脑神经系统一般概述.ppt

1、Department of Anatomy ,Qingdao University Medical College W.S.B 2003.11.11,Part Five The Nervous System,Chapter 14 General Description,(page279),It regulates Pseudounipolar N. Bipolar N.Multaipolar N Elements; Membran Cytoplasm Nucleus,Neuroglia Classify Macroglia astrocyte Microglia oligodendrocyte

2、 Ependyma Schwann cell,2. Composition of the nervous system 1. Neurons structure .,Cell body dendrite Processe axon+myelin= nerve fiber,Synapse . Chimecal synapses Electric synapses Neurotransmitters AChE，DP，SP，ENK Fuction： Conduct impuls， Excitation or inhibition,Axoplasmic transport： slow rate 13m

3、m/d rapid rate 400mm/d Axo-tracing technique anterograde retrograde Degenerration： Lesion Weller anterograde retrograde,. Reflex arc and Reflex (反射弧和反射),Receptors(感受器) Afferent nerve (传入神经) Centres(中枢) Effectors(效应器) Efferent nerve(传出神经),.Terminology of the nervous system 1). Nucleus (神经核) & ganglio

4、n (神经节) 2). Gray matter (灰质) & white matter (白质) 3). Nerve (神经) & fasciculus (纤维束),.Neuronanatomical methods 1.Histological technics Stain: Cox. Golgi. Cajal. Nissl. Weigert. Marchi. Nauta. 2.Histochemistry Koelle(AChE). Falck. 3.Axon tracing,ARG. HRP. Kuyper(Ny. FB) 4.Immunocytoche- mistry,. Functi

5、ons of the nervous system 1. It regulates (调节) and intergrates (整 合) the activities of all the bodily system for the benefit of the organism as a whole. 2. The nervous system is also the seat of all mental activity, including consciousness (意识), memory (记忆) & thinking (思维).,Chapter 16 THE PERIPHERAL

6、 NERVOUS SYSTEM (周围神经),The Spinal Nerves (脊神经) The Cranial Nerves (脑神经) The Autonomic Nervous System (自主神经系) (The Visceral Nervous System 内脏神经系),(Page359),Section 1 The Spinal Nerves (脊神经),1. Composition (组成): 1) anterior root (前根): efferent fibers (传出纤维) 2) posterior root (后根): afferent f ibers(传入纤

7、维) 3) spinal ganglia (脊神经节),The Spinal Nerves (脊神经),2. Classification (分类): 1) cervical nerves (颈神经): C 1 - C 8 2) thoracic nerves (胸神经): T 1 - T 12 3) lumbar nerves (腰神经): L 1 - L 5 4) sacral nerves (骶神经): S1 - S 5 5) coccygeal nerve (尾神经): Co 1,(皮节),A. Cervical plexus (C1-4),1. Location (位置) Oppos

8、ite C 1-3, ventral to the levator scapulae and middle scalene muscle and covered by sternocleido-mastoid (肩胛提肌和中斜角肌之前, 被胸锁乳突肌覆盖). local anesthesia (toponarcosis) 局部麻醉,Cervical plexus (C1-4),1) lesser occipital n. (枕小神经) (C2) 2) great auricular n. (耳大神经) (C2,3) 3) transverse n. of neck (颈横神经) (C2,3)

9、4) supraclavicular nn. (锁骨上神经) (C3,4),2. Superficial branches (浅支),Cervical plexus (C1-4),3. Deep branches (深支) 1) phrenic n. (膈神经) (C3-5) phrenico tripsy 膈神经压轧术 hiccup, hiccough 呃逆 2) accessory phrenic n. (副膈神经) 48%,Cervical plexus (C1-4),B. The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1),1. Location : interscalenus s

10、pace (斜角肌间隙) 2. Formation : (根,干,股,束,支),C6,C7,C8,middle trunk,后股,post.division(股),post.cord(后束),C5,T1,lat. cord (外侧束),后股,med.cord(内侧束),前股,ant.division (股),inferior trunk (下干),superior trunk (上干),anterior division (前股),musculocut. n (肌皮神经),正中,Ulnar n. (尺神经),桡n.,The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1),The Brachia

11、l Plexus (C5-T1),1) long thoracic n. (胸长神经) (C5 -7) winged scapula 翼状肩 2) suprascapular n. (肩胛上神经) 3) dorsal scapular n. (肩胛背神经),3. Branches Branches above the clavicle (锁骨上支),The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1),2) medial and lateral pectoral nn. (胸内侧和胸外侧神经) 3) thoracodorsal n. (胸背神经) (C6 -8) 4) axillary n.

12、 (腋神经) (C5,6) squired scapula 方形肩,Branches below the clavicle (锁骨下支) 1) subscapular n. (肩胛下神经),The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1),5) musculocutaneous n. (肌皮神经) (C5-7) lateral ante- brachial cutan- eous n. (前臂外 侧皮神经),The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1),6) . median n. (正中神经) recurrent branch (返支) common palmar digit

13、al nn. (指掌侧总神经) proper palmar digital nn. (指掌侧固有神经) monkey paw, ape-like hand 猿形手,The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1),7) ulnar n. (尺神经) (C8-T1) superficial branch (浅支) common palmar digital n. (指掌侧总神经) proper palmar digital n. (指掌侧固有神经) deep palmar branch (掌深支) dorsal branch (背支) claw hand 爪形手,The Brachial

14、Plexus (C5-T1),7) ulnar n. (尺神经) (C8-T1) superficial branch (浅支) common palmar digital n.(指掌侧总神经) proper palmar digital n. (指掌侧固有神经) deep palmar branch (掌深支) dorsal branch (背支) claw hand 爪形手,The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1),The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1),8) radial n. (桡神经) (C5-T1) post. brachial cutaneous n

15、. (臂后皮神经) muscular branches (肌支) extensor mm. of the arm,The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1), superficial branch (浅支) dorsal digital nn. (指背神经) deep branch (深支) extensor mm. of the forearm carpoptosis (wrist drop) 垂腕,The Brachial Plexus (C5-T1),9) medial brachial cutaneous n. (臂内侧皮神经) 10) medial antebrachia

16、l cutaneous n. (前臂内侧皮神经),C. The Anterior Branches of Thoracic Nerves,1. Intercostal nn. (肋间神经) lateral cutaneous br. (外侧皮支) anterior cutaneous br. (前皮支) intercostal neuralagia 肋间神经痛 intercostal n. Block 肋间神经封闭 2. Subcostal n. (肋下神经),D. The Lumbar Plexus (T12-L4),1. Location(位置): Between transverse p

17、rocesses of the lumbar vertebrae & psoas major (腰椎横突与腰大肌之间),2. Branches (分支): lumbosacral trunk (腰骶干) 1) iliohypogastric n. (髂腹下神经) (T12-L1) 2) ilioinguinal n. (髂腹股沟神经) (L1) 3) lateral femoral cutaneous n. (股外侧皮神经) (L2-3),The Lumbar Plexus (T12-L4),The Lumbar Plexus (T12-L4),The Lumbar Plexus (T12-L

18、4),4) femoral n. (股神经) (L2-4) muscular branches (肌支) cutaneous branches (皮支): saphenous n. (隐神经) femoral n. Injury 股神经损伤,The Lumbar Plexus (T12-L4),5) obturator n. (闭孔神经) (L2-4) anterior branch (前支) posterior branch (后支) scissors gait 剪刀步态 6) geniofemoral n. (生殖股神经) genicular branch (生殖支) femoral br

19、anch (股支),E. The Sacral Plexus (L4 - Co1),1. Location: in the pelvis, where it is closely to the anterior surface of the piriformis (盆内紧靠梨状肌前面).,E. The Sacral Plexus (L4 - Co1),2. Branches (分支): 1) superior gluteal n. (臀上神经) (L4-S1) 2) inferior gluteal n. (臀下神经) (L5-S2),The Sacral Plexus (L4 - Co1),3) pudendal nerve (阴部神经) (S2-4) anal nn. (肛神经) perineal nn. (会阴神经) dorsal n. of penis (clitoris) (阴茎背神经),4) posterior femoral c