循环系统中的主要症状和常见病的迹象.ppt

1、2020/7/29,1,Major Symptom and Sign of Common Disease in Circulatory System,2020/7/29,2,Mitral Stenosis,MS results from recurrent rheumatic activity. The flow of blood is damped from LA to LV in diastole, and LA pressure is increased , causing LA dilatation and hypertrophy.,2020/7/29,3,The high atria

2、l pressure induces a dilatation and stasis of pulmonary vein and capillary. Pulmonary artery pressure increased gradually due to the increased pulmonary circulatory resistance.,2020/7/29,4,The right ventricle is overloaded and then the compensatory hypertrophy and dilatation occur. Right ventricular

3、 failure may be present finally.,2020/7/29,5,2020/7/29,6,2020/7/29,7,2020/7/29,8,Symptoms,Exhausted dyspnea(劳力性呼吸困难) Occasional paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea(夜间阵发性呼吸困难) Cough Hemoptysis(咯血),2020/7/29,9,Signs,Inspection: “Mitral Facies” may be present. The apical pulse may extend to left side. Palpati

4、on: diastolic thrill may be felt at apex. Percussion: The cardiac dullness extend to left in early stage and later to right. The cardiac silhouette is like a pear.,2020/7/29,10,Auscultation: A loud snappy first sound and a localized rumbling diastolicmurmur (舒张期隆隆样杂音) in the mid-late stage may be he

5、ard at apex. The opening snap may be present. The pulmonary second sound may be accentuated of splitting.,2020/7/29,11,Mitral Insufficiency,The main cause of MI is rheumatism, and MI may be produced by LV dilatation due to any cause. The blood regurgitation into LA from LV during systole. The fillin

6、g degree and pressure of LA were augmented and then compensatory dilatation of LA occurs.,2020/7/29,12,LV accepts more blood flow during diastole. Over volume load results in LV hypertrophy and dilatation gradually.,2020/7/29,13,2020/7/29,14,2020/7/29,15,2020/7/29,16,Symptoms,The patient may feel no

7、 symptom for a long time. The patient has fatigue and palpitation in the early stage. Exertional dyspnea happens in the terminal stage.,2020/7/29,17,Signs,Inspection: The apical impulse is displaced to left and lower. Palpation: The precordial pulsation is forceful, sustained. Percussion: The cardia

8、c dullness extends to left and downward.,2020/7/29,18,Auscultation: A grade three or more pansystolic blowing murmur(全收缩期吹风样杂音) may be heard and transmitted to the left axilla and scapular region. The first heart sound is decreased and masked by the murmurs. The pulmonary second heart sound was acce

9、ntuated.,2020/7/29,19,Aortic Stenosis,The valvular deformity in aortic stenosis may be the result of rheumatic fever but also occur on the basis for a congenital defect or atherosclerosis.,2020/7/29,20,The blood flow is forced under great pressure through a narrowed aortic valve from LV to the aorta

10、. The wall of LV thicken due to increased afterload. The mean pressure of aorta decreases.,2020/7/29,21,2020/7/29,22,2020/7/29,23,2020/7/29,24,Symptom,Palpitation Fatigue Angina(心绞痛) Syncope(晕厥),2020/7/29,25,Signs,Inspection: The apical impulse is exaggerated, and sometimes is displaced laterally an

11、d inferiorly. Palpation: A systolic thrill may palpable at the second interspace lateral to the sternal with a pulsus tardus. Percussion: The cardiac dullness maybe extends to left and downward.,2020/7/29,26,Auscultation: A systolic murmur is heard over the right second interspace lateral to the ste

12、num and radiated widely. The murmur is loud, harsh, and usually has a crescendo-decrescendo charter. A reversed splitting of the second sound is usually seen.,2020/7/29,27,Aortic Insufficiency,The cause of AI are rheumatic fever the commonest, arteriosclerosis, infective endocarditis(心内膜炎) and syphi

13、lis(梅毒). Augmentation of LV volume load results in LVD and relative MI.,2020/7/29,28,The regurgitant jet hits AMV and causes it moving toward LA during diastole, result in relative MS. The diastolic pressure is decreased causing an increase in pulse pressure.,2020/7/29,29,2020/7/29,30,2020/7/29,31,2

14、020/7/29,32,Symptom,No symptom in early stage. The patient may feel palpitation, vertigo(眩晕) and angina in later stage.,2020/7/29,33,Signs,Inspection: Patients looks pale, the apical impulse is diffuse and displaced laterally or inferiorly. Palpation: The apical impulse is displaced laterally and in

15、feriorly, lifting impulse may be felt.,2020/7/29,34,Percussion: The cardiac dullness is enlarged laterally and inferiorly. The “cardiac waist” is decreased. The cardiac silhouette looks like a boot.,2020/7/29,35,Auscultation: A blowing diastolic murmur is audible in the aortic area or third interspa

16、ce left to sternum and transmitted to apex. A rumbling murmur in eraly-mid diastole at apex may be heard due to relative MS. It is called “Austin-Flint” murmur.,2020/7/29,36,Peripheral vascular signs due to increased pulse pressure are as follow: Moving of head with each heart beat, i.e. Musset sign

17、. Carotid pulsation Capillary pulsation, water hammer pulse, pistol shot sound and duroziez dicrotic murmur.,2020/7/29,37,Pericardial Effusion,The commonest causes of PE are inflammatory (tuberculosis or purulent disorders) and noninflammatory (rheumatism, nephrosis肾病). If PE increased rapidly or gr

18、adually but massive, the elevated pressure limit the diastole, the ventricular filling and output were reduced.,2020/7/29,38,2020/7/29,39,2020/7/29,40,Symptom,The patient may complain pericardial compression, dyspnea. If the effusion compresses the neighbour organs, cough, hiccup(打嗝), dysphagia(吞咽困难) may be present. There are inflammatory symptoms of fever, sweating, fatigue and chest pain.,2020/7/29,41,Signs,Inspection: The cardiac impulse decreases or disappears. Palpation: Apical pulsation reduce or absent, with fast and small pulse, paradoxical p