第11节_肯否(正反)转换.ppt

1、翻译练习 1.I am no drinker, nor smoker. 2.The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing. 3.He has long been an enemy of stilted and pretentious English. 4.The audience who attended the performance varied from tens to thousands. 5.The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the

2、 two men.,参考译文 1.我既不喝酒, 也不抽烟。 2.小偷战战兢兢地坦白了自己干的坏事。 3.他一向坚决反对矫揉造作的英语。 4.观看演出的观众少则几十人, 多则数千人。( 观众人数从几十到数千不等。) 5.水手们蜂拥而至, 大声笑着, 兴高采烈地将两人围了起来。,1. The whole country was armed in a few days. 2. If the scheme is disapproved, work on the project will stop immediately. 3. Such conduct will be looked down upon

3、 by all with a sense of decency. 4. Much has been said about the complexity of embryonic stem-cell research. 5. The sense of inferiority he experienced in his youth has never been totally eradicated.,6. The volume is not measured in square millimeters. It is measured in cubic millimeters. 7. There a

4、re some radioactive isotopes which are produced artificially by bombardment of nuclei with neutrons. 8. The oil of the world will have been used up, and man will be using the more convenient power obtained from the splitting of the atom.,9. She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason ha

5、d been given; no objection had been made to her conduct . She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress. 10. It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of bo

6、oks, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.,参考译文： 1. 几天之内全国就武装起来了。 2. 如果方案被否决，这项工程将立即停工。 3. 这种行为将会为一切正派人所蔑视。 4. 有关胚胎干细胞研究的复杂性已经谈得很多了。 5. 他在青少年时期经历过的自卑感从未完全消除。 6. 体积不是以平方毫米计量，而是以立方毫米计量的。,7. 有几种放射性同位素是通过用中子轰击原子核人造出来的。 8. 全世

7、界的石油将会用尽，人们将使用通过原子裂变获取的更为方便的动力。 9. 她告诉我，男主人解雇了她，没有对她说明任何理由，对她的行为也没提出任何异议，而且不许她向女主人申诉。 10. 我们发现本馆图书库存正急剧下降，此事令人关注。现提醒大家注意借书、还书规定，别忘了其他同学的需要。今后对逾期不还者将从严处罚。,During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in

8、 the historical study. (1999) 在这种转变过程中，传统的历史研究方法由于采用了其它方法论而得到充实设计这些方法论是为了解释历史研究中的新的证据形式。（将were augmented、designed化为主动）,The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behav

9、ior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. (2002) 自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始得到认识和研究。（将was formulated 中的被动消除，译为“得以阐明”，be recognized and studied 也译为“得到” ),Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the la

10、test developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年) 人们常说，电视使人了解时事，熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化，并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。,We are taught that business letters should be written in a formal style rather than a personal one. 我们学过，写商

11、务信件要用规范的格式，而不能像个人信件那样随便。（将are taught、be written 均转换为主动）,Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non-sticky, and yet elastic. 一个叫古德伊尔的美国人多年来一直在努力寻找一种方法把橡胶做得硬而不粘，但却有弹性。（用“把”字结构代替被动）,It is said that the letter was received two months ago, and a

12、fter study, returned to your office. 据说，信是两个月前收到的，研究后已寄还贵处。（用“据”结构消除is said 的被动字眼，was received 被转换为了系表结构，returned 也被改为主动形式）,As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carr

13、ied out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is

14、pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.,由于石油深埋地下，靠研究地面不能确定是否有石油。因此必须对地下岩层结构进行地质勘探。如果认为某地区的岩层含石油，则在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井架”。井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管往下放入由钻头打出的孔中。钻孔过程中，放入钢管以防孔壁坍

15、塌。如钻探到石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，让石油通过一系列阀门流出。,上述短短百余字的英语中出现了十几处被动语态，而译成汉语后，这些被动结构几乎全都转换成了主动结构。由此可见，化被动为主动是处理英语被动语态的常见手法。,反译,为了使译文忠实、通顺而有合乎译入语表达习惯地传达原文的意思，有时需要把原文中肯定或否定的说法进行适当调整。有很多情况需要正反交替, 酌情处理, 以便准确传达出原文意思。 所谓反译，是指突破原文形式的束缚，变换语气，把原文中肯定的表达形式译成否定形式，把原文中否定的表达形式译成肯定形式。,采用反译法一方面是为了更加有效地传递原文的信息，另一方面是由于不能按照原文的语气和表达

16、形式直译原文。 反译是一种行之有效的重要翻译手段，在实际翻译中反译应用的范围很广，它可以使原来蹩脚的译文畅晓自然，也可以使貌似无法措手的原文迎刃而解。,有时候, 照字面翻译会造成文句不通，因此需要“正说反译”。 Please keep the fire burning. “请保持火燃烧”, “别让火灭了”。 Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. ( 名词) 双方都认为可以不失体面地接受这个和平方案。,Hey, its late. Where is Tom? Hes s

17、till in bed. 他还没有起床。 Without reasoning one is apt to be beyond control. 没有理智容易变成不受约束。 -Are you not going tomorrow? - No, Im not going. 是的，我不去。,1.原文形式上为肯定，译文形式上采用否定,Such a chance was denied me. 我没有得到这样一个机会。 The first bombs missed the target. 第一批炸弹没有击中目标。 While colder than usual, the weather held. 尽管较

18、平常冷些，天气（保持）没变。,The explanation is pretty thin. 这个解释相当不充实。 If he had kept his temper, the negotiation would probably have been a success. 要是他没发脾气，谈判很可能就已经成功了。,Im at my wits end to keep the children quiet. 我实在没办法让这些孩子安静下来。 The subversion attempts proved predictably futile. 不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。,Arguing fro

19、m the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 极端主义者认为，人与动物在各方面都不同，对动物无需考虑道德问题。,Everybody was waiting for her but she was talking to Ms. Zhang while slowly walking out of her classroom. 人人都

20、在等她，而她却一边同张老师说话，一边不紧不慢（不慌不忙）地走出教室。,Miss Mary kept to her room all day. 玛丽成天足不出户。 Its long time since I enjoyed myself so much. 好长时间没这么痛快地玩了。,His explanation is far from being satisfactory. 他的解释远不能让人满意。 All the prison guards treated us like dogs. 所有的监狱看守都不把我们当人看待。 The influence of temperature on the

21、conductivity of metals is slight 温度对金属的导电性影响不大。,As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it，it is used as insulating material 由于橡胶不导电，所以用作绝缘材料。 The average speed of all molecules remains the same so long as the temperature is constant 只要温度不变，全部分子的平均速度也就不变。,The signal was shown about the c

22、omputers being in order 信号表明，计算机没有毛病。 We should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent 我们不应当再把海洋当成人类生活污水和工业污水的垃圾场了。,We should discard the idea that scientific inquiry will ever be complete 我们必须明白科学是永无止境的。 There are many other energy sources in store 还有多种其他能源尚未开发。,2. I have

23、 read your article. I expected to meet an older man. ( 形容词) 我拜读了你的大作, 没想到你这样年轻。 3. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. ( 副词) 时间是我们最缺少的, 但可悲的是, 偏偏许多人最不善于利用。,4. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. ( 介词) 他无权签订这种合同。 5. He would do anything he was asked to do but retur

24、n to his old life. ( 连词) 叫他干什么他都愿意, 只要不让他再过以往那种日子就行。,6. One may as well be asleep to read for anything but to improve his mind and morals, and regulate his conduct. ( 短语) 读书如果不是为了培养才德和端正品行, 还不如睡大觉。 7. If it worked once, it can work twice. ( 句子) 一次得手, 再次不愁。,在许多情况下, 经过“反说正译”处理的译文读起来更自然, 更能传达出原文的意义。“反说

25、正译”尤其适用于某些特殊句式结构的翻译, 这些句式结构包括双重否定、not. until、no sooner . than、hardly (scarcely) .when (before)、rather than、nothing but、cannot. too、cannot help、cannot but 等等。如:,2. 原文形式上为否定，译文形式上采用肯定,I dont doubt China will be reunited. 我相信中国会统一的。 He never spared himself and so he made me work hard. 他总是拼命干，也让我拼命干。,1.

26、 Dont lose time in posting this letter. ( 动词) 赶快把这封信寄出去。 2. Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection. ( 名词) 任何漂亮的东西, 仔细观察也会发现某种缺陷。,3. All the articles are untouchable in the museum. ( 形容词) 博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。 4. He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. ( 副词) 他马马虎虎

27、地看了眼便条就走了。,Hitlers undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with worldwide condemnation. 希特勒对犹太人的露骨迫害行为遭到世界人民的谴责。 He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business. 他对他父亲的行业表示了强烈的厌恶情绪。,He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. 他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。 Dont make your conclusion b

28、efore the end of the year. 到年底再下结论吧！,“You will try to tide me over, wont you?” “Wont I!” 你会帮我度过难关，是吗？ 当然！,3. 原文形式上为肯定、意义上为否定，翻译时可以直接表达出暗含的否定意义。,It was more than I could bear. 这个我不能忍受。 The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered. 游击队员宁愿战斗到死，也决不投降。 Please withhold the document for the

29、time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译） 请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）,The last thing I want in this world is to hurt you. 这个世界上我最不愿做的就是伤害你。 She would rather have her room painted milk-white than have it painted sky-blue. 她宁可把房间漆成乳白色，也不愿漆 成天蓝色。,In addition to providing a cool sitting place in the open air, a balcony can also p

30、rotect the window below from the direct glare of the sun. 阳台除了可供人们乘凉以外，还可以保护下面的窗户，使它不受到阳光的直接照射。,双重否定一般可译作肯定, 但实际上问题并非如此简单, 双重否定往往还具有强调的作用。如have to 一般译作“不得不”, 也可去掉两个“不”字, 译作“得”, 其意思不变, 但语气就弱多了。下面是一些较为典型的双重否定译例:,4. 原文形式上双重否定，就相当于肯定，翻译时需要表达肯定的意义。,There can be no shadow without sunshine. 有阳光就有阴影。 没阳光就没有

31、阴影 You cant buy things without money. 没有钱就买不到东西。 有钱才能买东西。,1. There is no rule that has no exception. 凡事都有例外。 2. There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 3. It never rains but it pours. 不雨则已, 雨必倾盆。,I am not reluctant to accept your proposal. 你的建议我并非不愿接受。 He was nothing if not a hypoc

32、rite. 他完全是个虚伪的人。,“You are too beautiful and gifted not to make me fall in love with you!” “你太美丽太多才了，我怎能不爱你！” There is no story without coincidence. 无巧不成书。,5. 原文含有否定形式的惯用语时，要根据实际情况进行翻译,You cant be too careful when you drive a car. 开车时怎么小心也不为过。 开车时，越小心越好。 She cant help laughing when she heard the funn

33、y story. 听到这个有趣的故事，她情不自禁的笑了。,Sodium is never found uncombined in nature 自然界中的钠被发现都处于化合状态。 Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats 冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。,Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature 金属要加热到一定温度才会熔化。 Until recently people were not interested in particular genes 人们最

34、近才开始对特定基因感兴趣。,Many scientists are not happy about what modern man is doing to his environment 许多科学家对现代人对环境所做的一切感到忧虑。,One body never exerts a force upon another without the second reacting against the first 一个物体对另一个物体施加作用力必然会受到这另一物体的反作用力。 Dont start working before having checked the instrument thorou

35、ghly 要对仪器彻底检查才能开始工作。,6、正反皆可 这类情况需根据上下文、汉语表达和译文语气的需要, 译为肯定式或否定式。 1. Im new to the work. 干这活我是生手。 我不熟悉这工作。 2. He is free with his money. 他花钱大手大脚。 他从不吝惜钱。,3. He realized that he was in trouble. 他意识到自己遇到麻烦了。 他意识到自己处境不妙。 4. The station is no distance at all. 车站近在咫尺。 车站一点儿也不远。 5. Its no less than a fraud.

36、 这简直是一场骗局。 这无异于一场骗局。,6. The criminal is still at large. 罪犯仍逍遥法外。 罪犯还未捉拿归案。 7. The works of art were left intact, the money gone. 艺术品还在, 钱却不见了。 艺术品原封未动, 钱却不翼而飞。,7 、否定的陷阱 英语中的否定可分4 种: 完全否定(带no、nothing、none 等词语) 、半否定(带hardly、scarcely 等词语) 、部分否定(带有not all、not every等词语) 及其它带否定意义的词语(如fail、without等) 。 英语一些

37、否定结构如果按字面意义理解很容易出错, 这些结构我们称为“否定的陷阱”。下面是几个有代表性的结构:,1. not . too ( 怎么也不) 此结构通常由情态动词can 或shall 加not、never 等否定词构成, 看似否定, 实则表示强烈的肯定, 翻译时应根据情况灵活处理。 1) You cannot be too careful in proofreading. 校对时, 越仔细越好。,2) I shall never be able to stress too much for your kindness. 不管我怎么感谢你, 都不足以报恩于万一。 3) The importanc

38、e of this conference cannot be overestimated. 这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。,2. all /every . not ( 并非都) 此结构往往容易与汉语中的“ 都不”( none of) 相混淆。一般说来, 英语中的all not 和not all 的意思一样, 应视为部分否定。 不过在有些情况下, 尤其是在科技英语中, all not 逐渐有了none of 的含义, 需根据上下文或逻辑关系译出原文的意思。,1) All that glitters is not gold. 发光的不都是金子。 2) All cities did not

39、look alike as they do today. 过去的城市并不都像今天这样座座相似。 3) No, everything is not straightened out. 不, 并非每个问题都弄清楚了。,4) Not all sounds made by animals serve as language. 动物发出的声音并不都起到语言的作用。 5) All graduates from the Foreign Languages Institute will not be appointed to do translation work. 外语学院的毕业生并非人人都被分去做翻译工作

40、。 6) All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat. 燃料中的所有化学能并非都转化为热能。,7) All these various losses, great as they are, do not in any way contradict the law of conservation of energy. 所有这些各种形式的损失尽管很大, 却都和能量守恒定律无任何矛盾。 8) All other sources of heat besides the sun would not raise the te

41、mperature of the earth 1/4 degree F. 除太阳外, 所有其他热源都不能把地球的温度升高1/ 4 华氏度。,3. not . because ( 并非因为) The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished. 引擎不停止运转是因为燃料耗尽了。 此处的not . because 结构为“否定的转移”, 表面看似否定stop, 实则否定because从句, 该结构与“I dont suppose hell come.”类似, 后者一般不译作“我不认为他会来”, 而译为“我认为他不会来”。因此前一句的正确译文为 引

42、擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止了运转。 暗示引擎本身有问题。,1) Dont scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。 2) Africa is not kicking out western imperialism in order to invite other new masters. 非洲将西方帝国主义踢出国门并不是为了请进其他新主子。,3) Gates didnt drop out because he wanted to avoid work but to start his company. 盖茨辍

43、学不是想逃避学业, 而是为了开办自己的公司。 4) In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews. 我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而受到歧视。,考研翻译正反交替练习 1. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an explora

44、tion of rules of conduct in business.( 2006) 2. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006),3. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to

45、 be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.( 2002) 4. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate on the various branches of historical inquiry. ( 1999),5. Galileos greate

46、st glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.( 1994) 6. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the

47、human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.( 1993),7. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the o

48、ther with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. ( 1992),考研翻译正反交替实例 1. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to

49、an exploration of rules of conduct in business.( 2006) 但是, 他的首要任务不是考虑支配自己行为的道德标准, 就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨商业规范一样。 正说反译, 将any more than 译作“不能指望”,2. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006)