写作基本语法和词汇1.ppt

1、写作基本语法和词汇1,Content:,Sentence Patterns Gerunds Infinitives Classified Vocabulary Essential Collocation,Sentence Patterns,主语（s）+谓语 （p） They are working hard 主语（s）+谓语（p）+宾语（o） Women like beautiful dresses. 主语（s）+谓语（p）+间接宾语（io）+直接宾语（do） Some schools give their studens a long summer vacation. 主语（s）+谓语（p）

2、+宾语（o）+补语（c） Watching fun movies allows me to take a break from my busy routine. 主语（s）+系动词 （lv）+表语（p） He is a university student.,Glossary,S： Subject（主语） V：Verb（动词） O： Object（宾语） P：Predicative（表语） OC： Object Complement（宾语补足语） P：Predicate （谓语） DO：Direct Object （直接宾语） IO: Indirect Object （间接宾语）,谓语 （Pr

3、edicate）,谓语专一原则,确实需要多个谓语时需用连词, 或主从句形式加以连接（分号也可）如: She looked and smiled. He will give you some advice; he may even help you do it.,简单句中只允许存在一个谓语动词，其余动词必须是非谓语形式。英文中切忌：两个谓语形式的动词直接连接（尤其是be动词不能和实意动词连用，is do是绝不可能出现的），或以逗号连接,并列句中的每个分句及主从句中的每个简单句仍需遵循谓语专一原则。牢记这一原则才可准确地排除干扰选项，找出句中的致命错误,Exercise,The edible （可

4、食用的）tube mushroom -a cushion （垫子）like, moist（潮湿的） cap that is light brown or darkish（微暗的） red.(A) which has(B) to have(C) having (D) has,答案：D,表语（Predicative）,表语多由形容词、名词担当，也可是介宾短语、不定式、分词或动名词等 Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is - in various forms.(A) abundant(B) the ab

5、undance(C) an abundant(D) it abundant,答案： A,宾语（Object）,若谓语动词是及物的，那么及物动词后面一定要接宾语。宾语大部分由名词和代词的宾格充当，也可是动名词、不定式等 如：He found a ladybird in his pencil-box. I dont want to disturb you. The United States Congress made Washington, D.C., - in 1800.(A) after the government center(B) of the government center(C)

6、 the center of government(D) then the center of government,答案：C,状语（Adverbial）,句子中除了主谓结构外，还可能包含表示时间、地点、方式等内容的状语，通常由副词、介宾短语来承当。如：At night, XM go to night club. 此句中at night是时间状语,-a child, sculptor Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic talent that her parents recognized and encouraged.(A)

7、Has been(B) It was while(C) She was(D) As,答案：D,同位语 （Appositive）,填空题中若除去空格部分是完整的主谓结构，且空格与句子其他部分之间用两个逗号完全隔开或用一个逗号隔开一边，则空格处需要填入同位语或定语 (1) From 1946 to 1949, -William Henry Hastie served as governor of the Virgin Islands.(A) the lawyer(B) he was the lawyer(C) the lawyer who(D) was the lawyer,答案：A,Basic

8、Sentence Structure （基本句子结构）,简单句：simple sentence,只包含一个主谓结构的句子，是英文的基本组成单位,主从复合句：complex sentence,两个或两个以上互相依从的主谓结构构成，有从句有主句,两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构构成，由并列连词连接,并列句：compound sentence,simple sentence （简单句）,指至少有一个主语（subject）和一个动词（verb），并能表达完整意思的词的集合 eg. Mike(s) wants(v) to major in chemistry in university. *Note:

9、不完整的句子（Fragment）指的是没有主语(s.)或动词(v.)，或者不能表达完整意思的词的集合 eg. Wants to major in chemistry. (没有主语） Mike to major in chemistry. (没有动词) Because Mike likes chemistry.(不能表达完整意思),Exercises:,Traditionally, -in New England on Thanksgiving Day.(A) when served is sweet cider（苹果酒）(B) when sweet cider is served(C) is

10、served sweet cider(D) sweet cider is served,答案：D,compound sentence （并列句）,有关并列连词的知识,关于平行结构,由连词连接的多套主谓结构并存，彼此之间相互没有依存关系,并列连词,1. 最典型的并列连词有：and, but, or, so, yet, for 2. 固定搭配使用的并列连词：not onlybut (also), not onlybut(as well), bothand, eitheror, neithernor, tooto, such()as the same.as, betweenand，as well a

11、s(注意和副词as well相区别),(not) soas，as as, not so much A as B(与其说A不如说B)so/such a that,Exercise,Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and -, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.(A) reforming society(B) social reformer(C) who reformed society,答案：B,complex sentence （主从复合句）,主句和从句必须有连接词衔接。连接词可以在两个句子中间，也可以放置于句首

12、 -主句+连接词+从句 -连接词+从句，主句 从句类型：,Gerunds（动名词）,As a Subject -Taking a walk is very good exercise. As a Complement -One of my favorite activities is surfing the Internet. As an Object -I enjoy watching movies in my spare time. *Note：介词后面的动词必须以动名词形式出现，作介词的宾语,Exercise,改错： Microwave cooking can be accurately

13、 described as the first absolutely new method of prepare food since the discovery of fire. 解析：prepare-preparing; 介词of后面应该接动名词形式，即of preparing. Most crickets (蟋蟀) have two pairs of fully developed winds, and mascular(肌肉的) hind legs (后腿) for jump. 解析：jump-jumping; 介词for后面应该接动名词形式.,Infinitives (不定式）,Li

14、ke a Noun The main purpose of traveling is to experience new things. Like an Adjective Peoples behavior has much to do with what clothes they wear. Like an Adverb In order to earn more money in the future, people try to get accepted to good schools.,Exercise:,A fuel is a substance used _light, heat, or energy. A. generating B. generates C. to generate D. it is generating 解析：C. 根据句意及结构，选择动词不定式作目的状语。,Classified Vocabulary,Science&Technology： 太空研究 智能机器 克隆技术 互联网 电子书籍取代传统书籍 计算