英语音标详解

1、english pronunciation,english phonemes syllables, stress and rhythm reading skills intonation difference between “britishenglish”and “americanenglish”,game of tones,read the following letters in rising tone and falling tone. abcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyz,english phonemes,vowels consonants,background,c

2、ardinal vowels front central back close i： u: close-mid e : open-mid open a ,:,vowel letters,aa /e/ / ee / i:/ /e/ ii /a/ yy /a/ / / i:/ oo / / uu /ju:/ / /,vowels,front vowels,open your mouth a little to make the sound, spread your lips wide, like you are smiling, this is a long vowel.,we,bee,sea,f

3、ield,receive,police,people,front vowels,first make the sound /i:/, then open your mouth a little to make the sound, your lips are more relaxed, this is a short vowel.,visit,exam,minute,monday,front vowels,first make the sound / /, then open your mouth a little to make the sound, your lips are relaxe

4、d, this is a short vowel.,end,red,many,head,friend,front vowels,first make the sound / e/, then open your mouth a little to make the sound, your lips are relaxed, this is a short vowel.,am,cat,central vowels,first make the sound / e/, then open your tongue backwards and lower a little, your tongue i

5、s at around the middle of the mouth. your lips are tight.,term,girl,word,fur,learn,journal,central vowels,first make the sound / e/, then open your tongue backwards and lower a little, your tongue is at around the middle of the mouth. your lips are relaxed.,better,doctor,ago,famous,color,figure,toda

6、y,open,central vowels,first make the sound / e/, then open your mouth a little more, put your tongue backwards and lower a little, but a little more forward and up than the sound/.your tongue is at around the lower middle of the mouth. your lips are relaxed.,son,but,couple,blood,does,back vowels,fir

7、st make the sound / /, then open your mouth a little more, put your tongue backward and lower. your lips are round in shape. this is a long vowel.,car,class,half,heart,aunt,first make the sound / a: /, then close your mouth a little more. your lips are slightly round in shape. this is a short vowel.

8、,back vowels,dog,want,cough,knowledge,because,back vowels,first make the sound / /, then make your mouth more closed and more rounded, put the back of the tongue up a little to make the sound. this is a long vowel.,war,talk,all,horse,board,before,four,door,law,fault,bought,back vowels,first make the

9、 sound / /, then raise the back of your tongue and put forward a little to make the sound. your lips are slightly round in shape. this is a short vowel.,foot,could,bush,woman,back vowels,first make the sound / u /, then raise the back of your tongue and pull backward a little to make the sound. your

10、 lips are strongly round in shape. this is a short vowel.,do,goose,soup,rude,chew,shoe,two,fruit,listen and check your/,diphthongs,first make the sound / e/, then make the sound /,there is a glide from/ e/to/.,gate,rain,day,stein,they,great,sleigh,first make the sound / a/, then make the sound /,the

11、re is a glide from/a/to/.,time,die,cry,eye,high,height,buy,first make the sound / /, then make the sound /,there is a glide from/to/.,boil,boy,first make the sound / a/, then make the sound / /,there is a glide from/a/to/ /.,blouse,cow,first make the sound / /, then make the sound / /,there is a gli

12、de from/to/ /.,boat,toe,so,low,soul,though,/ tour,-wemadeatouroftheyacht. -hetookheronatourofeurope. -i think you are not quitesureabout it.,/ /,first make the sound / /, then make the sound / /,there is a glide from/to/ /.,poor,tour,sure,during,they,cruel,usual,first make the sound / /, then make t

13、he sound / /,there is a glide from/to/ /, with the tongue moving up from front to the middle position in your mouth.,hero,here,dear,cheer,media,familiar,idea,period,vietnam,fierce,medium,first make the sound / e /, then make the sound / /,there is a glide from/e/to/ /, with the tongue moving from lo

14、w front to the middle position in your mouth.,bear,care,air,their,there,consonants,consonant letters,bb/b/ dd/d/ cc /k/ /s/ / ff/f/ gg/g/ dd/d/ /d/ hh/h/ kk/k/ gg /g/ /d/ / ll/l/ mm/m/ jj /d/ nn/n/ pp/p/ qq /k/ rr/r/ ss/s/ /z/ / / tt/t/ / / t/ vv/v/ yy/j/ ww/w/ zz/z/ x /ks/ /gz/,bilabial/plosives,fi

15、rst close your lips hard, and push the air in your mouth forward. open your lips fast and suddenly release the air to make the sound. do not use your voice.,bilabial/plosives,first close your lips hard, and push the air in your mouth forward. open your lips fast and suddenly release the air to make

16、the sound. use your voice.,alveolar/plosives,first put your tongue tip just behind your top teeth, and push the air in your mouth forward. then move away your tongue tip from your teeth ridge fast and release the air to make the sound. do not use your voice.,teach,thailand,better,stopped,alveolar/pl

17、osives,first put your tongue tip just behind your top teeth, and push the air in your mouth forward. then move away your tongue tip from your teeth ridge fast and release the air to make the sound. use your voice.,day,middle,velar/plosives,first touch the back of the roof of your mouth with the back

18、 of your tongue, and push the air in your mouth forward. then move away your tongue fast and release the air to make the sound. do not use the voice.,cock,cake,ask,like,taxi,school,conquer,velar/plosives,first touch the back of the roof of your mouth with the back of your tongue, and push the air in

19、 your mouth forward. then move away your tongue fast and release the air to make the sound. use the voice.,go,ghost,egg,labio-dental/fricative,first put your upper teeth on your lower lip, and force the air out between your teeth and lip with a frication. do not use the voice,fit,photo,off,enough,la

20、bio-dental/fricative,first put your upper teeth on your lower lip, and force the air out between your teeth and lip with a frication. use the voice,alveolar/fricatives,first put your tongue tip behind your upper teeth to almost touch the roof of your mouth. force the air out over the top of your ton

21、gue with a frication. do not use your voice.,goose,so,cent,niece,taxi,science,pass,box,alveolar,first put your tongue tip behind your upper teeth to almost touch the roof of your mouth. force the air out over the top of your tongue with a frication. use your voice.,his,zoo,prize,those,glottal/fricat

22、ive,first open your mouth, and force a stream of air out of your mouth with a frication. keep your tongue off the roof of the mouth, and do not use your voice.,hat,who,dental/fricative,put your tongue tip between your upper teeth and lower teeth. force the air out between your tongue and upper teeth

23、 with a frication. do not use your voice.,dental/fricative,put your tongue tip between your upper teeth and lower teeth. force the air out between your tongue and upper teeth with a frication. use your voice.,palato-alveolar,raise the front of your tongue touards the mid-roof of your mouth. force th

24、e air out from the two sides of your tongue with a frication. your lips are slightly round in shape. do not use your voice.,sheet,machine,delicious,motion,sure,tension,fascist,palato-alveolar,raise the front of your tongue touards the mid-roof of your mouth. force the air out from the two sides of y

25、our tongue with a frication. your lips are slightly round in shape. use your voice.,casual,allusion,seizure,garage,regime,alveolar/lateral,first put your tongue tip on the upper teeth-ridge. force the air out over both sides of your tongue. use your voice when making the sound/l/. when its before a

26、vowel, it is a clear /l/- lost,late,vanilla,alveolar/lateral,when it is before a consonant or at the end of the word, it is a dark /l/, also as /l/,pull,pool,talk,would,silent “ l ”,post-alveolar/approximant,raise your tongue tip towards the back of the teeth ridge without touch it. your lips are sl

27、ightly round in shape.,read,carry,wrong,rhythm,bilabial/approximant,first make the sound /u:/ , then make your lips tightly round and push the air out.,water,quite,what,one,palatal/approximant,first make the sound /i:/ , then raise the middle of your tongue to touch the roof of the mouth, making you

28、r lips spread and force the air out. use your voice to make this sound.,yet,cue,view,bilabial/nasal,first close your mouth, and send the air out from your nose. use your voice to make this sound, and this is a voiced consonant.,man,summer,comb,autumn,alveolar/nasal,first open your mouth, and put you

29、r tongue tip against your teeth ridge, then send the air out from your nose. use your voice to make this sound, and this is a voiced consonant.,name,funny,sign,know,velar/nasal,first open your mouth, and touch the back roof of your mouth with the back of your tongue, then send the air out from your

30、nose. use your voice to make this sound, and this is a voiced consonant.,sing,sink,palato-alveolar,join the sound/t/ and / /. do not use the voice.,chair,watch,question,nature,palato-alveolar,join the sound/d/ and / /. use the voice.,jam,gem,judge,adjacent,/tr/ tree,- thetruckwas heavily loaded. - w

31、e planttreesand flowers in spring. - this idea seems good but you need totryit out.,/ tr/,join the sound/t/ and / r/. do not use the voice.,try,victory,secretary,/dr/ dress,- she wears a beautiful eveningdress. - dont drink anddrive. - i had some very strangedreamslast night.,/ dr/,join the sound/d/

32、 and / r/. use the voice.,/ts/ boats,/ ts /,-there are three boats on the river. two cats are running after a mouse. the skirts are very lovely. the ants like eating apples.,first put your tongue tip just behind your top teeth. force the air out between your tongue and upper teeth with a frication.

33、do not use your voice.,/dz/ woods,/ dz /,- their family often picnics in thewoods. shefindsthe stones on theseashore. sarah and i had a great time while thekidswereaway.,first put your tongue tip just behind your top teeth. force the air out between your tongue and upper teeth with a frication. use

34、your voice.,syllables, stress and rhythm,syllables,asyllableis a unit of organization for a sequence ofspeechsounds. a syllable is typically made up of a syllable nucleus (avowelorsyllabic consonant) with optional initial and final margins (typically,consonants). syllabic consonant: /r/ /m/ /n/ /l/

35、a consonant forms a syllable on its own or is the nucleus of a syllable. animal middle battle criticism symbolism tourism cousin dozen frozen button cotton mutton maiden sudden wooden monosyllable one syllable words i tree great please light word disyllable two syllable words ci ty table rely studen

36、t pupil polysyllable multi syllable words basketball nationality telephone,stress,the stress placed on syllables within words is calledword stressorlexical stress. the position of stress in a word is not predictablein english. stress is usually truly lexical and must be memorized as part of the pron

37、unciation of an individual word. the stress mark is placed immediately before a stressed syllable, and when the stressed syllable is in the middle of a word, the stress mark also marks a syllable break. for example in the word understood /ndstd/ sometimes more than one level of stress, such asprimar

38、y stressandsecondary stress, may be identified. for example in the word “education” general rules: prefixes unstressed suffixes that cause a shift of stress in the root word: -eous, -graphy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ical, -ious, -ity, -ion photograph photography photographic numerals: stress on the first s

39、yllable compound: stress on the first element reflexives: stress on self/selves,stress,winter summer season people picnic swallow gentle rainbow begin success enjoy decide attention beside giraffe alarm magazine university lemonade understand conversation engineer kangaroo chinese thirteen afternoon

40、 unknown sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen,重读单词-变化,一个单词重读音节的位置变化会导致单词词性发生变化。 the record n. to record v. the present n. to present v. the desert n. to desert v. the produce n. to produce v. perfect adj. to perfect v.,句子中的重读和弱读,实词(名词、动词、形容词、副词)以及其他信息词（疑问词、指示代词、物主代词、小品词、否定缩略词）一般是重读，而功能词（冠词、代词、所有格、介词、

41、助动词、连词）一般是弱读。 dont be late. do be quiet come on, i dont want to be late. whos in the bathroom? his wifes italian. the mans in the kitchen.,sentence stress,强度重要的词语（实词或信息词） 制造话语节奏,rhythm,speakers of stressed-timed languages such asenglishandmandarin chineseput roughly equal time lags between stressed

42、syllables, with the timing of the unstressed syllables in between them being adjusted to accommodate the stress timing. syllable / slbl/ syllable basketball / bsktbl/ basketble telephone / telfn/ telephone department / dptmnt/ department television / telvn/ television necessary /nessri/ necessary re

43、markable / rmkbl/ remarkable education / eduken/ education nationality / nnlti/ nationality physiology / fzildi/ physiology communication / kmjunken/ communication examination / zmnen/ examination creativity / krietvti/ creativity,rhythmic patterns,在重读音节和非重读音节之间有长短不同的停顿，非重读音节越多，就读的越快。,stress-timed n

44、ature,. . . cats eat fish the cat is eating the fish the cats there have eaten the fish the cats there must have eaten the fish the cats there could have been eating the fish,rhythmic patterns,rhythmic patterns,rhythmic patterns,rhythmic patterns,rhythmic patterns,rhythmic patterns,consonant cluster

45、s,word-initial clusters bl blow blade black blame blank block cl class clever close clue cling clarity fl flag flake flame flank flap flash gl glad glass glow glide glaze glance pl play plan please plant plenty plug sl slave slang slow slot slip sleep,br bread break bring bright brown brother cr cra

46、ck cradle cream create cry cross dr dread dry drill dream dress drive fr from fry frog front friend frost gr great green grow ground grief grin pr praise pray preach practice prepare present tr tree tray try train treat trouble,word-initial clusters,sc scan scale scare scatter school schedule sk ski

47、rt sky skate skip skill skin sl sleep slight slice sly slipper slender sm small smart smell smile smoke smooth sn snack snow snag snail snake snap sp space spade spare speak spoke spoon st star stay steal store stop student sw sweep sweat swell swim switch swiss spl split splash splendid splendor sp

48、lurge splice scr scrabble scramble scratch scream screen spr spread spring spray sprite sprinkle sprout str strange straight stress street strong strike squ square squash squeak squeeze squeal squawk,word-initial clusters,thr three thread thrive throw through thrill thw thwack thwaite thwart,word-in

49、itial clusters,word-final clusters,voiceless consonant+ s /s/ books caps cups voiceless consonant+ t /t/ fact left shift voiceless consonant+ ed /t/ asked looked worked -t+s /ts/ boats coats cats voiced consonant+s /z/ pigs eggs films voiced consonant+ed /d/ closed turned climbed -d+s /dz/ beds spen

50、ds grades -f/fe+s = ves /vz/ leaves wives knives consonant+ y+s=ies /iz/ ladies studies stories /aiz/ flies spies tries,other consonant formation,ch watches sh washes ge + es /iz/ bridges x boxes s buses t +ed /id/ wanted d mended,rhyme,humpty dumpty sat on a wall. humpty dumpty had a great fall. al

51、l the kings horses, and all the kings men, couldnt put humpty together again.,blow, wind, blow,blow, wind, blow! and go, mill, go! that the miller may grind his corn; that the baker may take it, and into rolls make it, and send us some hot in the morn.,im a little teapot,im a little teapot, short an

52、d stout, here is my handle, here is my spout, when i get all steamed up, hear me shout, tip me over and pour me out.,reading skills,爆破音 plosives,爆破音就是发音的时候，口腔中会形成一层阻碍，必须通过阻碍，发出的声音。 /b/ be /p/ pea cap /d/ bed duck /t/ bet table /g/ pig girl /k/ pick cat,爆破音+辅音,爆破音和辅音相邻时，爆破音不发出爆破声，只保留发音动作，稍作停顿，实际上，只有后

53、一个辅音发音。 /b/ job search /p/ keep quiet stop talking friendship first keep silent step forward,爆破音+破擦音,爆破音与/ts/ /dz/ /tr/ /dr/ /t / /d/f/v/ / /s/ /z/ / / /r/ /h/相连时，轻微爆破。 /d/ hard times a thousand thanks a good season good news /t/ post-card just then first step bright sky,爆破音+音节辅音,爆破音与/m/ /n/ / /l/ 相

54、连时，轻微爆破。 /g/ a big zoo a big tree a big jar a big fish /k/ take this take care take three a black jacket,爆破音1+爆破音2+爆破音3,第一个爆破音为不完全爆破，形成并保持较长时间，第二个不发音，第三个正常爆破。 slept badly lagged behind collect pennies robbed cars picked berries adapt to the growth,爆破音的送气,当爆破音/p/,/t/,/k/在重读音节中紧跟在/s/的后面时，爆破音就不送气。也就是由/

55、b/替代/p/, /d/替代/t/，/g/替代/k/。 speak spare sport spy spring /sb/ school scar score scare skirt /sg/ star stay steal stupid stock /sd/,弱化weakening,非重读单词弱化： 1.元音弱化为/i/或者/ be, me, he, she, the, we his/ z/ he / / him / m/ a, an, some, the, them, us, am, are, can, do, does, had, has, have, must, shall, was,

56、 were, will, at, for, from, of, to, and, as, but, so, than, that, could, would had/ d/ has / z/ have / v/ must /ms/ will / l/ and/ n/ 2.有时候单词的元音消失 am/m/ can/kn/ do/d/ had/d/ has/z,s/ have/v/ /z,s/ some/sm/ shall/ l/ them/ m/ was/wz/ for/fr/ from/frm/ of/v,f/ and/nd,n/ than /n/,strong forms& weak for

57、ms,strong forms& weak forms,strong forms& weak forms,strong forms& weak forms,strong forms& weak forms,common contractions,common contractions,连读linking,前一个单词以辅音结尾，后一个单词以元音开头，两个词就发生连读： come in work out good idea think of it read it again speak english first of all all of us,r/re结尾的单词+元音开头的单词 /r/添音 t

58、here is there are our own more over far away remember it later on,连读,glides /j/&/w/延音滑动,/j/glide: say j it my j own toy j airplane /w/glide: how w is it? blue w ink i saw w it,assimilation,progressive assimilation 顺同化 前一个语音影响后一个语音 students laughed bags backs moved fished regressive assimilation 逆同化 后一个语音影响前一个语音 have to / hft/ has to /hst/ used to / ju:st/ horsehoe /h: u:/ his shirt /hi: :t/ cupboard/kbd/ five pens/fafpns/ he