstatement works shall be completed before may 2006. v. dismantle withhold v. to hold (something) back e.g. she was accused of withholding evidenc

29、e. mass adj. involving, affecting, or designed for many people e.g. television is a mass medium.,reading 1,language points,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,dismantlement n. taking (something, such as a machine or structure) apart so that it is in separate pieces e.g. a

30、ll construction, dismantlement and reinstatement works shall be completed before may 2015. v. dismantle withhold v. to hold (something) back e.g. she was accused of withholding evidence. biological adj. of or relating to biology or to life and living things e.g. now, researchers in the united states

31、 think they have found a biological test for autism. n. biology,reading 1,language points,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,(1) who is hans bethe? what qualities have marked him an exemplary scientist? hans bethe is a distinguished scientist with remarkable contribution

32、s to several areas of physics during his academic career, and also a nobel prize winner. as an exemplary scientist, bethe is marked by his warmth, generosity, tenacity, and modest habits. (2) what are some of the major contributions bethe made to the field of physics? his major contributions include

33、 his 1939 research into how the sun generates its energy by converting hydrogen to helium using carbon as a nuclear catalyst and his central role in the “manhattan project”.,approaching the topic task 1,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,(3) how did bethe advocate his id

34、ea about the use and design of nuclear weapons? he used los alamos as a platform to address scientists there directly as well as scientists around the world through the press. (4) why do you think bethe called on the worlds weapon scientists to “end what he had helped begin”? because he realized tha

35、t it was time to rightly disarm and dismantle nuclear weapons. (5) how are nuclear weapons likely to threaten humanity? like chemical and biological weapons, nuclear weapons have the potential for mass destruction, thus posing a great threat to humanity.,approaching the topic task 1,reading about th

36、e topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,1) exemplary 2) stem 3) generosity 4) tenacity 5) convert 6) hydrogen 7) helium 8) carbon 9) catalyst 10) division 11) disarmament 12) withhold 13) manufacture,approaching the topic task 2,b. serving as a desirable model; representing the best of its k

37、ind,k. to stop something from happening, spreading, or developing,c. the quality of being kind and warm-hearted,e. the quality of not easily dispelled or discouraged; persisting in existence or in a course of action,m. to change from one form, purpose, or system to another,j. a colorless, odorless,

38、highly flammable gas, the chemical element of atomic number 1,a. the chemical element of atomic number 2, an inert gas that is the lightest member of the noble gas series,f. the chemical element of atomic number 6, a nonmetal that has two main forms (diamond and graphite) and that also occurs in imp

39、ure form in charcoal, soot, and coal,d. a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change,i. a major unit or section of an organization, typically one handling a particular kind of work,h. the reduction or withdrawal of military forces

40、 and weapons,g. refuse to give (something that is due to or is desired by another),l. make (something) on a large scale using machinery,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,your majesties, members of the nobel committee, your excellencies, officers and participants in the

41、pugwash conferences, ladies and gentlemen: at this important event in my life the acceptance of the nobel peace prize i want to speak as a scientist, but also as a human being. from my earliest days i saw science as being in harmony with humanity. i did not imagine that the second half of my life wo

42、uld be spent on efforts to avoid a great danger to humanity created by science. nuclear energy was the result of many years of experimental and theoretical research. it had great potential for the common good. but the first the general public learned about this discovery was the news of the destruct

43、ion of hiroshima by the atom bomb. science became identified with death and destruction.,approaching the topic task 4,1,2,3,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,throughout the subsequent four decades of the cold war, scientists on both sides of the iron curtain helped main

44、tain the momentum of the nuclear arms race. after the collapse of communism of the soviet union, any reason for having nuclear weapons disappeared. but the nuclear powers still kept their weapons. this is because the present basic philosophy is nuclear deterrence. the us nuclear posture review concl

45、uded that the post-cold war environment requires nuclear deterrence, and this is echoed by other nuclear states. so unless there is a change in the basic philosophy, we will not see nuclear weapons reduced to zero. yet to prevent disaster - for the sake of humanity - we must get rid of all nuclear w

46、eapons.,approaching the topic task 4,4,5,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,achieving this goal will take time, but we can make a start. for example, all nuclear-weapon states should now declare that they will never be the first to use nuclear weapons. then, we need a nu

47、clear weapons convention to prohibit all possession of nuclear weapons. we will need to work out the necessary verification system to safeguard the convention. the mechanism for negotiating such a convention already exists. entering into negotiations does not commit the parties. there is no reason w

48、hy they should not begin now. so i ask the nuclear powers to abandon the out-of-date thinking of the cold war period and take a fresh look. above all, i appeal to them to consider the long-term threat that nuclear weapons pose to humankind and to begin action towards their elimination. remember your

49、 duty to humanity.above all, remember your humanity.,approaching the topic task 4,6,7,8,9,10,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,1) what theme do the passage and the speech share? disarmament of nuclear weapons. 2) what are the writers and speakers attitudes toward nuclea

50、r energy and nuclear weapons? they think nuclear energy and nuclear weapons could have the potential for mass destruction, thus posing a great threat to humanity. 3) do you think nuclear weapons should be wiped out, why or why not? 4) how would you comment on the nobel prize winners understandings a

51、bout the role of science in todays world? 5) what do you think is the responsibility of scientists?,approaching the topic task 6,reading about the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,penetrate v. to go through or into something e.g. wateristhe softestsubstancein theworld,butyet itcanpenetr

52、atethe hardestrock. n. penetration release v. to stop holding (someone or something) e.g. she started to cry, releasing all of her repressed emotion. refugee n. someone who has been forced to leave a country because of war or for religious or political reasons e.g. thousands of refugees have fled th

53、e area.,reading about the topic reading 2/language points,approaching the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,evaluate v. to judge the value or condition of (someone or something) in a careful and thoughtful way e.g. we need to evaluate our options. n. evaluation eliminate v. to remove (so

54、mething that is not wanted or needed) : to get rid of (something) e.g. the company plans to eliminate more than 2,000 jobs in the coming year. n. elimination,reading 2,language points,approaching the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,condemnation n. a statement or expression of very stro

55、ng and definite criticism or disapproval e.g. the governments statement was a condemnation of all acts of terrorism. v. condemn destructive adj. causing a very large amount of damage : causing destruction or harm e.g. she argued that the law was destructive of personal liberties. v. destruct process

56、 n. a series of actions that produce something or that lead to a particular result e.g. were remodeling our house. the whole process is expected to take a few months.,reading 2,language points,approaching the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,preparedness n. the fact of being ready for s

57、omething : the state of being prepared e.g. the military is in a state of preparedness. v. prepare futile adj. having no result or effect : pointless or useless e.g. all our efforts proved futile. humanity n. the quality or state of being human e.g. she was cut off from the rest of humanity. n. huma

58、n,reading 2,language points,approaching the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,confront v. to oppose or challenge (someone) especially in a direct and forceful way e.g. she confronted him about his smoking. n. confrontation resolution n. the act of finding an answer or solution to a confl

59、ict, problem, etc. : the act of resolving something e.g. we found a resolution to the dispute. v. resolute unprecedented adj. not done or experienced before e.g. the team has enjoyed unprecedented success this year. catastrophe n. a terrible disaster e.g. the oil spill was an environmental catastrophe.,reading 2,language points,approaching the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,reading 2,text analysis,approaching the topic,exploring the topic,integrated exercise,1) whats the m