C 如何做汉译英.ppt

1、句法,如何做汉译英,怎样译出地道的英语句子？,第二步：确定主干的相关词汇,第三步：翻译句子主干,第四步：添加修饰成分,第一步：找出句子主干,将句子缩写成某人做某事,汉译英和英译汉都一样，不要忙着立即从第一个词开始寻找相应的英语词汇，一个词一个词地顺着译下去。我们都同样要以英语的五个基本句型为标准，仔细分析汉语原文，看哪些是主要成分，哪些是附加的修饰成分。先把英语译文的主要构架确定下来，然后寻找适当的英语词汇，将句子的主要意思翻译出来。这样译成的英语句子，至少在结构上不致有大问题，接着再看次要成分也就是定语、状语等修饰语，译成英语后依照英语的习惯安放在适当的位置，这样，一个句子就译成了。,1 把

2、一个句子缩写到最短某人做某事 某人是如何 a. 李明每个星期六下午都要和他表哥打一小时的篮球，并且每次都输。 他哥哥身体健康。 2 分清楚及物动词与不及物动词 3 记住一些与汉语表达不同的单词、词组和特殊句型。,如何写英语句子（汉译英）,李明,打,篮球,哥哥,健康,例句： 害怕挨骂，那个淘气的男孩没 关水龙头就跑了。,第一步：找出句子主干,男孩 跑了,第二步：确定主干的相关词汇,害怕挨骂，那个淘气的男孩没关水龙头就跑了。,boy, run away,第三步：翻译句子主干,害怕挨骂，那个淘气的男孩没关水龙头就跑了。,The boy ran away.,考虑： 时态 语态,第四步：添加修饰成分,T

3、he naughty boy ran away.,The naughty boy ran away without turning off the water.,Afraid of being scolded, the naughty boy ran away without turning off the water.,害怕挨骂，那个淘气的男孩 没关水龙头就跑了。,练习一： 幸运的是，那个穿白衣服的年轻人在车祸中伤得不重。,Luckily, the young man in white wasnt injured badly in the accident.,练习二： 北京是中国的首都，有3

4、000多年的悠久历史。,Beijing is the capital city of China with a long history of over 3,000 years. Beijing, the capital city of China, has a long history of over 3,000 years. Beijing is the capital city of China and has a long history of over 3,000 years.,练习三： 今年南方的雪灾中有107人失去了生命。,One hundred and seven people

5、 lost their lives in the snowstorm in the south this year.,练习四： 在过去的两年中唐山修了好多条宽阔的马路。,In the past two years, many wide roads have been built in Tangshan.,句子种类：,简单句 并列句 复合句 其他,返回,简单句,陈述句:用来说明事实或说话 人的看法 疑问句:用来提出问题 祈使句:用来表示请求、命令 感叹句:用来表达强烈的感情,返回,简单句的六种基本句型：,、主系动词表。 、主不及物动词。 、主及物动词单宾语。 、主及物动词双宾语。 、主及物动词复

6、合宾语。 、There is / are +某人某物某地某时 .,返回,简单句共有以下五种基本句型,返回,系动词,常见的系动词大致可分为三类。 第一类：表示特征或状态的，有 be, look, feel, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, turn out（结果是、证明是）等。 How sweet the music sounds! The day turned out (to be）a fine one. 第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become, get, grow, turn, fall, go, come, run 等。 The fo

7、od has turned bad. Marys face went red. His dream has come true. The boys blood ran cold. 第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep, remain, continue 等。 Keep quiet, children! The weather continued fine for a long time. 系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句。be 可用于上述所有情况。,“双宾语”及物动词：,ask 、bring 、buy 、call 、do 、get 、

8、give 、lend 、offer 、send 、teach 、tell,e.g. I gave the old man some money . She sent me a parcel of clothes . He told me the news about Paul . They bought me a lot of books .,双宾语顺序：某人+某物 或 某物+ to / for某人 e.g. I gave some money to the old man . They bought a lot of books for me .,返回,返回,“复合宾语”及物动词：,beli

9、eve 、call 、choose 、consider 、find 、make 、prove 、see 、think,e.g. All of us believed him mistaken . We consider him very capable . They made Smith their spokesman . (代言人) I thought it a most interesting book .,试比较：,I found a novel . I found him a novel . I found the novel very interesting .,There be句型

10、与have的区别 从含义上说，There be表达的是“某地有某物”。如： There is a tree in front of the house.房子前有一棵树. 而have讲的是“某人/某物拥有”即指出的是宾语的所有者。如： I have an interesting book.我有一本有趣的书。 The chair has three legs.这把椅子有三条腿。 There be句型的就近原则 也是主谓一致语法项目的重点考点。 There be句型中be动词的单复数形式由后面挨近的一项的单复数决定。 如：There is a pen, two books and many penc

11、ils on the desk.,一、There be 的各种时态： There is going to be / will be a film this evening. There used to be a temple here.（一般过去时） There have been great changes in China in the past twenty years. 在过去20年里中国发生了巨大变化。,二、there be句型中的谓语动词be可被be likely to be, happen to be, seem (to be), occur等代替，用来描写事物。例如： Ther

12、e are likely to be more difficulties than they have been prepared for There happened to be nobody in the room,四、there be 句型中的be也可被一些不及物动词代替，如 live，stand，exist，remain等，用来表示静止、存在、有。例如： There lives a family of five in the village There remains nothing more to be done,五、固定句型(也是动名词的固定用法)： There is no den

13、ying the fact that China is still a developing country There is no joking about such matters There is no telling what will happen to him next,三、there be句型与各种情态动词连用。 例如： There must be something wrong here There might still be some vacant seats in the rear,他失业了。 树叶已经变黄了。 这个报告听起来很有意思。 冬季白天短，夜晚长。 布朗夫人看起

14、来很健康。 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 孩子们，请保持安静。 2. The leaves have turned yellow. 3. The report sounds interesting. 4. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 5. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 6. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.,1. He is out of work.,Children, keep quiet please.,Tran

15、slation,That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently. 1.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 They have carried out the plan successfully. 2.他们成功地完成了计划。(carry out) You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 3.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。(finish doing) Do you mind my opening the window? 4.我开窗户你在意吗？ Jim cannot dress himself.

16、5.Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。(dress oneself) All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 6. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 He did not know what to say. 7.他不知道说什麽好。,翻译练习： 1.Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？5. 他把车票给列车员看。6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了,1 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2 Grand

17、ma told me an interesting story last night. 3 Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 4 Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5 He showed the ticket to the conductor. 6 This term I have written three letters to my parents.,我们叫她Alice. 我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。

18、 1. We call her Alice. 2. We wont let her go out at night. 3. I have never seen the word used that way before. 4. Ill get my recorder mended. 5. I thought it no use talking with that man,There be 句型,1.今晚没有会议。 2.这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。3.天气预报说下午有大风。 4.灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 5.从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。6.公共汽车来了。,1.There

19、isnt going to be a meeting tonight. 2.There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school. 3.The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. 4.The light is on. There must be someone ion the office. 5.Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 6.There

20、comes the bus.,口译下列句子，想一想，它们分别是哪一种简单句：,雨下得很猛 汽车突然停了下来 他们在修理自行车 听到这些话，他的脸变红了 在过去，穷人经常挨饿 这些鸡蛋变味啦，不能吃了 李老师教我们语文 今天晚饭我为你们煮面条 她叫他站着别动 我们必须把祖国建设得越来越强大,疑问句,一般疑问句 特殊疑问句 选择疑问句 反意/附加疑问句,返回,一般疑问句,一般疑问句一般是指用 Yes 或 No 回答的疑问句。,其基本结构为：,Be + 主 + 表 + ? Do / Does / Did + 主 + do + ? Have / Has / Had + 主 + done + ? Can

21、 + 主 + do + ?,返回,注意否定问句：,Havent you got a dictionary ? Yes , I have . （不，我有。） No , I havent . （是的，我没有。）,特殊疑问句,特殊疑问句是以疑问词开始的疑问句。用陈述句来回答。,其基本结构为：,How / Wh- + 一般疑问句 ？ e.g. How do you go to school ? Where do you work ?,注意混合疑问句：,What do you think / suppose + 主 + 谓 （+ 其他）?,返回,选择疑问句,提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种，这

22、种疑问句叫做选择疑问句。它的结构是“一般疑问句+ or +一般疑问句”，但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。,e.g. Is her brother a doctor or a teacher ? Would you like tea or coffee ? Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on Sunday ?,返回,反意/附加疑问句,反意疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分是对事物的陈述，后一部分是简短的提问。如果前一部分用肯定式，后一部分用否定形式；前一部分用否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式。两部分的人称和时态要一致。,附加疑问句要注意的问

23、题：,1、陈述部分的have作“有”讲时； You have a new bike , dont / havent you ?,2、陈述部分含有 must 的反意疑问句；,转下页,1) . You must(必须) go now , neednt you ? 2) . You mustnt(不允许) smoke , must you ? 3) . You must have heard about it , havent you ? You must have gone to the cinema last night , didnt you ? You must be tired , are

24、nt you ?,3、used to 的反意疑问句；,The old man used to sleep ten hours a day , usednt / didnt he ?,4、ought to 的反意疑问句；,He ought to come , oughtnt shouldnt he ?,转下页,返回,5. He seldom goes to the cinema , does he ? 6. She dislikes the idea , doesnt she ? 7. One cant be careful enough , can one / he ? 8. These ar

25、e not your books , are they ? 9. Everything goes well , doesnt it ? 10. Everybody agrees with him , doesnt he / dont they ? 11. She said she would be back soon , didnt she ? I dont believe (that) he will come , will he ? 12. Learning English well takes a long time , isnt it ? 13. Give me a hand , wo

26、nt / will you ? Lets go for a walk , shall we ? Let us go now , will you ? 14. There wont be any trouble , will there ?,祈使句,1、肯定祈使句； 2、否定祈使句； 3、以 let 开头的祈使句； 4、带主语的祈使句,返回,Be careful ! Stop talking !,Dont / Never open the window .,Lets go now . Let me have a try .,1) Tom , you feed the bird ! 2) You

27、, boys , sweep the floor , and you ,girls , clean the windows . 3) You mind your own business ! Dont you be late !(不高兴，厌烦) 4) Be quiet , everyone . Somebody answer the phone !,( , will you ?),感叹句,基本构成方式：,返回,1 . What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + S + V ! 2 . How + adj. + a/an + n. (单) + S + V ! 3 . How + ad

28、j. / adv. + S + V !,省略形式的感叹句：,What good advice he gave us ! What a nice day it is !,How clever a girl she is ! How nice a day it is !,How hard they worked !,1) . How they worked ! 2) . What a lovely day ! How wonderful !,并列句,两个或两个以上的单句，可以用并列连词连接，从而形成并列句。常用的并列连词，根据所连接的上下文的逻辑关系，可以分为以下几类： 1、表示增补关系的并列连词

29、： 2、表示选择关系的并列连词： 3、表示转折关系的并列连词： 4、表示因果关系的并列连词：,返回,and , bothand, neithernor,notnor,not onlybut also, as well as ,etc.,or , or else , otherwise , either or, whetheror,but , while,for , so,e.g. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem while they themselves couldnt . We must hurry ,

30、 otherwise well be late .,复合句,名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句,返回,名词性从句,主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句,返回,引导词,主语从句能用 it 作形式主语。常用 it 作形式主语的句型有： 1).It be + 形 (certain, likely, etc.) + that从句。 2).It be + 名词词组(no wonder, etc.) + that从句。 3).It be +过去分词 (said , thought, etc.) + that从句。 4).It seem/happen, etc. + that 从句。 5).It doesn

31、t matter / makes no difference + wh- 从句。 6).当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时， 要用 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。,返回,e.g. It is certain that she will do well in her exam .,e.g. Its no surprise that our team should have won the game .,e.g. It is said that Mr . Green has arrived in Beijing .,e.g. It happened that I was out t

32、hat day .,e.g. It doesnt matter whether she will come or not .,e.g. Does it matter much that they wont come tomorrow?,主语从句,宾语从句,1）、如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。 2）、连词 that 引导的从句很少作介词宾语，只用在 except, but, in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导，则需用 it 先行一步，作形式宾语。 3）、某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有 sure,glad

33、,pleased,certain,happy,afraid, etc.连词 that 可省略。,转下页,e.g. He has made it clear that he will not give in .,e.g. He is a good student except that he is careless . Well see to it that she gets home early .,e.g. Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exam . Im afraid you dont understand what

34、 I said .,4）、用 if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用 if 而要用 whether 来引导。试比较： Please let me know if you want to go .(宾从或状从) Please let me know whether you want to go . 5）、介词宾语不可以用 which 来引导，而要用 what 来引导。 e.g. Are you sorry for what youve done ? 6）、宾语从句的否定转移。在 think,believe,suppose,expect 等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定

35、形式，而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。如： e.g. I dont think you are right . I dont suppose he cares, does he ? 7）、suggest,order,demand等动词后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。,返回,表语从句,同位语从句,1）、能接表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词 be, seem, look等。如： e.g. It looked as if it was going to rain . 2）、连词 because 可引导表语从句。如： e.g. I think it is because you are doing t

36、oo much .,常见的后接同位语从句的抽象名词有 fact, news , hope , truth, idea, suggestion, thought, question, order, problem, belief, doubt, fear 等。如： e.g. There is no doubt that they will win . He had no idea when she would come back .,返回,引导词,连词：that , whether / if 连接代词：what,which,who,whom,whose,wh-ever 连接副词：why,when

37、,where,how,wh-ever,however,转下页,1. whether / if,1）、引导主/表/同从时，一般只用 whether ，不用 if 。 2）、引导宾从时一般可通用。但在下列三种情况下一般只用 whether 。 A. 在动词 discuss 之后。 B. 介词之后。 C. 宾语从句放主句前。,We discussed whether we should close the store . Just now they talked about whether they would help us . Whether he has stolen the money I

38、cant say .,3）、后面紧跟 or not 时，一般只用 whether 。 e.g. He didnt say whether or not he would be staying here . 注：后面跟不定式时，一般只用 whether 。 e.g. He doesnt know whether to go to Beijing or not .,2. that / what,1）、that 在从句中不作句子成分，what 则须在从句中作主/表/宾等； 2）、that 从句一般不作介词的宾语，但有 in that (因为), except that (除了，例外) 。,转下页,3

39、. whoever / who 等,二者均可引导名从，且都可在句中充当主/宾。所不同的是含义：whoever 意为“凡是的人”，而 who 则意为“谁”。 e.g. Whoever breaks the law should be punished . Who broke the law is still unknown .,4. doubt 后的连接词,肯定句中的 doubt (v. / n.)之后应该接 wh- 引导的从句；否定句或疑问句中的 doubt (v. / n.) 之后的从句却该用 that 来引导。 e.g. Can you doubt that she likes me ?

40、I dont doubt that he runs fast,but I doubt whether/if hell win the match. I am in doubt what I should do .,转下页,1、that 引导主/表/同从时，多不省略。 2、that 引导宾从时，通常可省略。但 and/but 连接两个由 that 引导的宾从时，第一个 that 可省略，第二个 that 不可省略。如： They said (that)they were strangers there and that they had lost their way .,5. 关于 that 在

41、名从中的省略与保留,6. 表语从句的注意点,1、The reason is/was 后的表语从句一般用 that 引导，而不用 because ； 2、引导表原因的表语从句时用 because , 不用 as / since / for 等 e.g. He failed .Thats because he didnt work hard . 比较： He didnt work hard .Thats why he failed .,转下页,1、同位语从句阐明它前面的名词的内容；定语从句则是对先行词加以修饰限制。 2、只有在内容方面可以进一步阐明的名词（一般为抽象名词），才能带同位语从句，而几乎

42、任何名词都可以带定语从句。 3、that 引导同位语从句时，that在句中不作成分（不省，也不用which取代）；that 引导定语从句时，that 在句中须作主/表/宾，且常可用which 来取代。 e.g. The news that he passed the exam was a great surprise .(同位语从句) The news (that/which) he told me was a great surprise .(定语从句),7。 同位语从句与定语从句的区别：,转下页,1、名词性从句一律用陈述句语序。 2、在What is the matter (with)?结

43、构里，what是主语，the matter(=wrong)是表语，也就是说其本身是陈述句语序。 3、how 引导名词性从句时，若修饰形容词或副词，该形容词或副词须紧置how之后。 e.g. You have no idea how worried I was !,8. 名词性从句的语序,返回,定语从句,引导词,关系代词： 关系副词：,who,whom,whose,which,that,when,where,why,etc.,一、 引导词的选择问题：,1. that / which,1).下列情况下用 that 而不用 which :,A.先行词是all,anything,little等不定代词

44、时； B.先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时； C.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时； D.先行词被only,very,next,last等修饰时；,转下页,E. 先行词是“人+物”时； F. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时； G. 为了避免重复，当句中有which时。 e.g. Which is the car that hit the boy ? Edison built up a factory which produced thing that had never been seen before .,2).下列情况下用 which 而不用 that :,关系代词前有介词时； 引导非限制性定语

45、从句时； 为了避免重复，先行词是that或句中有一个由that引导的定语从句时。 e.g. He has found that which he was looking for .,转下页,2. that / who(m),that 和 who(m) 都可指人，通常可互换。但下列情况下一般不能互换： 1). 关系代词在定语从句中充当表语时，用that而不用who(m); 2). 先行词是“物+人”时，用that而不用who(m); 3). 引导非限制性定语从句时，只用who(m)而不用that; 4). 在“介词whom”引导的定语从句中不能用that; 5). 先行词是those 时，多用w

46、ho 而一般不用that ; 6). 为了避免重复，句中有who时，一般不用that.,转下页,3. as / which,转下页,1). as 和 which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句，且都可指代整个主句或主句的一部分，一般可互换。 2). 但在下列情况下不可通用： A. 放句首，用as 而不用which; B. as 意为“正如”，后边的谓语动词多为see, know, expect, say, mention, report等，另外as在限制性定语从句中常用于某些固定搭配，如the sameas , suchas等，which意为“这一点”。 C. 定语从句是“主+谓+宾+宾补”结构时

47、，一般用which .,e.g. She is very careful , as / which her work shows . As he had hoped , he saw the play . John started telling lies , which his cousin felt strange .,He was wearing the same shirt as Id had on the day before .(同类) He was wearing the same shirt that Id had on the day before .(同一),比较：,It

48、was such a good film that I saw it yesterday .(结果状从) Dont talk about such things as you dont understand.(定从),4. 作定语用的关系代词,2). Look at the house whose roof is red . = Look at the house the roof of which is red . = Look at the house of which the roof is red .,1). It stormed all day , during which time

49、 the ship broke up .,转下页,5. 介词 + whom / which,1). 根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择； e.g. This is not the book of which the teacher spoke in class . 2). 根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择； e.g. Ill never forget the day on which I first met him . 3). 有时需要同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。 e.g. The clever boy made a hole in the wall , through wh

50、ich he could see what was happening inside the house .,转下页,6. 关系代词 / 关系副词,This is the factory (which) we visited last month . This is the factory where we stayed last month .,I will never forget the time (which) we spent together . I will never forget the time when we studied together.,I admired the

51、 way (that / in which) you answered his questions.,二、值得注意的问题：,1、作宾语的关系代词的省略问题： 1). 介词+ whom / which结构中的关系代词不可省略； 2). 非限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词不省。,转下页,2、定语从句中的主谓一致问题： 1). I , who am your friend , will certainly help you . 2). He is one of the teachers who know Japanese in our school. 3). He is the only one

52、of the teachers who knows Japanese in our school .,3、介词的位置问题： 1). This is the room in which we lived last year . = This is the room ( which / that ) we lived in last year . 2). Is this the book ( which / that ) she was looking for ?,4、要防止句子成分的重复：,The composition which I handed it in a week ago has n

53、ot been marked yet .,返回,状语从句,时间状语从句 原因状语从句 地点状语从句 让步状语从句 条件状语从句 目的和结果状语从句 方式状语从句 比较状语从句,返回,时间状语从句,常用连词有：when/while/as , before , after , since , once , till/until , hardlywhen / no soonerthan , as soon as , the moment/minute/instant , each(every) time/the first (last) time , immediately/directly ,et

54、c.,when : 段 / 点；之前 / 之后 ； 这时 while : 段 （“趁”） ； 表对比（“而”） as : “一边一边” ； “随着”,e.g. When he realized it , the chance had been lost . (=before) Ill go home when he comes back. (=after) I was just about to go to bed when the phone rang a second time . (=and at that moment),转下页,1.,Strike while the iron is

55、hot . She thought I was talking about her daughter , while , in fact , I was talking about my daughter . She sang happily as she walked along the street . Her hair grew gray as time went by . 注意： As / When a boy , he lived in Japan . When / While reading , he fell asleep .,once : “条件” ； 可接分词 as soon

56、 as : “时间”,As soon as the bell rang , the pupils ran out of the classroom . Once you see Mei Lanfang on the stage , youll never forget him . Once having made a promise , you should keep it .,转下页,2.,before 的意义： It was another 5 minutes before Matt heard him coming down the stirs . (才) He ran off befo

57、re I could stop him . (还没来得及就) She became a mother before she had reached her 18th year . (不到就) Put down her telephone number before you forget it . (免得) He will die of hunger before he will steal . (宁愿不愿),4. since 的翻译： I havent heard from him since he got to Beijing . 自从他到达北京以来，我一直未收到他的信。(终止性动词) I

58、havent heard from him since he lived in Beijing . 自从他离开北京以来，我一直未收到他的信。(延续性动词),返回,原因状语从句,常用连词有: because , since , as , now (that) , seeing (that) , considering (that) etc.,because : 表直接的原因,语气强。 since : 表已知的原因(“既然”),语气较弱。 as : 表较明显的原因，语气最弱。,e.g. Why was the child crying in the street ? Because he lost

59、 his way . As it is snowing , we shall not go to the park . Now that youve got a chance , you might as well make full use of it . 比较： It rained last night , for the ground is wet this morning .,返回,地点状语从句,常用连词有: where(特指) , wherever(泛指),返回,e.g. You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again . Well go wherever the Party wants us t