M1U1 Grammar and usage.ppt

1、Welcome to our class,Welcome to our class,Welcome to our class,Grammar and usage,Unit 1, To-infinitive Bare infinitive Verb-ing form as a noun,I. To-infinitive,Review the basic sentences elements. 1. I was watching an English programme at 8 oclock yesterday. I-subject; was watching-predicate; an Eng

2、lish programmer-object; at 8 oclock yesterday-adverbial,2. The games of 2006 World Cup are exciting. exciting-predicative 3. I lost my history book. history-attribute 4. He made the room clean and tidy. clean and tidy-object complement,The to-infinitive can be used alone or as part of an infinitive

3、phrase and the to-infinitive can serve as the subject, object, object complement, attribute, predicative or adverbial of a sentence.,1. the to-infinitive used as the subject 不定式作主语 eg. To obey law is everyones duty 遵纪守法是每个人的职责。 To know oneself is difficult. 了解自己是困难的。 To talk with your mouth full is

4、rude. 满嘴食物地讲话是不礼貌的。,It is impossible to finish the work in such a short time. 在如此短的时间内完成这项工作是不 可能的。 It is useful for you to learn some spoken English. 学习一些口语对你来说是有用的。,The following words are usually followed by the to-infinitive as the object: want, hope, wish, like, begin, start, agree, learn, prom

5、ise, teach, refuse, help, arrange, dare, decide, determine, fail, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, continue, ask, mean, expect, choose, prefer.,2. the to-infinitive used as the object 不定式作宾语 eg. He managed to solve the problem by himself. 他自己设法解决了问题。 I like to read newspaper articles about sports. 我

6、喜欢读一些体育方面的新闻报道。 Amy wants to know more about the film. 安米想知道更多的关于这部电影的情况。,3. the to-infinitive used as the object complement 不定式作宾语补足语 eg. Id like you to keep everything tidy. 我希望你能使每样东西都保持整洁。 The teacher asked us to finish the work today. 老师要我们今天完成工作。 Tell Jack to close the window, please. 请让杰克关上窗户

7、。,动词make, let, have, hear, see, feel, watch, notice 和observe后的宾语补足语，可省去to。 eg. They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. 他们看见那小男孩突然从树上跌下来。 The boss made the workers work 14 hours a day. 老板让工人们每天工作14小时。,4. the to-infinitive used as the predicative 不定式作表语 eg. My wish is to be a doctor. 我的愿望是成为一名医生

8、。 Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. 我们的计划是两周内完这项工作。 What I need most now is to have a good rest. 我现在最需要的是好好休息。,5. the to-infinitive used as the attribute 不定式作定语 eg. I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多工作要做。 I have no one to talk to. 我没有一个可以交谈的人。 He is looking for a house to live in. 他正在找房子住。,

9、6. the to-infinitive used as adverbial of a sentence to show reason, purpose or result 不定式作句子的原因、目的和结果状语 eg. He came here to attend an important meeting. (purpose) 他来这儿参加一个重要的会议。（目的） Sam was very surprised to hear the news. (reason) 萨姆听得这个消息很吃惊。（原因） He went home to find his old friend George waiting

10、 for him. (result) 他到家发现他的老朋友乔治在等他。(结果）,When we use to-infinitive as the result adverbial, it means the result is unexpected or surprising. eg. He hurried to the rail station, only to find the train had left.,7. the continuous and perfect forms of the to-infinitive 不定式的进行式和完成式 eg. She seemed to have

11、 heard of it already. 她似乎已经听说过这件事了。 When the teacher came in, the students pretended to be reading loudly. 当老师进来时，同学们假装正在大声 读书。,高考链接,The last one _ pays the meal. Agreed! （2007辽宁） A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving,Test yourself,She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to seeB. not se

12、eing C. to not seeD. having not seen - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try goingB. trying to go C. to try and goD. try going,I went to see him, _ him out. A. findingB. find C. only to findD. found,Test yourself,Test yourself,Are you going to attend the meeting _

13、next Saturday? A. holdingB. hold C. will be heldD. to be held Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented,II. Bare infinitive,bare infinitive after let, make and have eg. Ill let you use my computer. 我会让你用我的电脑的。,Dont

14、make the boy stand all the time. 别让那个小男孩一直站着。 The teacher had her students finish the work within 5 minutes. 老师让她的学生们5分钟之内完成作 业。,当make/ let/ have + bare infinitive 变成被动语态时，应加上to。 eg. The workers were made to work 14 hours a day by the boss. 工人们被迫每天工作14个小时。,bare infinitive after verbs of perception l

15、ike feel, hear, see, watch, observe and notice eg. I often hear him sing in the next room. 我经常听到他在隔壁房间唱歌。 He stood there and watched the passengers go by. 他站在那儿看着行人来来往往。 Did you notice anyone enter the house？ 你注意到有人进那间屋子吗？,Notes: Verbs of perception can also be used with verb-ing but with different

16、meanings. I saw her talk to her new friends. (I witnessed the whole conversation.) 我看到她和她的新朋友谈话。（我目睹了整个谈话过程）,I saw her talking to her new friends. (When I saw her, she was talking to her new friends. I might not have witnessed the whole conversation.) 我看到她正在和她的新朋友谈话。（当 我看到的时候，她正在谈话。但我可能 没看到整个过程。）,ba

17、re infinitive after some phrases or patterns like would rather, had better and why not eg. Id rather stay at home. 我宁愿呆在家里。 Youd better not be late. 你最好别迟到。 Why not go to the beach? 为什么不到海边走走？,We use the bare infinitive for the second infinitive when two infinitives are joined by and, or, except, bu

18、t, than, rather than, as or like. eg. I forgot to turn off the lights and close the door when I left. 我离开的时候忘记关灯、关门了。 We decided to stay at home rather than go to the cinema. 我们决定呆在家里，不去电影院了。,高考链接,My parents have always made me _ about myself, even when I was twelve. （2007江苏） A. feeling well B. feel

19、ing good C. feel well D. feel good,高考链接,-Its a long time since I saw my sister. -_ her this weekend? （2007辽宁） A. Why not visit B. why not to visit C. Why not visiting D. Why dont visit,Test yourself,We were told to have our reading room _ after school. A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned Pau

20、l doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning,Test yourself,Jane was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to washB. washing C. washD. to be washing,Answers to Sallys letter: 1.to thank2. to talk 3. to have 4. e-mail5. to receive 6. to go 7.

21、 watch8. borrow 9. visit 10. Spend11. write 12. tell 13. to see 14. make 15. come,III. Verb-ing form as a noun,Verb-ing form used as the subject of a sentence eg. Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 It is no use arguing with him. 与他争辩没用。 Her swimming has improved since she start

22、ed training every day. 自从她开始 训练以后，她的游泳进步的很快。,Verb-ing form used as the object of a sentence eg. I like swimming. 我喜欢游泳。 He has finished writing the composition. 他已经写好了作文。 He is fond of playing football. 他喜欢踢足球。,The following phrases are followed by the verb-ing form: would you mind, cant help, look

23、forward to,feel like, cant stand, its no use/ good., put off, keep on, give up, devote to, stick to, be busy, be worth, get down to ,Some verbs can be followed by a verb-ing form or a to-infinitive, but with some differences in meaning or usage.,regret to do: 抱歉要做某事 regret doing: 后悔做了某事 eg. I regret

24、 to tell you that you are fired. 我抱歉地告诉你你被解雇了。 I regret telling him the truth. 我后悔告诉他真相。,forget to do: 忘记去做某事 forget doing: 忘记做了某事 eg. He forgot to close the door when he left. 他离开时忘了关门了。 I will never forget winning my first gold medal. 我永远忘不了我第一次获得金牌 的情况。,remember to do: 记得要做某事 remember doing: 记得曾经

25、做过的事 eg. Remember to post the letter for me on your way to work, OK? 在你上班的路上记得帮我把信寄了， 好吗？ I remember seeing this man somewhere. 我记得在哪儿见过这个人。,mean to do: 打算做某事 mean doing: 意味着做某事 eg. I mean to come earlier today. 我今天打算早点来。 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 错过这列火车意味着又要等一个 小时。,try to do

26、: 努力做某事 try doing：尝试做某事 eg. She tried to finish the work as quickly as she can. 她努力地要尽快完成这项工作。 I tried doing the exercise in a different way.,stop to do: 停下来做某事 stop dong: 停止做某事 eg. The workers stopped to have a rest. 工人们停下来休息。 The workers stopped working and have a rest. 工人们停止了手中的活，休息一 下。,go on to

27、do: 继续做另一件事 go on doing: 继续做同一件事 eg. After doing the cooking, mother went on to do some washing. 饭做好后，妈妈又继续洗衣服了。 The workers went on working after a short rest. 短暂的休息后，工人们又开始干活 了。,Verb-ing form used as the predicate of a sentence eg. Her job is teaching. 她的工作是教学。 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。,Verb-ing

28、form used as the attribute of a sentence eg. There is a shoe in the swimming pool. 游泳池内有一只鞋。 He is in the reading room. 他在阅览室里。,Answers to the e-mail: 1. visiting/ to visit2. chatting 3. visiting4. pretending 5. chatting/ to chat 6. stop7. chatting 8. to do9. pass,高考链接,- Can I smoke here? - Sorry. W

29、e dont allow _ here. （2007江苏） A. people smokingB. people smoke C. to smoke D. smoking, Robert is indeed a wise man. Oh, yes. How often have regretted his advice! （2007安徽） A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking,高考链接,高考链接,It remains_ whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals. (2006浙江) A. seenB. to be seen C. seeingD. to see Mary, _ hereeverybody else, stay where you are. (2006全国I) A. come B. comes C. to come D. comi