《篇章翻译技巧》PPT课件.ppt

1、语篇翻译,1 语篇与语篇翻译,什么是语篇？定义多样，莫衷一是。我们不妨借用 李运兴 教授的话来下一个简短而明确的定义：“所谓语篇，即在交际功能上相对完整和独立的一个语言片段。内容相对完整的文章或著作节选可称为语篇”。 那么，翻译中如何看待语篇呢？ 李运兴 教授进一步指出：“重要的是，译者必须把翻译的篇章当作一个整体来看待。篇章固然是一个个段落、一个个句子组成的，但又比一个个段落、一个个句子的总合多些什么，因为篇章不是语句的机械叠加，而是一种有机的、动态的组合”，这一观点十分适合英 - 汉、汉 英翻译的实际。 翻译时，译者还必须树立“大语篇观”的思想（居祖纯），就是说，“译者翻译任何语篇时，必须

2、有对该语篇的文化、历史、现状等有较好或者是粗浅的了解；理解正着手翻译的原文的全部，甚至局部、片段时，译者都要运用这一知识，因为所需翻译的原文涉及的有时不只是该短篇文字字面上所涉及的点滴知识，而且还会旁及使用该国文字的国家的上下数百年乃至数千年的文化积淀，以及当前的社会现状”（居祖纯）。,专业八级的翻译不是翻译语句，而是翻译语篇或是从某一语篇中摘选若干段落来进行翻译，大多都提供该段落前后的上下文，离开这种上下文语境，有些句子不可能译出。 同时，从翻译题材来看，大多为国内报刊杂志上的文章和一般文学作品（汉译英）以及英美报刊杂志文章和文学原著（英译汉），速度为 250-300 字 ( 单词 )/ 小

3、时。 因此，搞好语篇翻译训练不仅能让我们从现实中受益，有助于通过八级考试，还有着更为深远的意义，让我们在今后的工作中懂得如何应对真正的翻译。,那么，语篇翻译以什么作为基本翻译单位为宜呢？整篇文章？语段群？还是句子？这要视情而定。 郭建中 教授认为，翻译以原文自然段为基本单位比较合适。这是因为， “一、可考虑到句与句之间的连接与呼应；二、可考虑句与句之间的逻辑关系以重组句子；三、可按译文结构的特点对原文进行段落重构或改写；四、可考虑到段与段之间的关系和衔接从而扩大到段群和整个语篇”。,任何篇章翻译都离不开上下文语境甚至“大语篇”的提示或制约，例如下面一则英语八级考试翻译全真试题： 例 1.(96

4、 年真题 ) ( The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting .Their aim was to devise a strategy that would guarantee Roald Reagans resounding reelection to a second term in the White House .) Itshould have been easy.Thesewere battle-tested veterans wi

5、th long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party,menwhounderstood presidential politiesas well as any in the country. The backdrop ofthe campaign was hospitable,with lots ofgood newsto work with: Americawas at peace, and the nations economy, a key factor in any election,was reboun

6、ding vigorouslyafter recession. Further more, the campaign itselfwas lavishly financed, with plenty of money fora topflight staff,travel, andtelevision commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a presidentof tremendous personal popularity anddazzlingcommunicationskills. Re

7、agan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America -a nationof renewed military strength,individual initiative, andsmallerfederal government.,这是一篇报刊文章，译文风格不宜太口语化，还要掌握政治用语的分寸，使译文尽量符合汉语的习惯。同时，原文中划底线语句的译文也要 根据上文语境和大语篇的提示 准确理解后才能译出来： 1) 狭义语篇语境 ( 即上下文

8、 ) 明确了原文中 “ it ” 、 “ these areless implicatedin theories, and judge of objects more from theirimmediate and involuntary impressionon the mind, and, therefore, more truly and naturally. They cannot reason wrong, for they do not reason at all. They do not think or speak by rule, and they have in gener

9、al more eloquence and wit as well as sense,on that account. By their wit, sense, and eloquence together, they generally contrive togoverntheir husbands. Their style, when they write to their friends, is better than that of most authors.Uneducated people have most exuberance of invention .,商人和见过世面的人是

10、我们在社会上见到的最通达事理的人。他们讨论问题时从自己的所见所闻出发，而不纠缠于事物的是非曲直。和男人相比，女人通常有更好的所谓直觉。她们很少自命不凡；她们也不大深究理论，她们判断事物更多地是从头脑中下意识的第一印象出发，因此她们的判断也就更真实和自然。她们不可能有推理错误，因为她们根本就不推理。她们思考或讲话时也不遵循什么规则；正因为如此，她们一般更善辩，更机智，直觉更好。集机智、善辩与出色的直觉于一身，她们通常都有办法支配自己的丈夫。在给朋友的书信中，她们的文笔会令大多数作家自愧不如。没读过多少书的人往往点子最多。,Class-work 1 ( 2006 年八级考试汉译英试题 ) 中国民族

11、自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西方人为少为小，因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多，况中国古代素来以不滞于物、不为物役为最主要的人生哲学 。并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫利哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正平和、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。,讨论稿 1. ( 仅供参考 !) ： From the ancient times(Since time immemorial) th

12、e Chinese people have never viewed the human beings as superior in the world, which is completely reflected in what theyve done in their philosophy and art, showing that a human being has the status quite appropriately in proportion to other things on earth, rather than an absolute ruler in the worl

13、d. Therefore, what weve suffered is much less and smaller compared with the westerners, for the depressions vary with the different desires and the ambitions the people have. People in the agricultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society, thus their desire much less

14、. Whats more, in ancient China , Chinese people always took the concept/notion of “Never addict oneself as a slave to material wealth” mainly as their philosophy in life. 语言通俗、结构连贯 讨论稿 2.The Chinese nation has never believed in human supremacy. And the nation finds full expression in the philosophy,

15、 literature and art that human coexist with other species in nature with a proportionally proper rather than an absolutely dominant position. Therefore we generally suffer less depression than Westerners, as the degree of the suffering varies with that of our desire and ambition. People in the agric

16、ultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society, and hence less desire. Moreover, the main Chinese ancient philosophy of life is always to be free from the encumbrance or enslavement of the outside world. Certainly there are among us misers （守财奴） and careerists （野心家） de

17、picted （描述） by Moliere and Balzac. In comparison with Westerners, the Chinese people, easier to be satisfied, are mostly unbiased （无偏见） , peaceful, unworldly and guileless （厚道） . ( 邵志洪译 ) 用词更讲究 ,2 语篇翻译常见问题及其对策,1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 主要表现为摆不脱原文字面的束缚，跟着原文亦步亦趋， 斤斤于分寸不失 。 一句一句看，似乎与原文相差无几，但就是读来别扭生硬，“翻译腔”十足，其 结果往

18、往是有字无篇，使作者的本义和原文意脉大打折扣 ：,例 1. Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶 ) -in this respect Ive slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever . If I feel like it ,

19、 I eat with my fingers , or out of a can , or standing up-in other words, whichever is easiest . (1) 孤独是一个很好的实验室， 在其中观察礼貌和习惯受别人制约所达到的程度 。我的 餐桌举止十分恶劣 这方面我已倒退了数百年；事实上我没有任何规矩，如果我觉得喜欢，我就 用手指吃 ，或 用罐头吃 ，或站着吃换句话说， 看那种吃法最容易 。,Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manner

20、s and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶 ) -in this respect Ive slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever . If I feel like it , I eat with my fingers , or out of a can , or standing up-in other words, whichever is easiest . (2) 孤独 是一块极好的试金

21、石 ， 利于观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约 。 我的吃相实在不雅 ，这方面 一下 就倒退了几百年， 实在是一点规矩也没有 。 只要觉得合适 ， 我可用手抓着吃 ， 直接拿着罐头吃 ，或是站着吃： 反正怎么省事就怎么吃 。 （ 深究字里行间内涵，语气较自然 ）,例 2 Now thatwe have begun exploring in earnest,we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far being answered. It is not so bad being ignorant if

22、 you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detailthe reality of ignorance,the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true lightat the end of the tunnelnor evenany tunnels that can yet be trusted. (1) 既然我们已经认真开始探索，我们就已瞥见问题多么巨大、答案多么遥远。如果你完全无知，这种无知还不坏，困难的事情就是较为详尽地

23、了解无知的现实，最坏的地方和这儿那儿不太坏的地方，但是既没有通道尽头真理的灯光，甚至还没有可以信赖的通道。,Now thatwe have begun exploring in earnest,we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far being answered. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detailthe reality of igno

24、rance,the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true lightat the end of the tunnelnor evenany tunnels that can yet be trusted. (2) 我们既已认真开始了探索，那么，就已窥见冰山一角，看到问题数量之庞大、答案寻求之遥远。假若你完全无知，这还不太难办，难就难在要具体了解无知的现状哪些是最糟糕的，那些是夹在其中又不太糟糕的而这一切，却没有通道尽头灯光的正确指引，甚至连可信赖的通道都没有。,(1) 既然我们已经认真开始探索，我们就已

25、瞥见问题多么巨大、答案多么遥远。如果你完全无知，这种无知还不坏，困难的事情就是较为详尽地了解无知的现实，最坏的地方和这儿那儿不太坏的地方，但是既没有通道尽头真理的灯光，甚至还没有可以信赖的通道。,(2) 我们既已认真开始了探索，那么，就已窥见冰山一角，看到问题数量之庞大、答案寻求之遥远。假若你完全无知，这还不太难办，难就难在要具体了解无知的现状哪些是最糟糕的，那些是夹在其中又不太糟糕的而这一切，却没有通道尽头灯光的正确指引，甚至连可信赖的通道都没有。,例 3. “ 我叫阿毛，没有应。出去一看，只见 豆 撒得一地，没有我们的阿毛了。他是不到别人家去玩的；各处去一问，果然没有。我急了，央人出去寻，

26、直到下半天，寻来寻去寻到山坳里，看见刺柴上挂着他的一只小鞋。 大家都说，糟了，怕是遭了狼了 。再进去，他 果然 躺在草巢里，肚里的 五脏 已经 都给吃空了 ， 手上还紧紧地捏着那只小 篮 呢。 ” 这是文学作品，也是八级考试的选材内容之一，典型的口头叙述，应该不难。那么，是不是可以逐字直译呢？答案是否定的，不信请看：,“ 我叫阿毛，没有应。出去一看，只见 豆 撒得一地，没有我们的阿毛了。他是不到别人家去玩的；各处去一问，果然没有。我急了，央人出去寻，直到下半天，寻来寻去寻到山坳里，看见刺柴上挂着他的一只小鞋。 大家都说，糟了，怕是遭了狼了 。再进去，他 果然 躺在草巢里，肚里的 五脏 已经 都

27、给吃空了 ， 手上还紧紧地捏着那只小 篮 呢。 ” (1)“I called Amao but no answer. I went out to have a look, only finding that the beans scattered over the ground, but our Amao could not be found.He never went to other peoples houses for playing. I went everywhere to ask, he was not there as expected . I got worried and a

28、sked some people to look for him. Not until in the afternoon, after searched everywhere , did they find a small shoe of his hanging on the bramble. Everybody said that it was too bad! He was likely to meet with a wolf! They then came in . He was indeed lying in the grass nest. His five internal orga

29、ns were all eaten up . His hand still held tight that small basket!”.,“ 我叫阿毛，没有应。出去一看，只见 豆 撒得一地，没有我们的阿毛了。他是不到别人家去玩的；各处去一问，果然没有。我急了，央人出去寻，直到下半天，寻来寻去寻到山坳里，看见刺柴上挂着他的一只小鞋。 大家都说，糟了，怕是遭了狼了 。再进去，他 果然 躺在草巢里，肚里的 五脏 已经 都给吃空了 ， 手上还紧紧地捏着那只小 篮 呢。 ”,(2) 试译，仅供参考！ “I called Amao but no answer. I went out to look fo

30、r him , only finding the beans scattered over the ground but no Amao .Although I knew that he would never play in neighbours houses, I still went thereto try but, with no surprise, failedto find him . I got worried and sent people for him . Not until that afternoon, aftertrying anywhere possible in

31、the mountains, did they find a small shoe of his hanging on the bramble.When seeing this, everybody there realized that something bad must have happened- he was killed by a wolf! Theywent closer andfound him,as expected, lying in the wolfs den ,all his innards gone,with his hand stillholdingtight th

32、at small basket!”.,译文 (2) 似乎比译文 (1) 强一点，强就强在没有死扣原文字面和结构，将原文语篇内字里行间隐含的语气引申了出来，既合理保留了口语体的特色，逻辑层次似乎也清楚一些，措辞也更贴切一些。这些字与句的变化符合语篇情景（ textual situation ）尽管是口述形式，但作为小说却是让人读的，因此文法和修辞同样不容忽视。,2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 主要表现为译文（特别是汉译英）单句成串，结构散乱，语义层次不清，行文方式过分口语化。 要知道，笔译和口译毕竟不是一回事，口译好未见得就笔译好。口译要求的是快速与直接，有时零散断续的表达甚至只字片言都能在特定的

33、场合进行现场交流，但用于笔译却不行。尤其是在汉译英方面，口语化的表达尽管简短直接，但作为书面语，会使译文显得松散零碎，读来近似 school English ，特别是在篇章翻译中，毕竟还是要讲究一下文法和修辞，注意一下篇章结构，顾及一下读者的审美期待，不宜一味按口语体行事。 因为，“ 英语有英语的文采；汉语有汉语的文采”，“英语的文采主要表现在盘根错节、欲罢不能的绵长句型；表现在那易如反掌、新意闪烁的词的转义”（毛荣贵），篇章或段落不是一色的简单句的罗列。 当然，这又牵涉到翻译中的文体问题，牵涉到源种与译语间的文化差异。而具体到篇章翻译，就要从“大语篇”的角度来审视整个语篇，分清文体及其风格，

34、从整体上把握住篇章的基调和语气。当然，在考场的特殊条件下，实在译不出来时，能用口语化的简单句将原文意思罗列出来，要比乱七八糟的译文好，但说到底，这毕竟不是我们翻译追求的目标。,例如： 例 1 有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。 （庄绎传，英汉翻译教程， 1999 ：练习 3 ） 这明显是一篇新闻报

35、道，文字浅显，有人把它用作八级考试模拟题，因为它既有对话又有叙述，翻译时行文用字须视情而定：对话部分可用口语体，叙述部分则须用书面体。,(1) Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no answer. “Are you getting off?”, the man asked again, but t he woman sill didnt pa

36、y attention to him . The man couldnt be polite any longer and asked loudly, the woman still had no response. “Are you a deaf or a dumb?” He became upset and gave a push to the woman , and also it attracted the attention of other passengers. At this time, the woman also became upset , stared at the m

37、an and gave him back a fist .,有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。,从整个篇章布局考虑，其实是可以这样处理的： (2) Once at the crowded doorway in a bus, I heard a man asked politely a woman

38、before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman had no response. He thenrepeated itbut in vain. Hegot impatientandasked louder: “Getting off?”,butstillno answer at all. Hebecame irritated, shouting: “Are you a deaf or a dumb?”, and gave her a push,which drewother passengers attention.Annoyed ,the woman

39、 glared at him and hit him back (with her fist).,(1) Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no answer. “Are you getting off?”, the man asked again, but t he woman sill didnt pay attention to him

40、. The man couldnt be polite any longer and asked loudly, the woman still had no response. “Are you a deaf or a dumb?” He became upset and gave a push to the woman , and also it attracted the attention of other passengers. At this time, the woman also became upset , stared at the man and gave him bac

41、k a fist .,(2) Once at the crowded doorway in a bus, I heard a man asked politely a woman before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman had no response. He thenrepeated itbut in vain. Hegot impatientandasked louder: “Getting off?”,butstillno answer at all. Hebecame irritated, shouting: “Are you a dea

42、f or a dumb?”, and gave her a push,which drewother passengers attention.Annoyed ,the woman glared at him and hit him back (with her fist)., 有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手

43、给了男乘客一拳。,下面的一段文章，翻译时更要高度注意文体的统一： 例 2 Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are fresh today as when they first passed through their authors mind

44、s, ages ago. What was then said and thought stillspeaks to usvividly as ever from theprinted page. The only effect of time has been sift out( 筛落 ) the bad products, for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.,(1) 书的特质在于永恒，是人类经努力奋斗而产生的最长久产品。庙宇和雕塑会腐朽，但书籍却能永存。时间在伟大思想面前毫无作用，许多年前闪

45、现在作者心头的思想至今仍栩栩如生。当年的所言所思至今仍在印刷的纸上生动地回响。时间的唯一作用就是去掉糟粕。只要是真正的精华就能在文学上永存。 若行文讲究一些，整合过分口语化的地方，译文则更好： (2) 书的实质在于 世代永存 ，是 迄今 人类 长期努力得来的 最持久产品。庙宇会 坍塌 ，雕像 会腐蚀，但书籍却能永存。伟大的思想不会因岁月的流失而消泯，前人的思想历久长新， 其所言所思至今仍跃然纸上、声声入耳。 悠悠岁月 只会 去尽糟粕 ，真正的好书经得起历史的淘汰和荡涤。,例 3 . 在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮”，也是中华文

46、化的发祥地。远古时代，这里曾经草木茂盛、植物繁茂，中华民族的祖先便在这块广袤的土地上劳作生息。经过数十万年原始社会后，在中国辽阔的国土上，这里最先进入农业文明，也最早进入阶级社会。勤劳勇敢的中华儿女在这里谱写了惊心动魄的历史篇章，创造了绚丽多彩的艺术文化，黄河流域至今保留着大量的文化古迹。,(1)In ancient history of China , the Yellow River was called the “mother” of the Chinese nation, who fed hundreds of millions of Chinese people. The Yello

47、w River Valley was called the “cradle” of the Chinese nation and it is the birthplace of its civilization. In ancient times, a lot of trees, grass, and plants overgrew in this vast land, where our ancestors lived and worked. After hundreds of thousands of years of the primitive society, the Yellow R

48、iver Valley first entered the agricultural civilization and also the first class society in the vast territory of China , where the diligent and brave Chinese people wrote a lot of breath-taking stories with historical events and created colorful arts in culture, with many historic relics remaining

49、here.,. 在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮”，也是中华文化的发祥地。远古时代，这里曾经草木茂盛、植物繁茂，中华民族的祖先便在这块广袤的土地上劳作生息。经过数十万年原始社会后，在中国辽阔的国土上，这里最先进入农业文明，也最早进入阶级社会。勤劳勇敢的中华儿女在这里谱写了惊心动魄的历史篇章，创造了绚丽多彩的艺术文化，黄河流域至今保留着大量的文化古迹。,再琢磨一下，注意译文结构，效果可能更好： (2)Knownin ancient history of Chinaasthe “mother”of the nation, the Y

50、ellow River has given life to hundreds of millions of Chinese people.As calledthe “cradle” of the nation, it is alsothe region for Chinese civilization to start from. In ancient times, it was a vast landabundant with an exuberant plant life liketrees, grass, ect.,wherethe Chinese ancestorsworked and

51、 lived. After hundreds of thousands of years of the primitive society,itbecame,of all places in China, the firstsettled agricultural regionand the foothold of the class society in Chinese history, where the diligent and brave Chinese peoplegavea lot of breath-takingperformancesin history and created

52、 a variety of colorfularts and cultures. Today manycultural ashes and historic relics are still remainingin this region.,1)In ancient history of China , the Yellow River was called the “mother”of the Chinese nation, who fed hundreds of millions of Chinese people.The Yellow River Valley was called th

53、e “cradle” of the Chinese nation and it is the birthplace of its civilization. In ancient times, a lot of trees, grass, and plants overgrew in this vast land, where our ancestors lived and worked. After hundreds of thousands of years of the primitive society, the Yellow River Valley first entered th

54、e agricultural civilization and also the first class society in the vast territory of China , where the diligent and brave Chinese people wrote a lot of breath-taking stories with historical events and created colorful arts in culture, with many historic relics remaining here.,2)Knownin ancient hist

55、ory of Chinaasthe “mother”of the nation, the Yellow River has given life to hundreds of millions of Chinese people.As calledthe “cradle” of the nation, it is alsothe region for Chinese civilization to start from. In ancient times, it was a vast landabundant with an exuberant plant life liketrees, gr

56、ass, ect.,wherethe Chinese ancestorsworked and lived. After hundreds of thousands of years of the primitive society,itbecame,of all places in China, the firstsettled agricultural regionand the foothold of the class society in Chinese history, where the diligent and brave Chinese peoplegavea lot of b

57、reath-takingperformancesin history and created a variety of colorfularts and cultures. Today manycultural ashes and historic relics are still remainingin this region.,. 在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮”，也是中华文化的发祥地。远古时代，这里曾经草木茂盛、植物繁茂，中华民族的祖先便在这块广袤的土地上劳作生息。经过数十万年原始社会后，在中国辽阔的国土上，这里最先进入

58、农业文明，也最早进入阶级社会。勤劳勇敢的中华儿女在这里谱写了惊心动魄的历史篇章，创造了绚丽多彩的艺术文化，黄河流域至今保留着大量的文化古迹。,另外需要强调的是，翻译还有一个语篇功能的问题，就是说，不同文本体裁具有相应不同的交际功能，这实际上就牵涉到前面讲的“大语篇”的问题，翻译时须根据不同的语篇功能做出翻译策略和方法上的不同考虑，采取相应的应对措施，这一点在后面的讨论中会逐一涉及。,Class-work 2 （ 1 ） (07 年英语八级考试试题 ) ： Translate the underlined part of the following text into English: 暮色中，

59、河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合在一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。 也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他们不知在何处歇息。只有 这些生灵 自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得 肥滚滚 的。如果走近了，你会发现它们洁白的牙齿，以及那丰富而单纯的表情。,Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which