四六级应试.ppt

1、,全国大学英语四、六级考试作文题评分原则及标准,评分原则 CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级或六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此为准则。 CET作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores），而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低

2、分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,评分标准 本题满分为15分。阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。各有标准样卷一份。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数（如8分），则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分）。但不得加或减半分： 2分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分：基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分：基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误

3、。 14分：切题。内容较丰富，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 注：白卷，作文题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则判零分。,字数不足应酌情扣分： 如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数。 只写作文中一个要点者给0-4分；只写两个要点者给0-8分。 如果扣为0分，要慎重处理。 为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准，各档作文分相当于百分制的得分列表如下，称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60（相当于百分制的60分）： 作文分15 14 13 12 11 10 得分率100 94 87 80 74 67 作文分9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 得分率60 54

4、 47 40 34 27 20 14 7,2 points Now, a lot of students are dont due attention enough for spelling in learning english. There are three reason, the first is a lot of students like speaking and listen, do not due attention to write, so they could speak very well but not as good as writing. The second is

5、 a lot of students like reading. They learn a lot message from book, newspaper, internet, but not writing to show their minds as usually as they reading. The third is a lot of students do not due attention to history, if we learn a lot of history, we will learn a lot of spell too. I was one of those

6、 students.,For change this problem, in my opinion, we should write as lots as we read, show our mind on internet, or magerzen, then we learn some history of Larding or roma, this will do some help for due attention to spelling. If we could usually write and know some history for english, we will hav

7、e interest in spelling and due enough attention given to spelling.,5 points: We can see now many students dont pay attention to spelling. Their homework, diary even their email can proof that. Maybe they just write a few wrong words, or maybe they write many wrong words. No matter how many wrong wor

8、d they write, it will let the readers be in trouble. Because the readers maybe think that the wrong word that he writed is the key. I think we should pay attention to our spelling. The first reason is that writing a wrong word is a bad habbit. The second reason is that it will let our English teachi

9、ng be more harder. For changing the bad habbit, we should know why many people dont pay attention to spelling. I my opinion, the first reason is they think that the most important abilities are speaking and listening in all. If they do think so, maybe they dont want to read English books. The second

10、 reason is that our English education is,not well enough. That includes our English teachers and our studying environment. No that we know why, we should think what we should do. I think we should encourage that we should read English books much more. And we should improve our English teachers educa

11、tion, including the numbers of the teacher. Improve our studing environment, includes our study machine. 8 points: Now more and more students pay no attention to spelling while studying English. I conclude three reasons for that here. First, computers are widely used in our lives, we do not have to

12、write too many words. Clicking on keyboard, you may get a higher speed. Second, more and more new words are created on the internet, such as “sku” just means “thank you”. Third, our teachers always tell us that the grammer was the most important part of learning,English. As a matter of fact, few stu

13、dent will pay attention to spelling. What should we do to change the situation? In my opinion, we students are the keys. We should avoid using computer to write English words. We will find too many faults in our writings. If we do not click on the keyboard. And teachers should remind us to write mor

14、e. 11 points: Nowadays, many students learning English dont pay attention to spelling, which is very important for English study. They cant write English words correctly, so there are many spelling mistakes in students compositions. There are some reasons accounting for this. First, students only wr

15、ite a few words in the English exam. They just choose A, B, C or D as the answer in most of the time. So many students dont think spelling is,important, they only spend a little time learning English spelling. Second, more and more students and teachers think listening and speaking are more importan

16、t in English study. They hold the idea that if you can speak English well and understand what others say, of course you can spell English well. To improve listening and speaking standards, many students spend a lot of time listening to English and studying in English corner. But as a result, many st

17、udents cant spell English well and they think that spelling is not important. In my opinion, to change this situation, the English exam should pay more attention to English spelling to encourage students to learn spelling. And both teachers and students should hold a new attitude towards spelling an

18、d spend some time improving spelling standards. 14 points: Nowadays, a large number of students dont pay attention to spelling,when they learn English. Most of them just have a vague impression of English words they have learnt. There are too many spelling mistakes in their essays, which absolutely

19、affect the quality of their essays. Why dont they pay attention to spelling? In my opinion, there are three reasons. First, when students come with a new word, they just pay too much attention to the meaning and usage of this word instead of its spelling. Second, in most of the exams nowadays, stude

20、nts are required to deal with lots of reading comprehension. They dont have to cope with translation. So this can explain why students dont pay due attention to spelling. Last but not the least, many English words are too similar to each other. They resemble each other so much that many students jus

21、t cant spell them correctly. As far as Im concerned, to change this situation, students and,educators have three things to do. First, teachers should put more emphasis on spelling in daily English teaching. Second, students should pay attention to spelling besides meaning and usage when they encount

22、er new words. Third, there should be more translations in English exams, which can require students to pay due attention to spelling in daily English learning. In short, due attention should be given to spelling because only when we spell correctly can we really learn English well.,作文评阅场之实况： 每篇作文的平均

23、评阅时间在50秒左右，多数阅卷人员往往只快速浏览首末段，所以一定要写好首段，让阅卷老师对你“一见钟情”，有进一步“读你”的愿望；同时，末段决不能马虎，要一直保持你在阅卷老师眼中的“美好形象”。 书写工整的，即使内容一般，往往会比应得分高一档给分，书写潦草者，即使内容不错，结果往往会被降一档给分。书写一定要工整，要工整到老师“不认真读下去就会有负罪感”的程度。 别犯“低级错误”。如果进入阅卷老师视线范围内的字句都没有语法错误，即使内容一般，得分往往也在9分以上，相反，即使错误不多，但却均是低级错误，则会认为学生基础差，自然会降一档给分。,On CET-6,Skimming and Scannin

24、g Skim the title, subtitle, the first and the last sentence of each paragraph, paying attention to the words in boldface as well as the italicized words(10seconds) read the questions to understand what is the most important information needed to finish the question, spotting out the key words in the

25、 question (10seconds) use the key words to scan the passage to locate the particular information, finding the correct answer(1minute). 问题的设置顺序往往与文章内容、段落安排一 致，有小标题的往往可以此很快地进行题目定位。,Banked Cloze Read the passage for the first time, put some tentative(试探性的） answers to the easy blanksread the passage for

26、 the second time, analyze each blank carefully, make your choice according to the syntactical functions and morphological features of the vocabulary (词性、词形) read the passage for the third time (if time permits), correct the ambiguous answers according to the coherence both structurally and semantica

27、lly.,篇章阅读（Reading in depth）,一、篇章阅读题所涉及的基本阅读方法： 1Skimming, 即略读或浏览。对全文而言，绝不放过文章的首段末段；对每一段文字而言，格外小心首句末句，从而把握文章的中心和主要内容。 1) 直接体现在对主旨大意题和观点态度题的回答 2) 在实际的答题过程中，一旦我们把握住了文章的中心思想和主要内容，我们可以以此为依据排除很多与文章内容无关的选项。,2Scanning, 寻读，其目的在于尽快地从文中找到某一特定事实或信息，因其在原文中的信息方位相对确定，具有明确的目的性，所以可以“寻而读之”。主要表现在以下几个方面： 1）事实题：测试考上获取说明

28、主题的事实和细节的能力，多涉及人物、地点、原因、数字等具体内容或统计数据、例证材料、某一特定观点。 2） 推理题：要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系、或根据给定的事实理据推断得出符合逻辑的答案。 3） 语义题：测试考生对阅读材料中的关键词语及某些句子的理解能力，尤其是根据上下文语境猜测词汇和句子特别含义的能力。,3虽然本部分的英文说法叫Read in depth，以区别于快速阅读（skimming and scanning）, 但我看来，在英语测试中由于时间有限，很少有同学真正能Reading in depth。所以一般都是综合运用skimming和scanning 两种阅读方法，只是速度上相对前面

29、的快速阅读适当放缓而已。,二、答题步骤：一般而言，文后问题的设置顺序与原文内容的行文顺序基本一致，所以答题一般分以下几步： 第一步：首先读懂读透问题，抓住问题中的关键词； 第二步：回答问题指向明确的问题。根据关键词判断，如果是事实题、推理题、语义题，或者问题明确指出在某段某行，则根据关键词快速找到与之对应的原文，稍事理解后将其与四个选项进行比较一般就可确定答案了。 第三步：回答问题指向不明确的题目。这类题目一般涉及主旨大意题和观点态度题等。（通过做前面的题目已对全文内容有所理解；浏览首末段和首末句）,三 牢记灵活应用排除法，力排干扰项，确定正确答案，正确答案往往是对原文内容的重述（restat

30、ement）或符合逻辑的推论(inference)。干扰项一般是如下几种情形： 1无中生有：特别提醒有的选项是正确而合情合理的，但在文中找不到任何语言依据，也视为“文不对题”，因此，此类题型必须以原文为基础，而不能主观臆断。 2南辕北辙：选项所表达的内容与原文相反或相矛盾。,3张冠李戴：选项所表达的内容把文中描述A事物的特征，张冠李戴到B事物上。 4以偏概全：选项所表达的内容只涉及了问题某一点或某一方面。 5褒贬颠倒：选项所表达的内容在褒贬色彩上矛盾或所表达的内容在正面负面、肯定否定色彩上相反。,四、几种常考题型 观点态度题 1）.阅读时，首先要判断文章的体裁。议论文中，文章的中心句一般都表明

31、作者态度；说明文中，其体裁客观，作者的态度亦中立；描述性文章中，作者往往不直接提出文章观点，但常带有某种倾向，需考生细心揣摩。 2）.综合判断态度题，需要分析文章脉络，理解文章中心思想才能判断出作者的情感态度。 3）.要会区分不同的观点，尤其要找出作者的观点。考生要注意文中出现的直接引语和间接引语，这些观点一般是说话人而非作者的观点。,4）.对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义、中性和贬义色彩。 表示正面意义（positive）的词有：positive赞成的，supporting支持的，praising赞扬的，optimistic乐观的，admiring羡慕的，interesting有趣的，hum

32、orous幽默的，serious严肃的，polite礼貌的，pleasant愉快的，concerned关切的，等。 表示中性的词有：indifferent冷淡的，不关心的；impassive冷淡的，不动感情的；uninterested无兴趣的，不感兴趣的；ambivalent情绪矛盾的；neutral中立的；impersonal不带个人感情的；subjective主观的；objective客观的；sober冷静的，informative提供信息的；impartial不偏袒的；apathetic漠不关心的。,表示负面意义的词有：disgusted感到恶心的，厌恶的；critical批评的；neg

33、ative否定的，反对的；suspicious怀疑的；tolerant容忍的，忍让的；worried担忧的；pessimistic悲观的；depressed沮丧的；disappointed失望的；ironic讽刺的；sarcastic挖苦的；bitter痛苦的；cynical玩世不恭的；sentimental感伤的；emotional激动的；angry气愤的等。 5）.特别强调，对于观点态度、语气语调、感情基调在positive和negative两个向度上的理解和判断直接影响到对全文主要内容的把握和对少数题目的回答。,2、猜测单词、短语或某句话在文中的含义。 本题旨在考察对语境意义的理解，尤其

34、句子更是如此，要特别留意语义关系上的前后一致，前后呼应等。 英语阅读过程中的猜词技巧： 在英语学习中，我们自然会遇到许多生词。这时，许多人立即翻阅字典，查找词义。其实，这种做法是不科学的。它不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。猜测词义时，可利用以下线索：,一、针对性解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或 词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。 1、根据定义猜测词义 【例一】anthrop

35、ology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。 【例二】In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 同样，从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。,定义句的谓语动词多为：be， mean， deal with， be considered， to be， refer to， be called， b

36、e known as， define， represent， signify， constitute等。 2、根据复述猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。 1)同位语 【例一】Semantics， the study of the meaning of words， is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.,此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semanties是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semanties指“语义学”

37、。 在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号、和括号等。 【例二】Capacitance， or the ability to store electric charge， is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义电容量。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or， similarly， that is to say， in other words， namely， or other等副词或短语出现。,2)定语从句 【例如】Krabacber suffers from SAD， which is the short for seasonal affective disorder， a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings. 根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a sy